Activity 1: Typical examination questions

Worked example 1
Use the following information to complete the ledger accounts given on the answer sheet for kwik fix ltd for the financial year ended 30 June 2011.   
Information
To calculate the average share price, use this figure and divide it by the no. of shares issued.
1 000 000 ÷ 500 000 shares = R2 
1 1 July 2010 At the beginning of the year, the company had the following
opening balances:
Ordinary share capital (500 000 shares)
Retained income
SARS (Income tax)
Shareholders for dividends 
R1 000 000
180 000
(ct) 9 000
130 000 
2 1 July 2010  Issued 50 000 shares to the public at R7,50 per share  
3 23 July 2010  Paid the amounts owing to SARS and the shareholders.  
4 31 December 2010  A first provisional tax payment of R112 500 was made to SARS half-way through the financial year.  
5 31 December 2010  An interim dividend of 15 cents per share was paid to shareholders.  
6 31 March 2011  Bought back 20 000 shares from a disgruntled shareholder. The directors decided to buy back these shares at R8,50 per share.  
7 30 June 2011   A second provisional tax payment of R120 000 was made to SARS at the end of the financial year.  
8 30 June 2011  Final dividends of 30 cents per share were declared at the AGM but have not yet been paid to the shareholders.  
9 30 June 2011  After the completion of the audit, the income tax figure for the year was determined as R240 000. This was calculated on a net profit figure of R800 000.  
10 30 June 2011  Show the closing transfers to the final accounts.  

 

Notes below refer to the information above and to the ledger accounts below ( 1 – 10):  
1 The balances for SARS (Income tax) and Shareholders for dividends are the amounts that were not paid last year and need to be paid this year. 
2 Shares issued to the public at issue price of R7,50 per share 
3 The amounts owing to SARS and the shareholders from last year are now being paid. 
4
7
The first provisional tax payment is always made half-way (6 months) into the financial year and the second provisional tax payment is made at the end of the financial year. 
5 The interim dividend is paid during the year 
8 The final dividend is declared (not paid) at the end of the financial year. 
6 Shares bought back at R8,50 per share from a shareholder. New average price to be calculated. To calculate average price, find the value of Ordinary Share Capital, R1 375 000 ÷ 55 000 = R2,50). It means that you’re only going to claim R2,50 per share and the rest will be claimed from Retained Income. 
9 The income tax figure for the year is the amount of tax the company owes calculated on the net profit for the year. This needs to be compared to the provisional tax payments made to see whether the company owes SARS more tax (liability) or whether SARS owes the company (asset). The net profit of R800 000 is calculated in the Profit and Loss Account and transferred to the Appropriation Account.
10

The final accounts include the Trading Account, Profit and Loss Account (covered in this example) and the Appropriation Account.

EXAMPLE OF A TRADING ACCOUNT AND PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT (exactly the same as a sole trader or partnership)
TRADING ACCOUNT (F1)

2011
June 
28  Cost of Sales  GJ  300 000  2011
June 
28  Sales  GJ 1 470 000
    Profit and loss  GJ  1 170 000          1 470 000
        1 470 000          

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT (F2) N

2011
June 
28   Salaries   GJ  130 000  2011
June  
28  Trading account
(gross profit) 
 GJ  1 170 000
    Directors fees (new)   GJ  160 000      Rent Income   GJ 24 000
    Audit fees (new)    GJ  40 000      Profit on sale of asset    GJ 16 000
    Provision on bad debts adjustment   GJ  1 000         GJ  
    Water and electricity   GJ  29 000           
    Telephone / cell phones   GJ  50 000           
    Appropriation    800 000           
        1 210 000         1 210 000


General Ledger of Kwik Fix Ltd

Shares issued: 500 000 + 50 000 = 550 000 shares issued.

