GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
GRADE 12 
AMENDED SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMS
PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
MAY/JUNE 2018

MEMORANDUM 

SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 
QUESTION 1 
1.1
1.1.1 Polar front (1) 
1.1.2 Wave/Formative stage (1) 
1.1.3 1 000 hPa/mb (1) 
1.1.4 Z (1) 
1.1.5 Occlusion/Occluded stage (1) 
1.1.6

• Clockwise rotation of air (1)
• Subcontinent of southern Africa is visible on the map (1)
• Warm sector facing northwards (1)
• Cold sector facing southwards (1)
• 60°S line of latitude shown (1)
  [ANY ONE] 

1.1.7 Family of cyclones/Cyclone families/Family of depressions (1) (7 x 1) (7)
1.2
1.2.1 permanent (1) 
1.2.2 periodic (1) 
1.2.3 episodic (1) 
1.2.4 periodic (1) 
1.2.5 permanent (1) 
1.2.6 episodic (1) 
1.2.7 exotic (1) 
1.2.8 periodic (1) (8 x 1) (8)
1.3
1.3.1 A (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
1.3.2

• The inversion layer is well below the plateau/escarpment (1)
• Presence of a high pressure over the plateau (1)
• Strong subsidence of air which indicates cold conditions (1)
• Moist air from the ocean is being prevented from moving inland (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

1.3.3 A stronger subsiding cold air mass (from the Kalahari HP) descends onto a  weaker (warm) air mass creating an inversion layer (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
1.3.4

• There are stronger convection currents reducing the subsidence of cooler air (2)
• It is higher than the plateau during summer months because the interior  experiences higher temperatures (2)
• Weak descending cold air mass thus not pushed very far down (2)
• Kalahari High Pressure Cell not well developed in summer (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.5 Summer 

• Additional warm moist air is drawn in from the coastal area (2)
• Rising moist air results in unstable conditions (2)
• Rising moist air results in cloud formation over the interior (2)
• Rising moist air results in more rainfall occurring over the interior (2)
• Drop in pressure over land as warm air rises (2)
• Moisture front develops over interior (2)
• Line thunderstorms develop over eastern interior (2) 

Winter 

• Warm moist air blocked off from reaching the interior (2)
• Lack of rising moist air results in stable conditions (2)
• Lack of rising moist air reduces cloud cover over the interior (2)
• Lack of rising warm air results in no/little rainfall over the interior (2)
• Fewer clouds may result in the development of frost (2)
• Increase in pressure as interior is dominated by subsiding air (2)
• Large temperature range as a result of low temperatures at night and higher  temperatures during the day (2)
  [ANY FOUR – must refer to both summer and winter conditions] (4 x 2) (8)

1.4
1.4.1 Located on the valley floor/in a valley (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
1.4.2

• Pollution is concentrated (1)
• Pollutants are trapped (1)
• Cannot easily be dispersed (1)
  [ANY ONE] (2 x 1) (2)

1.4.3 

1. Anabatic/upslope wind (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
2.                              
   • Air rises along slopes/Air moves upslope (2) 
   • Air is lighter and warmer (2) 
     [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 
3.  
   Must indicate correct direction of movement by arrow (2) and any ONE descriptive label. (2 x 2) (4) 

1.4.4

• Poor visibility (2)
• Increased traffic congestion (2)
• Increased motor vehicles accidents (2)
• Motor vehicles have a greater risk of hitting pedestrians/cyclists/animals (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5
1.5.1

A – trellis (1) 
B – rectangular (1) (2 x 1) (2) 

1.5.2

A – folded sedimentary rocks/alternating hard and soft rock layers (1)
B – rocks with joints/cracks/faulted rocks (1) (2 x 1) (2) 

1.5.3

1. Both have tributaries that join the main stream at a 90° angle (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
2. In A the main streams follow more or less a straight path and in B the main stream follows an irregular path (90° angles) (2)
   A has more than one drainage basin while B has only one drainage basin   evident (2) 
   Tributaries in A shorter than in B (2) 
    [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

1.5.4 Short, steep slopes (of anticlines) cause short tributaries and the main river is  longer because it flows along the length of the valley (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
1.5.5

