Answers to activity 3.3

1. 
2.  
   1. The minimum number of people needed to maintain a settlement or function (2)
   2. The maximum distance people are prepared to travel to a settlement or a function (2)
   3. The maximum area served by a settlement or function (2)
      [12] 

Answers to activity 3.4

1. 
2. The density of the buildings increases.  (2)
3. The land is very expensive in the CBD so many buildings are built closer together and on smaller pieces of land. (4)
4. Land value is cheaper /There is less traffic congestion / It is closer to clients /There is less noise /There is more parking(any 2) (4)
   [12] 

Answers to activity 3.5

1. Nelspruit/Mbombela is the capital of Mpumalanga province. (2)
2.  
   1. Analysis of the site of Nelspruit/Mbombela:
      
      • Near water from the river
      • Arable land from the river valley
      • Possible building material from the surrounding hills
      • Possible fuel from the vegetation on the slopes (8)
   2. Discussion of the situation of Nelspruit/Mbombela:
      
      1. Topography: It is on the valley floor so easy to establish/ Gap city between the mountains
      2. Gradient: The city is built on flat land for the large buildings/Residential areas are more on the slopes
      3. River: Buildings on the inner bank away from possible flooding
      4. Transport: On the main road to Mozambique on N4/ Links to the west–east and north–south/Part of Maputo Corridor (any 3 facts) (6)
3.  
   1. Block C2 is a nucleated settlement pattern. The buildings are close to one another. (4)
   2. The settlement in block B3 has a linear shape. It lies along
      the road/along a contour so that it is easy to build on the same height above sea level/altitude.33 (4)
4. The type of farming in block C3 is commercial farming. The farm is large/The farmer lives on his farm and has maximum control/The farm is near to the road for easy transport. (any 3 facts) (6)
5.  
   1. The farm Friedenheim in block C5 is an experimental farm. It has a research/education function. (2)
   2. This farm can help to prevent rural–urban migration because: It creates work for the people living in the area and people can migrate back to the area/It supports Agenda 21, enabling people to become more independent or able to make a living. (any 1 fact) (2)
6. Nelspruit (Mbombela) can be classified as any one of the following:
   Central place – there is a lot of farming in the area so Nelspruit offers urban services to the surrounding rural area, e.g. market for farm produce, schools for rural children to attend.
   Trade and transport city – it is built where two major roads meet
   Gap city – it is built in the valley between mountains. (any 1) (4)
7.  
   1. The land use zone known as the CBD is in block E4 on the map (2)
   2. Simple cross section sketch to illustrate the urban profile of this land use zone:
      
   3. This zone has a gridiron street pattern.

      Advantages (any 2)	Disadvantages (any 2)
      Easy to find your way around (cannot get lost) Land can be divided up easily Can be converted into oneway streets to ease traffic congestion Shorter distance to travel Little wastage of land	Traffic congestion as traffic stops at every intersection More accidents because of intersections Heavy traffic causes road rage  More pollution from cars Monotonous (boring) town layout (10)

8. West Acres is an example of an upper income residential area. Two reasons are evident on the map to support this statement:
   • Away from the CBD
   • It has large blocks of land between the roads.
   • Street pattern plan is irregular
   • It is on the warmer, north-facing slope so land will be more expensive.
   • Away from pollution and noise (any 2) (4)
     
     Questions based on the orthophoto:
9. Land use found at A, B, C and D:
   
   1. = Transport (railway station)/Industrial
   2. = Commercial/Business – CBD
   3. = Residential
   4. = Recreation/Showground (8)
10. The best place for a shopping mall for the residents of West Acres would be near E on the orthophoto. The reasons are as follows:
    
    • The land is not being used for other purposes.
    • It is near a road so people living nearby can get there easily.
    • It is close to the suburb West Acres.
    • The land here is quite flat (as indicated by the contours that are far apart). (any 3 reasons) (6)
      [70] 

Answers to activity 3.6

1.  
   1. A settlement is a grouping of people, buildings, communication networks and activities that function as a single, integrated system on a regular, daily basis.(2)
   2. It is an urban settlement. (2)
   3. It is multifunctional/Secondary and tertiary functions are shown.(any 1) (2)
2.  
   1. Low-order function: Needed on a daily basis; has a small sphere of influence, small range and small threshold population(2)
      High-order function: Needed less often; has a large sphere of influence, large range and large threshold population.(2)
   2. Low-order: Bakery/Café/Flour mill
      High order: SABC/Hospital/Bank/Chem-Lab Research 
      (any 1) (2)
   3. Sphere of influence is the area served by a function or service (2)
   4. Hospital (2)
   5. A hospital has a high-order function and people are prepared to travel great distances to use this service.(2)
      A hospital needs a large threshold population and therefore a large sphere of influence is needed. (2)
3.  
   1. A light industry is an industry that uses small quantities of raw materials and causes little pollution. (2)
   2. Reasons why the bakery does not have to be located outside the city:
      
