On his blindness was written by John Milton (1608-1674). He was a deeply religious English poet. He studied at Cambridge University. As a young man he travelled around Europe and learnt many European languages.
In his later life, there was a civil war in England between King Charles I and Oliver Cromwell and his supporters, who wanted England to become a republic. Milton supported Cromwell and became very politically active. He had to go into hiding when the new king, King Charles II, came into power.
At the age of 44, Milton went blind. Most of his best-known poems were written after this. He composed poems in his head and recited them to his daughters so they could write them down.
Fun fact:
The main themes in this poem are serving God, blindness (disability) and using one’s talents.
The poet struggles with the fact that he is no longer able to see. He is depressed that he may not be able to serve God by using his talent as a writer. The answer comes to him that God has many followers to do his work and that accepting his blindness and being patient (“stand and wait”) is also serving God
Words to know:
Definitions of words from the poem: | ||
Line 1: | consider | think about |
light | ability to see | |
spent | finished/used up | |
Line 2: | ere | before (old English) |
wide | wild (old English) | |
Line 3: | talent | ability / skill |
Line 4: | lodged | kept in a safe place/ placed |
more bent | more determined; wanting more to do something | |
Line 5: | therewith | with that |
Line 6: | account | report/ record/ explanation |
chide | scold/ show anger/ blame | |
Line 7: | doth | does |
exact | expect/ demand | |
day-labour | work | |
light denied | sight taken away | |
Line 8: | fondly | foolishly |
Line 9: | murmur | quiet complaint |
Line 11: | mild | gentle |
yoke | the rope and wood collar which goes around the neck of an ox to pull a cart | |
state | position/ situation | |
Line 12: | bidding | request/ command |
Line 13: | post o’er | travel over (old English) |
Fun fact:
The poem is an Italian or Miltonic sonnet. This is because its 14 lines are made up of:
The octave (lines 1 – 8) When I consider how my light is spent, |
In the octave, the problem is presented. The speaker feels depressed when he thinks (“consider” in line 1) about his problem – the problem is that he is going blind “ere half my days” – before he is even half way through his life. He has one great gift from God, a “talent”, which has been “lodged” (given to him) to use but it is “useless” (line 4) because he cannot see to write any more.
Fun fact:
The poet uses a metaphor to refer to his eyesight. He calls it his “light” (line 7). This is an effective comparison because our eyes are important. They are one of the ways we get to understand our world. Light is important
- light allows us to see clearly. Light also represents God and the sun and has connotations of brightness and happiness. This contrasts with the life without light – the “dark world” in line 2.
The poet (or speaker) describes his problem in the octave in one long sentence that ends in the middle of line 8. In this sentence, he lists all the things he is worried about and what may happen as a result of his blindness. He is frustrated because the talent God has given him (“lodged with me”) is “useless” (line 4). He is also frustrated because his soul is absolutely “bent” (determined) on serving his “Maker” (God) (lines 4-5) and he cannot do this if he cannot see.
He is fearful and worried because he knows that God has given him this talent so it would be “death to hide” it (line 3). Milton wants to serve his Maker and use his writing talent so that at the end of his life he can present a good “account” (record of his work) “lest” (in case) God would “chide” (become cross with) him for not using the talent to serve Him (line 6).
The poet is also confused. He says that if God did become angry with him he would ask God how God could demand “day-labour” (work) but at the same time make him blind (“light denied”) and therefore unable to work. Although the poet is frustrated, fearful and a little angry, it is important to note that he remains humble when he speaks to God: he calls God his “Maker”, he is “bent” (wanting / determined) on serving God and he realises that he asks the question foolishly (“fondly” in line 8) because God has a plan we may not know.
Note:
The sestet (lines 9 – 15) But Patience, to prevent |
The sestet is where the problem set out in the octave is resolved. The speaker begins to answer the question in line 8 starting with the word “But”:
But Patience, to prevent
That murmur, soon replies… (lines 8 and 9)
“Patience” (which is a good human quality of being able to wait) seems to appear to him personified almost like an angel from God (in a human form). Notice how Patience is named with a capital ‘P’ – like a proper noun. When Patience appears to him, it is as if the poet’s own mind speaks to him and reassures him.
Patience speaks to stop the poet’s “murmur” (complaints) and explains that God does not need man’s work: people serve God best when they “bear his mild yoke” (obey his gentle commands/ carry a small burden). Patience goes on to explain to the poet that God is so powerful (“His state is kingly” – lines 11 and 12) and that there are “thousands” of others who can serve him in many other places and in many different ways.
The poet finally understands that he does not have to write and perform to serve God if he is not able to do so, because people also serve God just by accepting what happens – “who only stand and wait” (line 14). He realises there are other ways to serve God.
In the octave of this sonnet, the speaker goes through many feelings and the tone reflects each of them: frustrated, fearful, worried and confused. In the sestet, the tone changes. It becomes more accepting and gentle.
The mood of a poem is how it makes the reader feel. How does this poem make you feel? For example, happy, sad, angry, or indifferent.
Summary
On his blindness by John Milton
Tone: In the octave it is frustrated, fearful, worried and confused. In the sestet, it is accepting and gentle.
Mood: How does this poem make you feel? Happy, sad, angry or indifferent? Always give reasons for your answer.
Refer to the poem on page 42 and answer the questions below.
ballad; sonnet; problem; solution; cause; result |
joy; acceptance; frustration; blind |
Answers to Activity 5