• The river flows along the joints and cracks within the rocks (2)
• It is easier for the river to erode along existing fault lines rather than cutting a new  path (2) (2 x 2) (4) 

1.6
1.6.1 A fan shaped fluvial landform that is formed by deposited material where a river  enters the sea/at the mouth of the river (1) 
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
1.6.2

• Sand deposits can be seen (1)
• The fan shape (1)
• Distributaries/River splits into smaller streams near mouth (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

1.6.3 Distributaries (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
1.6.4 River splits up into smaller rivulets as it moves into a gentle gradient, in order to  move around sand deposits that block its path. (1 x 2) (2) 
1.6.5

• If the sea bed next to the coastline is too steep/deep, the deposits will be washed away (2)
• Some coastlines have a big tidal range which do not allow material to accumulate  (2)
• Some coastlines have strong ocean currents which do not allow material to  accumulate/easily remove material (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

1.6.6

• Regular deposition of silt makes soils, fertile, which is useful for farming (2)
• Access to water makes it suitable for farming (2)
• Water is available for fishing or aquaculture/fish farming (2)
• Deltas extend the coastline and make more land available for farming (2)
• Suitable for crop/rice farming because crop/rice needs a lot of water to grow (2)
• The land is fairly flat - suitable for machinery (2)
• Flat land ideal to construct transport routes for distributing produce (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) [75]

QUESTION 2 
2.1
2.1.1 A/low (1) 
2.1.2 B/high (1) 
2.1.3 B/high (1) 
2.1.4 A/low (1) 
2.1.5 A/low (1) 
2.1.6 B/high (1) 
2.1.7 B/high (1) 
2.1.8 A/low (1) (8 x 1) (8)
2.2
2.2.1 F/Surface run-off (1) 
2.2.2 E/Groundwater (1) 
2.2.3 H/Confluence (1) 
2.2.4 G/Drainage Density (1) 
2.2.5 B/First Order Streams (1) 
2.2.6 D/Laminar Flow (1) 
2.2.7 A/Longitudinal Profile (1) (7 x 1) (7)
2.3
2.3.1 East coast (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
2.3.2

• High sea surface temperatures of 26,5 °C or more (1)
• High evaporation rate (1)
• Condensation releases latent heat (1)
• Unstable atmospheric conditions (1)
• Calm conditions for the vortex to form (1)
• Upper air divergence to maintain a low pressure on the surface (1)
• Between latitudes 5º to 25º S (1)
• Coriolis force is present (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 

2.3.3

• Strong winds (2)
• Torrential/heavy rainfall (2)
• Storm surges (2)
• Rough/stormy seas (2)
• Damage to infrastructure/property (2)
• Outbreak of diseases (2) 
• Possible loss of life (2)
• Destruction of crops (2)
• Drowning of livestock (2)
• Prepare for evacuations (2)
• Preparation of emergency teams (2)
• Flooding (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.4

• South Africa is outside of the tropics (2)
• The prevailing wind is deflected from its original path (2)
• The tropical cyclone moves over a colder ocean which reduces its energy  levels (2)
• Protected by Madagascar which reduces the strength of a tropical cyclone as  it passes over the island (2)
• Increased frictional drag reduces the tropical cyclones movement/speed (2)
• Reduced moisture/latent heat weakened the tropical cyclone (2)
• Once the cyclone makes landfall it starts to dissipate (2)
• Dissipation rates are increased further south of the tropics (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) 

2.4
2.4.1 A weak low pressure system that develops along the west coast (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
2.4.2 It moves southwards along the west coast(1) and eastwards along the south  coast (1) (2 x 1) (2) 
2.4.3 Ahead of the low, offshore winds occur blowing dry air off the land (2) Behind the low, onshore winds feed moisture onto the land (2) (2 x 2) (4) 
2.4.4 West coast: cold air is fed onto the land which causes (advection) fog (2) East coast: warm/moist air is fed onto the land causing drizzle (2) (2 x 2) (4) 
2.4.5

• Air descends from the Kalahari High towards the coast and it warms  adiabatically (at the Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate) (2)
• The formation of warm/berg winds increases temperature along the coast (2) Clockwise air circulation brings warm, dry conditions towards the coast (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