Average price of shares:
R1 000 000 + R375 000 = R1 375 000
R1 375 000 ÷ 550 000 shares = R2,50

                                                                Balance Sheet Section
Dr                                                            Ordinary Share Capital                                                               Cr 
2011
Mar 
31   Bank 6 (20 000 × R2,50)  CPJ   50 000  2010
July 
Balance   b/d 1 000 000
             31 Bank 2 (50 000 × R7,50)  GJ 375 000
    Balance  c/d  1 325 000           
        1 375 000         1 375 000
          2011
July
1 Balance b/d 1 325 000

 

                                       Balance Sheet Section
Dr                                    SARS (Income tax)                                      Cr
2010
July 
 23 Bank  CPJ  9 000  2010
July 
Balance  b/d 9 000
2010
Dec  
31  Bank CPJ 112 500 2011
June 
30  Income tax GJ 240 000
2011
June 
30 Bank CPJ 120 000           
    Balance c/d   7 500          249 000
        249 000           
          2011
July
1 Balance b/d 7 500

The Income Tax assessment was more than the provisional payments. Therefore the balance is on the credit side making it a liability (Trade and Other Payables).

                                           Nominal Accounts Section
Dr                                                INCOME TAX                                                     Cr  
2011
June 
30  SARS (Income tax)  GJ 240 000   2011
June 
Appropriation 10   GJ  240 000

   

                                     Balance Sheet Section
Dr                              SHAREHOLDERS FOR DIVIDENDS                        Cr 
2010
July  
23 Bank  CPJ   130 000  2010
July 
1 Balance  b/d 130 000
2011
June 
 30 Balance  c/d  159 000  2011
June 
 1 Dividends on
ordinary shares
GJ 159 000
        289 000          289 000
          2011
July 
 1 Balance b/d 159 000

The R159 000 is the final dividend and is still owing to the shareholders. This is a liability (Trade and Other Payables).

Nominal accounts section
Dr DIVIDENDS ON ORDINARY SHARES Cr        
2010
Dec 
31 Bank 
(550 000 × 0.15) 
CPJ  82 500   2011
June 
 30 Appropriation  GJ 241 500
2011
June 
30 Shareholders for dividends
8 (530 000 × 0.30) 
 GJ 159 000           
        241 500          241 500

There are three different ways of preparing the Appropriation account. Choose the alternative that you have been taught.
Option 1: The Retained Income for the year is transferred from the Appropriation account to the Retained Income account.

Balance Sheet Section
Dr RETAINED ACCOUNT Cr        
2011
Mar 
31 Bank (20 000 × R6)   GJ  120 000  2011
June 
30 Balance  b/d 180 000
June  30 Balance  c/d  378 500      Appropriation  GJ 318 500
                   
        498 500          498 500
          July 1 Balance   378 500

 

Final accounts section
Dr APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT Cr        
2011
June  
 30 Income tax   GJ 240 000  2011
June 
 30 Profit & loss  GJ 800 000
    Dividends on ordinary
shares  
 GJ 241 500           
    Retained income   GJ 318 500           
        800 000         800 000

Option 2: The Retained Income at the beginning of the year less the buy-back of shares adjustment is transferred to the Appropriation account. The Retained Income (after the share buy-back adjustment) at the end of the year is transferred from the Appropriation account to the Retained Income account

Balance sheet section
Dr RETAINED ACCOUNT Cr        
2011
Mar 
 31 Bank (20 000 × R6)  GJ 120 000  2010
July 
1 Balance b/d 180 000
June   30 Appropriation   GJ 60 000          180 000
          2011
June
Appropriation    GJ 378 500

 

Final accounts section
Dr APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT Cr        
2011
June 
 30 Income tax  GJ  240 000  2011
June 
Profit & loss  GJ  800 000
    Dividends on ordinary
shares 
GJ 241 500    Retained Income
(180 000 – 120 000) 
  60 000
    Retained income  GJ 378 500         
        860 000        860 000

Option 3: The Retained Income at the beginning of the year is transferred to the Appropriation account.
The Retained Income (before the share buy-back adjustment) at the end of the year is transferred from the Appropriation account to the Retained Income account

Balance sheet section
Dr RETAINED ACCOUNT Cr        
2011
Ma 
 31 Bank (20 000 × R6)   GJ 120 000  2011
July 
Balance  b/d 180 000
June   30 Appropriation   GJ 180 000  2011
June 
 30 Appropriation  GJ 498 500
    Balance  c/d   378 500           
        678 500         678 500
          2011
July
1 Balance b/d 378 500

 

Final accounts section
Dr APPROPRIATION ACCOUNT Cr        
2011
June 
 30 Income tax   GJ 240 000  2011
June 
30 Profit & loss  GJ  800 000
    Dividends on ordinary
shares
 GJ 241 500      Retained Income    180 000
    Retained income   GJ 498 500           
        980 000         980 000


