AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER1
GRADE 12
SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
JUNE 2016
MEMORANDUM

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 B ✓✓
1.1.2 A ✓✓
1.1.3 A/B/C/D ✓✓
1.1.4 D ✓✓
1.1.5 B ✓✓
1.1.6 B ✓✓
1.1.7 A ✓✓
1.1.8 C ✓✓
1.1.9 A ✓✓
1.1.10 D ✓✓ 
(10 x 2)
(20)
1.2 
1.2.1 B only ✓✓
1.2.2 A only ✓✓
1.2.3 Both A and B ✓✓
1.2.4 B only ✓✓
1.2.5 None ✓✓
(5 x 2)
(10)
1.3 
1.3.1 Ammonia ✓✓
1.3.2 Backyard/free range system ✓✓
1.3.3 Placenta retention ✓✓
1.3.4 Spermatogenesis ✓✓
1.3.5 Flushing/harvesting ✓✓
(5 x 2)
(10)
1.4 
1.4.1 Mineral licks ✓
1.4.2 Antibodies ✓
1.4.3 Progesterone ✓
1.4.4 Mummification ✓
1.4.5 Pistolette ✓
(5 x 1)
(5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION
2.1 Alimentary canal of poultry
2.1.1 Identification of the parts

1. Crop ✓(1)
2. Proventriculus/glandular stomach ✓(1)
3. Ventriculus/gizzard/muscular stomach ✓(1)

2.1.2 Letter of the part that contains small stones C ✓ (1)
2.1.3 Reason for the presence of stones
Helps with mechanical digestion/grinding of the food ✓ (1)
2.1.4 Parts of the alimentary canal of poultry that will not be found in sheep

• Crop/A ✓
• Proventriculus/B ✓
• Gizzard/ventriculus/C ✓
• Cloaca/vent/uro-genital opening/E ✓
• Caeca/D ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.2 Composition of feed intake and excreted by a calf consuming 5kg
2.2.1 Feed component with lowest absorption rate
Crude fibre ✓ (1)
2.2.2 TWO reasons for the answer

• Has the highest rate of excretion ✓
• Fore stomachs/rumen not well developed/not functional ✓
• Absence/limited quantities of rumen micro flora ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.2.3 ONE reason for not recommending it for dairy cows

• Crude protein concentration is too low/5% ✓
• Crude fibre concentration is too high/78% ✓ (Any 1) (1)

2.2.4 Calculate dry material (DM) in the feed (kg)

• (15% moisture) 0,15 x 5kg = 0,75kg moisture 
• 5kg – 0,75 = 4,25kg DM 
  OR
• (85% DM) 0,85 x 5kg 
• = 4,25kg DM  (2)

2.3 Pearson square method (Information on two feeds)
2.3
2.3.1 Calculate percentage

1. Maize meal
   31 x 100 ✓
   33
   = 93,93% ✓(2)
2. Soybean meal
   2 x 100 ✓
   33
   = 6,06% ✓ (2)

2.3.2 Cost of soybean in the ration

• 0,0606 (6,06%) x 285kg = 17,27kg 
• 17,27kg x R4,58 per kg 
• = R79,10 ✓ (3)

2.4 Biological value (BV) data
2.4.1 Explanation of biological value

• BV is an index of the % of nitrogen in a certain feed ✓
• It reflects the quality of protein in the feed ✓
• It is determined by the amino acid composition ✓
• and the ratio of amino acids in the protein ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.4.2 Relation between the BV and the quality of a feed

• The higher the BV ✓
• The better the quality of a feed ✓
  OR
• The lower the BV ✓
• The lower the quality of a feed ✓ (2)

2.4.3 Identification of feed with the lowest BV
Maize meal ✓ (1)
2.4.4 Determination of suitability of maize meal

• Suitable for energy/fattening
• Not suitable for production/growth/reproduction ✓ (Any 1) (1)

2.4.5 Importance of feeding pigs feed with high BV

• They are not able to produce their own amino acids ✓
• They need to be fed protein directly ✓(2)

2.5 Fodder flow planning
2.5.1 Calculate the:

1. Quantity of Fescue (t DM/Ha)
   
   • 210 t/year ÷ 15 Ha ✓ = 14t DM/Ha ✓(2)
2. Ha planted with maize for silage
   • 100 t/year ÷ 10 t/Ha ✓ = 10 Ha ✓ (2)

2.5.2 Fodder crop best utilized for:

1. Summer grazing
   
   • Kikuyu (pasture) ✓
2. Succulent crop during the winter
   
   • Maize/silage/kikuyu/fescue/ryegrass (winter rain area) ✓
3. Most economic hay
   
   • Fescue ✓ (3)
     [35]

QUESTION 3:ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL
3.1 Behaviour of farm animals
3.1.1 Area indicated

• C - Blind spot ✓
• D - Balancing point ✓ (2)

3.1.2 Position where the handler is safe
Outside the flight zone/any area outside the circle/around A ✓(1)
Reason
In that position the handler is not a threat to the animal ✓(1)
3.1.3 THREE guidelines important when handling cattle

• Have knowledge/understanding of their behaviour ✓
• Correct handling techniques ✓
• Correct handling facilities ✓
• Animal behaviour must be anticipated ✓
• Be careful/watchful/prepared when working with animals ✓
• Work calmly and quiet/no noise/no whips/sticks/dogs ✓
• Be aware of their flight/safety zone ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.2 Scenario on animal production systems
3.2.1 Farming systems practised

• Farmer A - Commercial farming ✓(1)
• Farmer B - Subsistence farming ✓ (1)