2.5
2.5.1 Lower course/plain stage/older stage (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
2.5.2 
[(1) mark for the shape; (1) mark for label at A; (1) mark for label at B] [MIRROR IMAGE ACCEPTED] (3 x 1) (3) 
2.5.3

1. Undercut/Outer bank (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. The water flows faster (faster current) along the outer bank which results   in erosion and undercutting of the slope (2) (1 x 2) (2) 

2.5.4

• Water is slow moving (slower current) on the inner bank (2)
• The river cannot carry its load (loses energy), so deposition occurs (2) (2 x 2) (4) 

2.5.5 Slope A 

• River is deeper and canoe cannot get stuck (2)
• River flows faster so canoeist can move at a higher speed/use less energy to  row (2)
  OR 

Slope B 

• River too shallow and canoe can get stuck (2)
• River flows slower so canoeist move at slower speed (2) (2 x 2) (4)

2.6
2.6.1 (One) billion cubic metres (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
2.6.2

• Free State (1)
• Mpumalanga (1) (2 x 1) (2)

2.6.3 Lesotho (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.6.4 Water becomes polluted (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
2.6.5

• People get ill from drinking the water (2)
• Causes dysentery/diarrhoea/colon infection (2)
• Water-borne diseases e.g. cholera/bilharzia (2)
• Death from bacteria (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

2.6.6

• Creating awareness (advertising boards) and providing education on healthy  drinking water (2)
• River health programmes (2)
• Consulting and creating public participation around water needs (2)
• Legislation prohibiting pollution around the Vaal Dam (2)
• Fines for not properly maintaining equipment (2)
• Regular monitoring and testing of the water quality (2)
• Implement effective maintenance and renovation of the sewerage pumps and  waste water works (2)
• Long term plan for sustainable water usage (2)
• Implementation and policing of the National Water Act (2)
• Making municipalities accountable for high quality drinking water (2)
• Water purification before released into the Vaal Dam (2)
• Buffering around the Vaal Dam preventing settlement development (2)
• Introducing efficient waste removal around the Vaal Dam (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)  [75]

SECTION B: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS AND SOUTH AFRICAN  ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY 
QUESTION 3 
3.1
3.1.1 C/Break-of-bulk point (1) 
3.1.2 D/Junction towns (1) 
3.1.3 G/Gap towns (1) 
3.1.4 E/Specialised towns OR I/ Military towns (1) 
3.1.5 E/Specialised towns (1) 
3.1.6 B/Central Places (1) 
3.1.7 E/Specialised towns OR F/Resort towns (1) 
3.1.8 A/Mining towns (1) (7 x 1) (7)
3.2
3.2.1 Primary (1) 
3.2.2 Agriculture, forestry and fishing (1) 
3.2.3 General government (1) 
3.2.4 Electricity, gas and water (1) 
3.2.5 Tertiary (1) 
3.2.6 2011 (1) 
3.2.7 1,7% (1) (8 x 1) (8) 
3.3
3.3.1 The movement of people from rural areas to urban areas (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
3.3.2

• Drought (1)
• Floods (1)
• Infertile soils (1)
• Soil erosion (1)
• Diseases and pests (1)
• [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 

3.3.3

• Rural depopulation causes a reduction in labour force (2)
• Insufficient threshold population to sustain basic services (2)
• Closure of businesses/services because of less customers (2)
• Decline in quality of service delivery (2)
• Fewer job opportunities/unemployment (2) 
• Aging population because young leave the area (2)
• Brain drain as educated people leave the rural areas (2)
• Poor use of resources/farm lands (2) 
• Lack of productivity (declining profits) with an older labour force (2)
• Fewer investments due to decrease in buying power (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.3.4

