HISTORY PAPER 1 GRADE 12 ADDENDUM - NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS JUNE 2016
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GRADE 12
JUNE 2016
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
ADDENDUM
QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE CREATION OF NEW SPHERES OF INTERESTS INTENSIFY COLD WAR TENSIONS BETWEEN THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC AND THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AFTER 1945?
SOURCE 1A
This is a comment from Stalin’s speech dated 9 February 1946. It focuses on how the Cold War emerged from the differences that happened during the First World War.
| …Stalin made the first one in Moscow on February 9, 1946, and in it he went back to the basics. He restated Marx’s condemnation (criticism) of capitalism for distributing wealth unevenly. He reiterated Lenin’s claim that, as a result, capitalists were likely to go to war with one another. He drew results from this the conclusion that peace could come only when communism had triumphed throughout the world. He emphasised that the Soviet Union’s industrialisation prior to Second World War had allowed it to prevail in that conflict and he said nothing about assistance received from the United States and Great Britain. Finally he called for equal arduous (hard) sacrifices on the part of the Soviet people to recover from the damage the last war had caused, and to prepare for the next war that the contradictions (opposing views) of capitalism were sure to bring about. |
SOURCE 1B
The source below is an excerpt from Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech delivered on 5th March 1946. It focuses on the tension between the Capitalist West and the Communist East.
| Winston Churchill, recently turned out of office, gave the second speech in the improbable (unbelievable) setting of Fulton, Missouri, on March 5, with President Truman sitting at his side. In characteristically portentous (arrogance) cadences (tempo), the former prime minister warned: “From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of ancient states of central and eastern Europe… All these famous cities and the populations around them… are subject in one form or another, not only to the Soviet influence, but to a very high and increasing measure of control from Moscow. The Russians did not want war, Churchill acknowledged, but they did want “the fruits of war and indefinite (endless) expansion of their power and doctrines”… |
SOURCE 1C
The following extract focuses on how United States of America intended to contain the spread of communism through financial assistance to European countries immediately after the Second World War.
| The remedy (solution) lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. The manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and willing to exchange their products for currencies the continuing value of which is not open. Aside from the demoralising effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos. Its purpose should be the revival of working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist. Such assistance, I am convinced, must not be a piecemeal basis as various crises develop. Any assistance that this Government may render in the future should provide a cure rather than a mere palliative (soothing). Any government that is willing to assist in the task of recovery will find full cooperation; I am sure, on the part of the United States Government. Any government which manoeuvers (tries) to block the recovery of other countries cannot expect help from us. Furthermore, governments, political parties, or groups which seek to perpetuate (extend) human misery in order to profit there from politically or otherwise will encounter the opposition of the United States… |
SOURCE 1D
This cartoon entitled ‘Can he block it?,’ was drawn in 1947 by Edwin Marcus, a cartoonist for New York Times. It shows Stalin trying to stop the basketball of the ‘Marshall Plan’ from scoring in the basket labelled ‘European Recovery’
QUESTION 2: WHY DID CUBA BECOME INVOLVED IN THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR?
SOURCE 2A
This extract is taken from an interview by David Deutschmann with Jorge Risquet, a member of the Cuban government. Risquet is being questioned about the Cuban involvement in the Angolan Civil War. The interview took place before the end of the Cold War and the Cuban withdrawal from Angola.
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| Deutschman: It is said that the Cuban presence in Angola had expansionist (colonising) aims, and that Cuba was acting as a puppet (under the control) of the Soviet Union. What is your response to this? Risquet: It would make nonsense for us, a small country to think about expanding into Angola. This is absurd. Proof of that is that when our presence is no longer needed, we will withdraw. As for material interests, the only thing we have taken from Angola has been the remains of our soldiers who died there. We don’t want any of Angola’s riches. Those riches are for the people of Angola to use for their development, to provide a pleasant life for those heroic people we love so much, a people for whom we have shed our blood, and alongside whom we have fought for so many years. The claim that we went to Angola under Moscow’s orders is absurd. It was a sovereign (independent) decision made in response to a request for aid from Agostinho Neto. Not only was it our decision, we didn’t even consult the Soviet Union. There was a communication with the Soviet Union, after our troops were on their way. We asked the Soviet Union for logistical aid for our troops. Our soldiers went with their own weapons, but they needed ammunition. They also needed more weapons as the war grew larger. We asked for and received extensive collaboration from the Soviet Union. The USSR, like Cuba, is in solidarity with Angola. It stands on the side of people fighting racism and colonialism, and it supports the cause of their independence. |
SOURCE 2B
This extract is taken from a speech given by Fidel Castro to a mass rally of more than a million Cubans in Havana on 22 December 1975. Castro is explaining why Cuban soldiers were being sent to newly independent Angola to support the MPLA.