Practice task 1
General ledger of kwik fix ltd
Balance sheet section

Dr Ordinary Share Capital Cr 
               
               
               
               
               

 

Dr Retained Income Cr 
               
               
               
               
               

 

Dr sars (Income tax) Cr 
               
               
               
               
               

 

Dr Shareholders for Dividends Cr
               
               
               
               
               

 

Nominal section

Dr Income Tax Cr
               
               
               
               
               

 

Dr Dividends on Ordinary Shares Cr
               
               
               
               
               
               

 

Dr Dividends on Ordinary Shares Cr
               
               
               
               
               
               


Final accounts section

Dr Appropriation Account Cr
               
               
               
               
               
               


Worked Example 2

Prepare the Income statement for the year ended 30 June 2011.
Information
1. ANEESA LTD 
PRE-ADJUSTMENT TRIAL BALANCE AS AT 30 JUNE 2011

  DEBIT  CREDIT 
Balance Sheet Accounts Section  R R
Ordinary share capital    2 820 000 
Retained income    684 460 
Mortgage loan: Joy Bank     804 500 
Land and buildings  2 097 000  
Vehicles   814 000  
Equipment   616 000   
Accumulated depreciation on vehicles    294 800
Accumulated depreciation on equipment    341 000
Trading stock  955 000  
Consumable stores on hand  15 000  
Bank  313 100  
Petty cash  3 300  
Debtors' control 396 000  
Creditors' control    487 300
SARS (Income tax)(This amount is the provisional tax payment.) 261 800  
Provision for bad debts    18 000
Fixed deposit: Broad Bank (8% p.a.)  495 000  

 

Nominal Accounts Section     
Sales    10 500 000 
Debtors’ allowances  (Remember to subtract debtors’ allowances from sales.) 145 200   
Cost of sales   7 487 000   
Rent income     176 880 
Interest income (on fixed deposit)     26 630 
Bad debts recovered     2 300 
Directors' fees   840 000   
Audit fees  73 800  
Salaries and wages  660 000  
Packing material  23 100  
Marketing expenses  480 000  
Sundry expenses  63 770  
Bad debts  12 000  
Ordinary share dividends (This is the interim dividend. DO NOT include on the Income Statement!) 404 800  
  16 155 870 16 155 870


2. ADJUSTMENTS

  1. A physical stock-taking on 30 June 2011 revealed the following inventories on hand:
    Trading stock R902 150
    Packing material R4 260
  2. Directors' fees of R22 500 are outstanding at the end of the financial period.
  3. Make provision for outstanding interest on a fixed deposit. This investment has been in existence for the entire year. Interest is not capitalised.
  4. A debtor who owes us R32 000 has been declared insolvent. His estate paid 40 cents in every rand and this has been correctly recorded. The remaining balance must be written off as irrecoverable.
  5. Provision for bad debts must be adjusted to 5% of debtors.
  6. The rent included R14 520 for July 2011. Adjust accordingly.
  7. Make provision for depreciation as follows:
  8. Vehicles at 15% p.a. on cost price
  9. Equipment at 10% p.a. on the diminishing balance method.
  10. New equipment to the value of R48 000 was purchased on 1 September 2010. This has been correctly recorded.
  11. The loan statement received from Joy Bank on 30 June 2011 reflected the following:
     

     

     

    (The total interest forms part of the repayment during the year.
    Capitalised means the interest is added onto the loan. You need to calculate this figure.)

    Balance at the beginning of the financial year  1 125 000 
    Repayments during the year  458 000
    Interest capitalised   ?
    Balance at the end of the financial year 804 500
  12. Income tax for the year, R150 285. 


Answer to worked example 2
1. Aneesa ltd : income statement for the year ended 30 june 2011