      • Little air pollution 
      • Little noise pollution 
      • No bad odours (bad smells) 
      • No dangerous activities 
      • Only needs a small piece of land (any 2) (4)
   3. Reasons why it is important for the bakery to have a central location:
      
      • Products are perishable (can go bad) 
      • Must be close to the consumers 
      • More accessible 3(any 2) (4)
4.  
   1. Reasons why people are attracted to the settlement:
      
      • Variety of services (e.g hospital, bank, transport) 
      • Job opportunities in many different economic activities
      • Higher paid jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors 
      • Good infrastructure 
      • Entertainment(any 2) (4)
   2. Slowing down the rural-urban migration must happen so that it can:
      
      • Avoid overcrowding 
      • Reduce traffic congestion 
      • Reduce pressure on resources 
      • Reduce the unemployment caused by too many people coming to the city 
      • Reduce the problem of lower standards of living 
      • Reduce the problem of informal settlements being built 
      • Prevent a possible increase in crime 
      • Prevent urban decay 
      • Prevent the development of social problems (any 2) (4)
        [38] 

1. Junction town
2. Zone of decay
3. Centrifugal forces
4. Intensive farming
5. Spatial development initiatives

1. Plans to provide basic needs to all areas
2. Farmland with a high carrying capacity
3. Reasons why people leave a CBD or city
4. Plans to improve the peripheral areas
5. An old area in the CBD
6. A town formed where two rivers meet
7. An area around the CBD with mixed functions
8. A town formed at a point where two major transport routes meet (5 × 2 = 10)
   [20]

Answers to activity 3.7
Question 1
1.1 An individual farmstead on its own piece of land.  (2)
1.2 All profit is your own /Make own decisions / Make effective use of machinery /Less time wasted travelling to work.(any 2) (4)
1.3 Little social interaction /Less help in times of trouble / No sharing of ideas. (any 2) (4)
1.4 Primary activities refer to the extraction of raw material from the Earth. The growing of grapes is a primary activity. 
Secondary activities refer to the manufacturing of raw material into processed goods. Making wine from grapes is a secondary activity. 
Tertiary activities refer to the provision of services and selling of goods. Wine farms sell wine/have restaurants and wine tasting which attracts tourists. (12)
[22]

Question 2
2.1 A site is the exact piece of land a settlement is found on. (2)
2.2 Available flat land /Natural harbour providing access to the ocean (4)
2.3 It has a harbour where the mode of transport changes, e.g from land to sea. (2)
2.4

1. Central Business District(2)
2. Gridiron street pattern(2)
3. Advantage: Easy to find your way /Easy to extend / Easy to subdivide(any 1)
   Disadvantage: Causes traffic congestion /Monotonous (boring) layout (any 1) (4)
4. Tall buildings/Skyscrapers(2)
5. Land is in demand so price increases /Cheaper to build upwards(any 1) (4)

2.5 All transport routes converge in the CBD. 33 (2)
[24]

Question 3
3.1

1. Sea Point – high income ; Malay Quarter – low income (4)
2. Has sea view, which increases land value /On outskirts city; residents can afford transport costs (any 1) (4)

3.2

1. Informal settlement (squatter settlement) (2)
2. Migrants are uneducated so they cannot find a job They cannot afford rent or to buy a house3(4)
3. Family land not big enough to divide among children / Traditional farming methods so low food output / Inadequate services and facilities /Droughts and floods have greater impact /Farm workers evicted / Job losses due to increased mechanisation(any 2) (4)
4. High degree of unemployment /Social problems, such as violence and crime, more common / Increase in litter and pollution /Waterborne diseases common /Increased spread of diseases (any 2) (4)
5. Need to speak to community and find out their needs / Find out skills and talents in area /Need to set up industry in area based on local skills or raw materials or products / Improve farming methods of subsistence farmers /Possibly change to commercial cash crops/Small towns advertise attractions in their town/Find ways to attract tourists, for example lodges, casinos, holiday resorts, etc. / Develop or market the town as a commuter or retirement town / Petition government to maintain services and facilities  (any 6 facts; include points for both rural areas and towns) (12)
   [34]

Question 4
4.1

1. Rural
2. Metropolis
3. Urban growth
4. Natural, non-renewable resource
5. Quaternary (10)

4.2

1. – viii)
2. – vii)
3. – iii)
4. – ii)
5. – iv) (10)