• Higher municipal budgets/more money needed to cater for increased  populations (2)
• Increased pressure on municipal services (or give examples) (2)
• Understaffing of medical personnel (2)
• Not enough specialist for the increased population numbers (2)
• More demand for public transport (2)
• Need to improve/increase infrastructure as population numbers increased (2)
• Increased congestion on the roads/higher levels of traffic (2)
• More accidents/increased rate of accidents (2)
• More demand for low cost housing (2)
• More informal settlements (2)
• Overcrowding as a result of influx of people (2)
• Higher unemployment/lack of jobs (2)
• Higher levels of crime and other social ills (2)
• Higher levels of air/noise/land/water pollution (2)
• More difficult to control waste management (2)
• More landfill sites created resulting in despoliation (2)
• Increased pressure on education/overcrowded schools in urban areas (2)
• More money required to maintain urban areas e.g. policing and creating buffer  zones (2)
• Municipal by-laws must be adjusted (2)
• Increase in service delivery protests (2)
• Increased number of people that are unwilling/reluctant to pay for services (2)
  [ANY FOUR – ISSUE MUST BE QUALIFIED] (4 x 2) (8) 

3.4
3.4.1 Central Business District/CBD (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
3.4.2

• The convergence of roads from various directions (1)
• Central location (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

3.4.3

• High density of buildings in a small area (1)
• High rise buildings/sky scrapers (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

3.4.4 
[(1) mark for the shape of the sketch; any THREE labels, correctly  positioned] (4 x 1) (4)
3.4.5 

1.                                          
   • Buildings are abandoned (2) 
   • Landlords don't want to spend money on maintenance (2) 
   • Many homeless/foreigners/refugees live in the abandoned buildings (2) 
   • High crime rates (or give descriptive examples) make landlords reluctant  to maintain buildings (2) 
   • Constant vandalism that must be maintained (or explained examples) (2) 
   • Occupants cannot afford to pay rent (2) 
   • People that are renting are not prepared to maintain the buildings (2) 
   • This is a mixed function zone (or give examples of different functions that  have mixed) (2) 
     [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
2.                                      
   • It is the future expansion areas for the CBD/Next to the CBD (2) 
   • Located in the inner city and has high degree of accessibility (2) 
     [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

3.4.6

• Associated with air pollution (2)
• Associated with noise pollution (2)
• Away from higher and middle income residential areas (2)
• Where the land is cheaper (2)
• It is flat land (2)
• Need enough space and room for expansion (2)
• Closer to transport routes (2)
• Nearby labour supply/lower income residential area (2)
• It is situated closer to the raw material (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.5
3.5.1

• Maize (1)
• Sugar cane (1)
• Grapes (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

3.5.2

• Unprocessed products are in their raw/natural state (1)
• Processed products are when raw materials have been converted into more  useful products (1)
  [CONCEPT] (2 x 1) (2) 

3.5.3

• Lower profits as primary goods sell for less than finished goods (2)
• Some unprocessed goods are perishable (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

3.5.4

• Low and unreliable rainfall (2)
• Poor quality or infertile soils (2)
• Diseases and pests (2)
• Drought (2)
• Floods (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.5.5 Decline in the number of people employed

• Modern machinery has replaced manual labour (2)
• More commercial farmers use a smaller labour force (2)
• Capital intensive rather than labour intensive farming (2)
• Not enough farming activities as a result of climate change (2)
• Seeking better employment opportunities (2)
• Lower income in farming (2)
• Farmers cannot meet minimum wage (2)
• Exploitation of farm workers (2)
• Seeking better paying employment opportunities (2)
• Natural disasters decrease employment opportunities (2)
• People with chronic illnesses (or give examples) can no longer work 

Likely impact on the people 

• An increase in poverty (2)
• An increase in crime (2)
• Encourage rural depopulation (2)
• Causes more rural-urban migration (2)
• Increase dependency on social grants (2)
• Labour more expensive which raises production costs (2)
• Decrease in the standard of living/quality of life (2) 

Can also have positive impact on people 

• Increased earnings in other sectors (2)
• Improved standard of living (2)
• Entrepreneurial opportunities (2)
• Upgrading of skills (2)
• Higher purchasing power (2)
• Encouragement for better qualifications (2)
  [ANY FOUR – REFER TO BOTH COMPONENTS] (4 x 2) (8)

3.6
3.6.1 Western Cape (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
3.6.2

• Oil/gas processing (1)
• Rig repair and servicing (1)
• Marine vessel repairing (1)
• Industrial development (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

3.6.3

• Accelerated growth of oil and gas production in Africa (1)
• More oil rigs passing by the west coast (1)
• More maintenance required by passing oil rigs (1)
• Harbour promotes trade (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

