1. Obtaining raw materials from the earth
2. Total value of goods and services produced by the permanent citizens of a country in one year
3. Provision of services
4. Processing of raw materials
5. Value of all goods and services produced in a country in one year 

1. Gross domestic product
2. Tertiary activity
3. Gross national product
4. Primary activities
5. Economic activities
6. Secondary activities
   [10]

Answers to activity 4.1

1. D (Primary activities) (2)
2. C (Gross National Product) (2)
3. B (Tertiary activities) (2)
4. F (Secondary activities) (2)
5. A (Gross Domestic Product) (2)
   [10]

Answers to activity 4.2

1. Fossil fuels and fertilisers release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane into the air.These gases trap heat in the atmosphere.This increases the Earth’s temperature, which leads to changes in Earth’s climate and weather. (6)
2. The increase in the Earth’s temperature causes the polar icecaps to melt.This leads to increasing sea levels. (4)
3. It would decrease food security/cause food insecurity. (2)
4. Land would be flooded, so there is less land to use for agriculture or food production. (2)
5. Overfishing (2)
   [16] 

Answers to activity 4.3

1. Centralisation (2)
2. Gauteng/Pretoria–Witwatersrand–Vereeniging (2)
3. Footloose industries (2)
4. Market-orientated industries (2)
5.  Heavy industries (2)
   [10] 

1. Trade
2. Import
3. Decentralisation
4. Trading blocs
5. Industrial Development Zones
6. Informal sector
7. MEDCs
8. Multinational corporation
9. LEDCs
10. Globalisation 

1. Groups of countries that have common markets or trade agreements
2. Industrial estates aimed at economic growth and new investment
3. Buying and selling of goods and services
4. Movement of activities away from over- centralised areas
5. Commodity brought into a country
6. Movement of industries into core areas
7. The way in which activities of countries across the world are interconnected
8. Countries that are less developed in the world
9. The trade involving businesses not registered with the government and occupying premises illegally
10. Company that has factories, offices or shops in different countries
11. Countries that are more developed than others
12. Value added to raw materials
    (10 × 2 = 20)

Answers to activity 4.4

1. C 
2. E 
3. D 
4. A 
5. B 
6. I 
7. K 
8. J 
9. H 
10. G(10 × 2 = 20)
    [20] 

Answers to activity 4.5

1. Gross domestic product. (2)
2. Manufacturing (2)
3. Primary(2)
4. Mining and agriculture produce raw materials which are sold for less money than processed goods sold by manufacturing industries. (2)
5. Increased government spending on infrastructure
   development / Increased use of public transport generating more revenue for the state. More purchases and use of private vehicles. (2)
   [12]

Answers to activity 4.6

1. Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Western Cape (2)
2. Gauteng has the most industries/many tertiary activities/ a large population which creates large market/many companies have main branches or headquarters there. (any 2) (4)
3.  
   1. Northern Cape (2)
   2. Benguela (2)
   3. Decreases rainfal (2)
   4. Less rainfall lowers productivity on farms so less produce to sell 33/Less rainfall causes poor water supply which limits industrial development.(4)
      [16] 

Activity 4.7
The following questions refer to Table 4.4 on page 97.

1. What economic activity does the extraction of minerals fall into? (1 × 2 = 2)
2. South Africa is a major mineral producer in the world. State three factors that favour mining in South Africa. (3 × 2 = 6)
3. State the two reasons why mining is important to South Africa. (2 × 2 = 4)
4. What major mineral mined in South Africa is not listed in table 4.4? (1 × 2 = 2)
5. The price for platinum increased dramatically, but has now decreased again. What problem does this price fluctuation cause for the platinum mines? (2 × 2 = 4)
   [18] 

Answers to activity 4.7

1. Primary(2)
2.  
   1. The country has many different minerals /It has lots of
      local unskilled labour /It has access to many foreign
      skilled miners/Many countries invested money in our
      mines /The country has a well-developed infrastructure
      (roads and railway lines, water and electricity). (any 3) (6)
   2. Mines provide employment to many South Africans /
      Mines supply raw materials to factories /When mines
      start up, new towns and transport networks develop /
      Other economic activities, such as farming and trade,
      increase to meet the needs of the new mining towns /
      Harbours grow bigger /Export of mining products
      increases the profits of the mines. (any 2) (4)
3. Gold(2)
4. It will cause productivity to increase and decrease. 
   As productivity decreases, costs increase and profits fall. 
   It will cause the mine’s profits to increase and decrease. 
   As profits decrease, mine workers may lose their jobs. 
   (any 2 facts; or any other logical answer) (4)
   [18]