  Sales (10 500 000 – 145 200)  10 354 800 
  Cost of sales (7 487 000) (7 487 000)
  Gross profit   2 867 800 
  Other operating income  164 660
 F Rent income (176 880 – 14 5203) 162 360
  Bad debt recovered (2 300) 3 2 300
  Gross operating income 3 032 460 
  Operating expenses  (2 392 600) (This is the total of the operating expenses. REMEMBER to subtract this from gross operating income.)
B Directors fees (840 000 + 22 500) 862 500
  Audit fees (73 800) 73 800
  Salaries and wages (660 000) 660 000
  A Packing material (23 1003 – 4 2603) 18 840
  Marketing expenses (480 000) 480 000
  Sundry expenses (63 770) 63 770
D Bad debts (12 0003 +19 20033) 31 200
E Provision for bad debts adjustment (18 840 3– 18 000) 840
G Depreciation
V: 122 100 3
E: 4 0003 + 22 700
148 800
A Trading stock deficit 52 850
  Operating profit 639 860
C Interest income(26 630 + 12 970) 39 600
  Profit before interest expenses/finance cost 679 460
H Interest expenses/finance cost 
(458 000 + 804 500 – 1 125 000) or
(1 125 000 – 458 000 – 804 500)
(137 500)
  Profit before tax 541 960
I Income tax (150 285)
  Net profit after tax 391 675

[52]

Worked example 3
Balance Sheet and notes
Use the following steps to prepare a balance sheet from the given information:

  1. Enter the figures from the information given onto the answer sheet next to the details.
  2. Read the additional information:
    1. If necessary calculate the adjustment amount.
    2. Decide on which account is to be debited and which account is to be credited.
    3. On your answer sheet reflect a (+) or a (–) in respect of each item next to the already entered pre-adjustment figure.
  3. When all the additional information has been considered, calculate the final figures and write them in the column.

Example adapted from November 2009 NCS exam paper
Practice task 3
You are provided with information relating to Qwando Limited for the financial year ended 30 June 2011.
Prepare the Retained income note. (18)
Prepare the Balance Sheet on 30 June 2011. (36)
Information

  1. The following figures were taken from the financial records of the financial year ended 30 June 2011.
       R
    Ordinary share capital (see information 2 below)  2 400 000 
    Retained income (on 1 July 2010)  738 000
    Shareholders for dividends (see information 4 below)   60 000
    Fixed deposit at Supa Bank (see information 5 below)  ?
    Mortgage Bond from Supa Bank (see information 7 below)  3 881 000
    Fixed/tangible assets  ?
    Debtors’ control  45 000
    Creditors’ control 85 200
    Creditors for salaries 12 300
    Provision for bad debts (see Information 6 below) ?
    SARS (Income tax – provisional tax payments) 400 000
    SARS (PAYE) 6 650
    Expenses payable (accrued) 7 200
    Income receivable (accrued) 7 950
    Bank (favourable balance) 168 450
    Trading stock 129 600
    Consumable stores on hand 5 600
  2. Shares:
    • There were 700 000 ordinary shares in issue at the beginning of the financial year.
    • On 1 January 2011, 100 000 ordinary shares were issued to the public at R3,80 cents per share. This has been correctly recorded and is included in the figures above.
    • On 1 June 2011, 40 000 were repurchased from a shareholder at R4,50 per share. A direct transfer was put through from the Bank account but no entry has been made in the books.
  3. The net profit before tax for the year ended 30 June 2011 was calculated as R1 250 000. No entry for income tax calculated at a rate of 30% of the net profit has been made.
  4. Dividends were as follows:
    • Interim dividends of 20 cents per share were paid on 31 December 2010.
    • Final dividends of 35 cents per share were declared on 30 June 2011. All shareholders at this date qualify for dividends.
  5. One third of the total fixed deposits mature on 31 August 2011.
  6. Provision for bad debts must be adjusted to 5% of debtors.
  7. The loan statement from Supa Bank on 30 June 2011 reflects the following:
    SUPA BANK  
    LOAN STATEMENT ON 30 JUNE 2011 
    Balance on 1 July 2010  R384 000 
    Interest charged  57 600 
    Monthly instalments in terms of the loan agreement (12 × R8 800)
    (These monthly instalments include interest on the capital repayments of the loan)
    (The monthly capital repayments on the loan will remain constant until the loan has been paid in full on 30 June 2019. 
    105 600 
    Balance on 30 June 2011  R336 000 

Answers to practice task 3

  RETAINED INCOME   R
  Balance on the last day of the previous year  738 000 
3 Net profit after tax for the period(1 250 000 – 30%)  875 000 
2 Retained income on 40 000 shares repurchased
(40 000 × R1,50) 
(60 000) 
(Total dividends (interim and final) are shown here.)→  Ordinary share dividends  (406 000) 
4 Paid (interim)
(700 000 shares × 20c) 
140 000 
2 & 4 Recommended (final)
(760 000 shares × 35c) 
266 000 
  Balance on the last day of the current year  1 147 000 