3.6.4

• Limited access to power supply increases cost of electricity (2)
• Dependency on a nuclear power station is a threat to power supply (2)
• Located away from thermal power plants, thus electricity is expensive (2)
• Failing electricity infrastructure (2)
• Mediterranean climate means they have insufficient rainfall (2)
• Fresh water supply is restricted/expensive, pushing up production costs (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.6.5

• Increases accessibility (2)
• Transport of raw materials (2)
• Transport is needed for finished products (2) 
• Traffic volume will increase, so the roads need to be upgraded (2)
• To gain access to markets (local and international) (2)
• To attract foreign and local investment (2)
• To promote industrial decentralisation (2)
• To transport labour force to and from work (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.6.6

• More job/employment opportunities (2)
• Increase in spending power will lead to more business development (2)
• Attract both local and foreign investors (2)
• Contribute to an increase in the GDP (2)
• Provides greater entrepreneurial opportunities to local communities/SMMEs (2)
• Infrastructure will be upgraded to meet increased demands (2)
• Transport routes will be upgraded to improve network efficiency (2)
• Economy will be decentralised away from the core to stimulate growth in other  areas (2)
• Development associated with the multiplier-effect (2)
• Promote tourism and provide income (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)  [75]

QUESTION 4 
4.1
4.1.1 C (1) 
4.1.2 A (1) 
4.1.3 A (1) 
4.1.4 C (1) 
4.1.5 A (1) 
4.1.6 B (1) 
4.1.7 C (1) (7 x 1) (7) 
4.2
4.2.1 Market/Raw material (1) 
4.2.2 Light (1) 
4.2.3 Bridge (1) 
4.2.4 Ubiquitous (1) 
4.2.5 Heavy (1) 
4.2.6 Market (1) 
4.2.7 Footloose (1) 
4.2.8 Heavy (1) (8 x 1) (8)
4.3
4.3.1 20% (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.3.2

• Lack of space in informal settlements (2)
• Great demand for informal housing which is cheaper/affordable (2)
• Too many people who cannot afford formal housing that chose to live in  informal settlements (2)
• Built in a piecemeal manner, with no planning (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

4.3.3

• Protest actions that can turn to violence/can lead to violence (2)
• Burning of tyres (2)
• Blocking of roads (2) 
• Littering of roads (2)
• Looting and damaging businesses/shops (2)
• Burning down shacks (2)
• Burning down government/municipal buildings (2)
• Disruption of service provision (2)
• Destruction of infrastructure e.g. water/power meters (2)
• Stoning of motor vehicles (2)
• Illegal marches (2)
• Land grabs (2)
• Picketing outside government buildings (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.3.4

• Exposed to poor service delivery or give examples (2)
• Ill-health due to unhygienic conditions or examples of diseases (2)
• Exposed to hazards and poor weather conditions due to poor housing (2)
• Lack of privacy due to overcrowding (2)
• Exposed to violence and other social ills e.g. prostitution, drug trafficking (2) 
• People lack the necessary life skills, therefore not employed in high end jobs  (2)
• Lack of money restricts people from furthering their studies (2)
• People end up being unemployed (2)
• People are poverty stricken (2)
• Dependent on family and friends (2)
• Due to lower income paid work resulting in more debt (2)
• Cannot afford formal housing (2)
• People possibly tempted to get involved in crime (2) 
• Due to lack of skills, lack of knowledge, lack of access to resources etc.  people are unable to achieve a better life (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) 

4.4
4.4.1 Any harmful substance/condition/activity causing damage to people and the  environment (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.2 Air pollution/poor quality of air (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.3 They live close to the power stations (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.4.4

• More respiratory problems (2)
• More skin ailments (2)
• Increase in eye diseases (2)
• Feeling of discomfort and lethargy (2)
• Increased cost for medical care (2)
• Negative impact on small-scale farmers (2)
• Acid rain (2)
• High maintenance costs due to acid rain (2)
• Water will be contaminated/polluted for livestock (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.4.5