| African blood flows freely through our veins. Many of our ancestors came as slaves from Africa to this land. As slaves they struggled a great deal. They fought as members of the liberating army of Cuba. We’re brothers and sisters of the people of Africa and we’re ready to fight on their behalf. Racial discrimination existed in our country. Is there anyone who doesn’t know this, who doesn’t remember it? Many public parks had separate walks for blacks and for whites. Is there anyone who doesn’t recall that African descendants were barred from many places, from recreation centres and schools? And today, who are the representatives, the symbols of the most hateful and inhuman form of racial discrimination? The South African fascists and racists. And Yankee imperialism, without scruples of any kind, has launched South African mercenary troops in an attempt to crush Angola’s independence and is now outraged by our help to Angola, our support for Africa and our defence of Africa. In keeping with the duties rooted in our principles, our ideology, our convictions and our very own blood, we shall defend Angola and Africa! … Let the South African racists and the Yankee imperialists be warned. We are part of the world revolutionary movement, and in Africa’s struggle against racists and imperialists, we’ll stand, without hesitation, side by side with the people of Angola! |
SOURCE 2C
This is part of an interview that was conducted with the former South African Prime Minister, BJ Vorster, by Clarence Rhodes of UPITN-TV (United Press International Television News) on 13 February 1976.
| Rhodes: President Kaunda of Zambia described the Soviet and the Cuban intervention in Angola. I think the quote is ‘a plundering (thieving) tiger and its deadly cub’. …Would you say that this then poses a bigger threat than the emergence of yet another independent black African nation on South African borders? Prime minister Vorster: Yes, because here you haven’t got an independent black African country coming into existence on South African borders. You have a Cuban force of thousands – estimated at this stage between 10 and 13 thousand – taking part in a civil war in Southern Africa and if that were the end of it, one could have shrugged one’s shoulders and said, okay, they will go back tomorrow. But knowing the communists, knowing the Cubans, there is nobody who can tell you at this stage that they are going home, once they have put the MPLA in the saddle. I think it must be accepted that they are here to stay and I think it must be accepted that just as much as they subverted (spread communism) or at least, as much as they are trying to subvert [spread communism in] Angola, they will try to subvert other Southern African countries. Because, make no mistake about it … world domination has always been and to this very day, is still the aim of the communists. And I for one believe … they are preparing for that conventional war. Look at their conventional armaments compared to those of the free world, of the Western countries … if they can control the southern tip of Africa, they have a tremendous advantage in any conventional war; apart from the raw materials that they can get from Angola and other Southern African countries, they will control the Cape sea route which is the lifeline of Europe. |
SOURCE 2D
A cartoon drawn by a South African, Fred Mouton, and published in Die Burger, 1976. Die Burger was widely associated with the National Party government in South Africa at the time. The cartoon shows a large hand knocking ash from a cigar into an ashtray shaped like Africa.
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QUESTION 3: WHAT WAS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE LITTLE ROCK NINE IN THE STRUGGLE FOR THE DESEGREGATION OF SCHOOLS IN THE USA?
SOURCE 3A
This is an extract describing the incidents surrounding Little Rock Nine High School when nine African American students first entered the school in 1957.
| At the beginning of school when the nine very carefully chosen African American students appeared at Central High School under the care of four white ministers of the city, they were turned away by the National Guard that had been called out by Governor Faubus. A mob was present on this and succeeding following days. Following this, the President federalised (centralised) the National Guard and it was called away from the school. On Monday 23 September 1957, the Afro American students came back to school as mayor Mann had intimated (made known) that he was able to take care of the situation with local police. There is plenty of indication that the police took a very meek (quiet and obedient) and mild attitude on the morning of the 22nd, which led to the severe beating by the mob of four Afro American newspaper men and photographers. The nine Afro American children were taken at the school by a side door, but the frenzy (excitement) of the mob, plus a lackadaisical (careless) attitude on the part of the police in failing to disperse the mob, made the mayor felt it necessary to remove the nine Negro children from school under police escort shortly after noon. On Monday the 23rd, the President, issued his orders of “cease and desist” (stop) and on Tuesday morning, there was no attempt on the part of the Afro American children to come to school notwithstanding the President’s orders, the mob gathered. |
SOURCE 3B
This is a telegram written to President Dwight Eisenhower by Martin Luther King on 25 September 1957.
| Dear President I wish to express my sincere support for the stand you have taken to restore law and order in Little Rock, Arkansas. In the long, justice finally must spring from a new moral climate. Yet spiritual forces cannot emerge in a situation of mob violence. You should know that the overwhelming majority of Southerners, Negro and white stand firmly behind your resolute action. The pen of history will record that when the small and confused minority that oppose integration with violence will have to see that your action has been of great benefit to our nation and to the Christian traditions of fair play and brotherhood. |
SOURCE 3C
This is a photograph depicting the police action at Central High School.
Acknowledgements
Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from:
astro.template.edu/vyshinsky-speech
http://ic.galegroup.com
http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk/coldwar/G3/cs3/s1.htm
http://www.mconway.net/page20/files/12388
http;www.sahistory.org
Labuschagne B.2009. South Africa’s intervention in Angola.
Martin Luther King, Jr Papers Project.
Pambazuka News .2008. Number 377.
Pillay G et al. 2013. New Generation History. New Generation Publishers.
Ruz (02-12-2005).htm
www.marshallfoundation.org