[16]

Qwando Limited
Balance Sheet on 30 June 2011

  ASSETS   
  NON CURRENT ASSETS   3 921 000 
  Fixed / tangible assets (4 021 000)  3 881 000 
(Fixed assets are always shown at book value on the Balance Sheet.)
  Financial assets   
 Fixed deposit: Supra Bank
(60 000 – 20 000)
40 000 
  CURRENT ASSETS  219 350 
  Inventories
(129 6003 + 5 600) 
135 200 
6 Trade and other receivables
(45 0003 + 7 9503 – 2 2503 + 25 000)
(Amount owed by SARS to the business. This implies the business overpaid its taxes to SARS.)
75 700 
5 Cash and cash equivalents
(168 450 + 20 000 – 120 000- 60 000)
8 450
  TOTAL ASSETS 4 140 350
  EQUITY AND LIABILITIES  
  CAPITAL AND RESERVES 3 427 000
2 Ordinary share capital (2 400 000 – 120 000) 2 280 000
2 Retained income (see note on previous page) 1 147 000
  NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES 288 000
  Mortgage loan: Supa Bank
(336 000 – 48 000)
288 000
  CURRENT LIABILITIES 425 350
  Trade and other payables
(85 200 + 12 300 + 6 650 + 7 200)
111 350
  Shareholders for dividends 266 000
(This is the final dividend declared at the end of the year).
  Current portion of loan 48 000
  TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 4 140 350

[38]
The numbers in this column refer to the explanations on the next page.

Explanations of each adjustment

2. Shares:
The new issue of shares have been properly recorded. The repurchase of 40 000 shares at R4,50. The ordinary share capital account must be reduced by the average share price (2 400 000 ÷ 800 000 shares = R3)
The retained income account will be reduced by the difference between the buyback price and average price ( R4,50 – R3 = R1,50 × 40 000 shares)

3. Net profit after tax must be calculated by subtracting income tax from net profit before tax. This must be entered in the retained income note.
Tax calculation = (R1 250 000 × 30% = R375 000).
Net profit after tax = R1 250 000 – R375 000 = R875 000).

4. Dividends:
Calculation of interim/paid dividends = 700 000 × 20 cents = R140 000
Calculation of final/declared dividends = 700 000 + 100 000 (issued) – 40 000 (repurchased) = 760 000 shares
760 000 × 35 cents = R266 000
Total dividends = R140 000 + R266 000 = R406 000

5.Calculation of short term portion of fixed deposit:
The portion of the fixed deposit that will be received within the next 12 months must be subtracted from financial assets and shown under cash and cash equivalents under current assets on the balance sheet.
(1/3 of R60 000 = R20 000)

6. Provision for bad debts is calculated at 5% of debtors control: 5% of R45 000 = R2 250.
Provision for bad debts must be subtracted from trade and other receivables.

7. Repayments of the capital amount of the loan that will be made in the next 12 months must be subtracted from the non-current liabilities and shown under current liabilities as a ‘current portion of loan’.
R105 600 (total repayments) – R57 600 (interest) = R48 000 (capital portion of repayments for the year. 

Practice task 3 (continued)

RETAINED INCOME   R
Balance on the last day of the previous year   
   
   
Balance on the last day of the current year  
   
   
QWANDO LIMITED BALANCE SHEET ON 30 JUNE 2011 
ASSETS  
NON CURRENT ASSETS  
Fixed/tangible assets  
Financial assets  
Fixed deposit: Supra Bank  
   
CURRENT ASSETS  
   
   
TOTAL ASSETS  
   
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES  
CAPITAL AND RESERVES  
   
   
NON-CURRENT LIABILITIES  
Mortgage loan: Supa Bank  
   
CURRENT LIABILITIES  
   
   
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES  

[38]

Worked example 4
Preparation of the cash flow statement
Practice task 4
Prepare the cash flow statement (all relevant notes have been done for you). (15)
Additional information
Extract from balance sheet