• Tall smoke stacks/chimneys to distribute the pollution at a higher level so  that upper winds can disperse the air pollution (2)
• Filters/scrubbers installed in chimneys to clean the air (2)
• Legislation to protect people's environmental rights (2)
• Assistance in legal claims against polluters (2)
• Frequent testing and monitoring of air quality (2)
• Policing and implementing the 'polluter pay' principle, imposing fines (2)
• Compensation to the community for health care (2)
• Relocate poor communities away from the power stations (2)
• Improve housing conditions of the poor (2)
• Create awareness campaigns educating people on their environmental  rights (2)
• Promote clean energy resources (2)
• Create greenbelts to assist with cleaning of air (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.4.6

• Less water for irrigation of crops (2)
• Pollutants from power stations impacts on quality of soil leading to a  decrease in farming (2)
• Reduction in production of crops/scale of farming is reduced (2)
• Production costs of farming increases (2)
• Prices of produce will increase (2)
• Profits for farming communities will diminish (2)
• Shortage of water for domestic water usage on farms (2)
• Some farms become abandoned due to lower yield (2)
• Acid rain stunts the growth of crops (2)
• Increase in food insecurity (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.5
4.5.1 Negative (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2 Non-metallic mineral products (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.5.3 Clothing (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.5.4

• Increased costs of raw materials (2)
• Increased imports (2)
• Illegal imports/Informal trading of illegally imported goods (2)
• Cheap imports from other countries e.g. China (2)
• Clothing industry cannot compete with the imitations and fake/cheap brand  names (2)
• South African labour laws and the minimum wage increases production  costs (2)
• No pride in producing locally made products (2)
• Decreased support for locally made products (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

4.5.5

• Labour disputes and strikes reduce productivity (2)
• Demand for higher wages increases production costs (2)
• Lack of specialist skills (late arrival/absenteeism) (2)
• Perceived poor work ethic (2)
• Constant absenteeism due to chronic illnesses (or examples) (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.5.6

• Acts as economic stimulus (2)
• Creates more employment opportunities/jobs (2)
• Develops a broader skills based labour force (2)
• Higher wages/salaries in manufacturing sector (2)
• People would be able to enjoy a better standard of living (2)
• People would have higher purchasing power which improves the  manufacturing sector (2)
• Broadens/Increases the tax base of the country (2)
• Higher quality products from manufactured goods (2)
• Assists with import replacements (2)
• Encourages the multiplier effect that will strengthen other industries (2)
• Stimulates beneficiation that promotes industrial development (2)
• Attracts more foreign investment (2)
• Export more manufactured goods, will earn higher foreign revenues (2)
• Higher profits gained from manufactured goods (2)
• Stimulates the development of infrastructure (2)
• Stimulated the development of transport networks (2)
• Makes a contribution to the GDP (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.5.7

• Protect local manufacturers (2)
• Liberalisation of trade/free trade (2)
• Focus on the export market (2)
• Encourage import substitution (2) 
• Encourage more foreign investment (2)
• Up skilling of labour (2)
• More stable government (2)
• Introduce government policies (2)
• Subsidise locally manufactured goods (2)
• Get rid of the stigma of corruption (2)
• Increase labour wages (2)
• Greater government investments in the manufacturing sector (2)
• Attend/host trade fairs (2)
• Establish trade agreements/blocs (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.6
4.6.1 Informal trading refers to business activities which are unregistered and do  not pay tax (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.2 R485 Billion (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.3 66% (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.4

• It is conveniently located close to customers (2)
• Many people can walk to the informal trader (2)
• Most people lack private transport to travel to formal stores (2)
• Goods are much cheaper than in a formal store (2)
• Mainly sells low order/convenience goods (2)
• Offers them an account (2)
• No set opening and closing times/open 7 days a week (2)
• Group purchasing by foreigners secure discounts (2)
• Small range serviced by a low threshold population/Locals buy often (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.6.5

• Foreign nationals that come to South Africa struggle to find jobs (2)
• Many Foreign nationals cannot apply for formal jobs (2)
• It is easier to start their own informal business (2)
• Foreign nationals are entrepreneurial (2)
• Prepared to take a minimal profit (2)
• Foreign nationals have access to a lot of cheaper goods (2)
• Foreign nationals have formal education but are prepared to do any job (2)
• No restriction on business hours therefore shops can trade longer hours (2)
• Strong work ethic to survive in a foreign country (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) [75] 

TOTAL: 225