  2012  2011   Flow of cash 
(Remember we are looking for the flow of cash. This
means you will need to calculate the difference
between this year’s and last year’s figures, to
determine the figures to place on the Cash Flow
Statement.)
Ordinary share capital  R471 600  R410 000  **see note below 
Retained income  R10 400  R9 000  This has no effect on a cash flow statement. 
Fixed deposit  R28 000  R23 000  (R5 000)  (Outflow)
Loan from Beta Bank (interest is not capitalised)  R74 000  R80 000  (R6 000)  (Outflow)
Bank   R35 300  R10 040   R25 260  Inflow
Cash float  R2 000  R2 000  R0  No change

** During the year the following transactions took place regarding share capital:

  • 8 000 Shares were issued and the company received R79 600 from shareholders.
  • Repurchased 3 000 shares at 820 cents per share

Worked example 5: Comment on the liquidity position of the company

Financial indicator   2010  2011 
Current ratio  1,3 : 1 2,1 : 1 
Acid test ratio  0,6 : 1  1,4 : 1 
  • Current ratio 3 has improved from 1,3 : 1 to 2,1 : 1(It means that the company has current assets of R2,10 for every R1 debt.)
  • Acid test ratio 3 has also improved from 0,6 : 1 to 1,4 : 1 
  • This company is in a good liquidity position and should be able to pay its short-term debt easily.  [5]

Worked example 6: Comment on the earnings per share (EPS) and dividends per share (DPS) of the company
Earnings per share is the ‘if’; if all the profit after tax was declared as dividends, the earnings would have been 35c per share. However what “really happened” is that dividends were declared of only 25c per share. The difference is the profit that the company kept called ‘retained income’.

Financial indicator  2010  2011 
Earnings per share (EPS)   35c per share  15c per share 
Dividends per share (DPS)  25c per share  20c per share
  • EPS has declined from 35c to 15c per share. 
  • DPS has declined from 25c to 20c per share. 
  • In 2010 their EPS was 35c while the DPS was only 25c per share. This means that the company retained 10c per share for future growth. 
  • In 2011 they only earned 15c per share but gave the shareholders 20c per share meaning that none of this year’s profits were retained.
    (It’s the ‘if’! If all the profit after tax was declared a dividend, they would have earned 15c per share. However, the shareholders received more, being 20c per share. That means that some of the retained income of the previous year was used to finance the difference.)
    [6]

Worked example 7: Comment on the debt/equity ratio of the company

Financial indicator  2010  2011 
Debt/equity ratio  0.6:1  0,4:1 
  • Debt/equity ratio decreased3 by 0,2 from 0,6 : 1 to 0,4 : 1. 
  • By repaying the loan the company has a lower financial risk. [3]

Worked example 8: Comment on the percentage return on shareholders’ equity (ROSHE) of the company

Financial indicator  2010  2011 
% return on shareholders’ equity (ROSHE)  18 %   24 % 
  • ROSHE improved3 by 6 % from 18 % to 24 %.
  • The shareholders should be pleased as a return of 24 % is higher than an alternative investment (e.g. fixed deposit).  [3]

Formulae: Financial indicators

Financial indicator  How it is calculated - formula  Answer shown as/in 
1. Gross profit on cost of sales (mark-up)  Gross profit  × 100
Cost of sales     1 
 %
2. Gross profit on sales  Gross profit × 100
  Sales              1 
 %
3. Operating expenses on sales  Operating expenses × 100
          Sales                   1 
 %
4. Operating profit on sales  Operating profit × 100
      Sales                1 
 %
5. Net profit after tax on sales  Net profit after tax × 100
      Sales                    1 
 %
6 .Solvency ratio  Total assets : Total liabilities  Ratio (ℵ : 1) 
7. Net assets (shareholders’ equity)  Total assets − Total liabilities  Rands 
8. Current ratio Current assets : Current liabilities Ratio (ℵ : 1) 
9. Acid-test ratio (Receivables + cash) : Current liabilities
OR
(Current assets – inventories) : Current liabilities
Ratio (ℵ : 1) 
10. Turnover rate of stock Cost of sales
Average stock
Times per year
11. Period for which enough stock is on hand/period of
stock on hand (stock holding period)
Average stock ×  365
Cost of sales         1
Number of days
12. Debtors average collection period Average debtors × 365
   Credit sales           1
Number of days
13. Creditors average payment period Average creditors × 365
    Credit sales           1
Number of days
14. Debt/equity ratio Non-current liabilities : Shareholders’ equity Ratio (ℵ : 1) 
15. Return on equity (shareholders’ equity)         Net profit after tax           × 100
Average shareholders’ equity      1
%
16. Return on total capital employed        Net profit before tax + interest on loans    × 100
Average shareholders’ equity + average loans    1
%
17. Earnings per share (‘if’)        Net profit after tax      × 100
Number of issued shares      1
Cents
18. Dividends per share (what really happened)    Interim & final dividends    × 100
Number of issued shares          1 
Cents
19. Net asset value per share (this is the real value of the share)      Shareholders’ equity     × 100
Number of issued shares        1
Cents

OTHER IMPORTANT FORMULAE:
To calculate the selling price (SP): Shareholders’ equity =  Ordinary share capital + Retained income
SP = CP × 100 + mark-up
                          100 
To calculate the cost price (CP):
CP = SP ×       100        
                100 + mark-up

Worked example 9

(This question shows some of the basic financial indicators that will help you earn easy marks)
You are provided with information relating to Glebo Limited for the year ended 30 June 2011.
Practice task 5
Use the given information to calculate the following financial indicators for 2011. (31)

  1. % Gross profit on cost of sales (mark-up)
  2. % Net profit on sales
  3. % Operating profit on sales
  4. Current ratio
  5. Acid test ratio
  6. Debt/equity ratio
  7. Solvency ratio
  8.  Net asset value per share
  9.  Earnings per share

Information
Glebo Limited
Extrac t from income statement for the year ended 30 june 2011

  2011 
Sales  9 000 000 
Cost of sales 5 625 000 
Operating profit   1 423 200 
Income tax  426 000 
Net profit after tax 904 000 


Glebo limited
Balance sheet as at 30 june 2011

  2011 
ASSETS  
Non-current assets 4 626 000
Fixed assets 4 326 000
Financial assets  300 000
Current assets  2 557 000
Inventories (all trading stock)  1 640 000 
Trade and other receivables (all trade debtors)  810 000 
SARS (Income tax) 0
Cash and cash equivalents 107 000
TOTAL ASSETS 7 183 000
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
Ordinary shareholders’ equity 4 123 000
Ordinary share capital (1 100 000 shares ) 2 910 000
Retained income 1 213 000
Non-current liabilities 1 980 000
Mortgage loan: Jozi Bank (13% p.a.) 1 980 000
Current liabilities 1 080 000
Trade and other payables (all trade creditors) 705 000
SARS (Income tax) 32 000
Shareholders for dividends 275 000
Bank overdraft 0
Current portion of loan 68 000
TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES 7 183 000


Answer to practice task 5

Calculate % gross profit on cost of sales (mark-up) [4]
(Sales – cost of sales) × 100 = 9 000 000 – 5 625 000 × 100
      Cost of sales                               5 625 000
= 3 375 000  × 100
   5 625 000
= 60% 
 2 Calculate % net profit on sales [3]
Net profit after tax × 100 = 904 000 × 100
       Sales                               9000 000
= 10%
 3 Calculate % operating profit on sales [3]
Operating profit × 100 = 1 423 000 × 100
       Sales                            9 000 000
= 15,8%
 4 Calculate current ratio [3]
Current assets ÷ current liabilities
= 2 557 000 ÷ 1 080 000
= 2,4 : 1 
 5 Calculate acid-test ratio [4]
(Current assets – stock) ÷ current liabilities
= (2 557 000 – 1 640 000) ÷ 1 080 000
= 917 000 ÷ 1 080 000
= 0,85 : 1
 6 Calculate debt/equity ratio [3]
Non-current liabilities ÷ ordinary shareholders’ equity
= 1 980 000 ÷ 4 123 000
= 0,48 : 1 
 7 Calculate solvency ratio [4]
Total assets ÷ total liabilities
= 7 183 000 ÷ (1 980 000 + 1 080 000)
= 7 183 000 ÷ 3 060 000
= 2,3: 1
 8 Calculate net asset value per share [4]
Ordinary shareholders’ equity × 100 = 4 123 000 × 100
   Number of shares issued          1      1 100 000      1
= 374,8 cents per share
(Ordinary share capital ÷ par value of shares)
 9 Calculate earnings per share [3]
      Net profit after tax        × 100  904 000    × 100
Number of shares issued        1      1 100 000        1
= 82,2 cents per share

Multiply by 100 in order to get the answer in cents per share.