3.2.2 Justification

• Farmer A - Produces on a large scale/sells the produce for profit ✓(1)
• Farmer B - Produce to sustain his family ✓(1)

3.2.3 Farmer with the highest contribution to environmental decline/ deterioration
Farmer A ✓ (1)
3.2.4 TWO environmental effects

• Farmer A produces 1440 tons of manure per year ✓
• Produce methane as a by-product or ruminant digestion ✓ (2)

3.3 Apparatus used in sheep production process
3.3.1 Identification of apparatus
Electrical hot knife/pliers ✓ (1)
3.3.2 Function of apparatus in sheep
Tail docking/castration ✓ (1)
3.3.3 TWO reasons why apparatus is preferred

• Easy to use/fast ✓
• Cheap ✓
• Bloodless method ✓
• Hygienic method ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.3.4 Age at administering

Related Items

• Young as possible/before day 7 after birth (1)
  Reason
• Animals are easier to handle/smaller 
• Less tissue damage/blood/stress to animals ✓ (Any 1) (1)

3.3.5 ONE other apparatus that can be used

• Knife/Scalpel ✓
• Rubber/elastrator ring/castrator ✓
• Burdizzo ✓ (Any 1) (1)

3.4 Diseases in farm animals
3.4.1 Complete table

1. Bacteria/Bacterium ✓
2. Cattle/Sheep/Goat ✓
3. Protozoa/Protozoan ✓
4. Lumpy wool ✓ (4)

3.4.2 Disease affecting only dairy cows
Mastitis ✓ (1)
3.4.3 A management practice used that will prevent red water

• Inoculation/vaccination/immunisation ✓
• Dipping to control ticks ✓
• Move animals/veld management/rotational grazing/ burning of the veld ✓ (Any 1) (1)

3.4.4 Farm animal susceptible to mastitis
Lactating dairy cattle/cow/female animal ✓ (1)
3.5 Poisonous plants
3.5.1 Phrase describing plants
Poisonous/toxic plants ✓ (1)
3.5.2 Farm animal mainly affected by poison leaf
Cattle ✓ (1)
3.5.3 TWO other poisonous plants

• Maize fungus ✓
• Thorn apple ✓
• Poisonous bulb ✓ (2)

3.5.4 Sheep most susceptible for poisonous plants

• Exotic breeds ✓
• Young animals/lambs ✓
• Old animals ✓
• Pregnant animals ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.5.5 Protein substitute for ruminants
Urea ✓ (1)
[35]

QUESTION 4: ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
4.1.1 Reproductive organs of a bull

1. B ✓ (1)
2. D ✓ (1)
3. A ✓ (1)

4.1.2 TWO congenital defects

• Sperm defects ✓
• Cryptorchidism ✓
• Hypoplasia ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.1.3 TWO functions of the hormone secreted by part D

• Development of the secondary sex characteristics ✓
• Normal mating behaviour ✓
• Functioning of the accessory glands ✓
• Production of spermatozoa ✓
• Maintenance of the male duct system ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.2 Synchronisation
4.2.1 Identify process
Synchronisation of oestrus ✓ (1)
4.2.2 ONE hormone inducing the process

• Prostaglandin ✓
• Synthetic progesterone/Progestin/Oestradiol ✓
• Co-Synch oestrus synchronization/GnRH ✓
• MGA/Melengestrol acetate ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.2.3 Financial implication of synchronisation

• High costs for labour/hormone treatments ✓
• High management inputs/costs ✓ (2)

4.3 Re-arranging the statements in sequential order

1. C ✓ (1)
2. D ✓ (1)
3. A ✓ (1)
4. E ✓ (1)
5. B ✓ (1)

4.4 Difficulties giving birth
4.4.1 Scientific term
Dystocia ✓ (1)
4.4.2 THREE conditions that may interfere with normal parturition

• Deviation of the head ✓
• Flexion of the elbow ✓
• Retention of the fore leg/legs ✓
• Hydrocephalus ✓
• Congenital defects/deformities ✓
• Vaginal tear ✓
• Twins/multiple births ✓
• Premature/late birth ✓
• Induction of parturition ✓
• Posterior/abnormal presentation ✓
• Incomplete cervical dilation ✓
• Size of the calf ✓
• Malnutrition of the cow ✓
• Age of the female animal ✓ (Any 3) (3)

4.4.3 Indigenous lubricant used by breeders in assisting delivery
Animal fat/oil/soap ✓ (1)
4.5 Line graph
4.5.1 Line graph showing the percentage of fat and lactose

Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines

• Correct heading ✓
• X-axis: correct calibrations and labelled (Weeks of the year) ✓
• Y-axis: correct calibrations and labelled (Fat and lactose) ✓
• Correct unit (%) ✓
• Line graph ✓
• Accuracy ✓ (6)

4.5.2 Trend shown by the protein content of milk

• Protein will increase from 3,0 to 4,2% ✓
• With progression in weeks/from week 5 to 45 ✓ (2)

4.5.3 Constituents of the first milk

• Immunoglobin/Antibodies ✓
• Minerals/Calcium(Ca)/Phosphorus(P) ✓
• Vitamins ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6Semen
4.6.1 TWO semen dilutants

• Buffers/sodium citrate 
• Egg yolk ✓
• Lipids/Skim milk ✓
• Nutrients/Fructose ✓
• Antibiotics/Penicillin/Streptomycin ✓
• Glycerol ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6.2 TWO functions of the dilutants

• Control the pH ✓
• Control the isotonic environment ✓
• Protect spermatozoa against temperature changes/shocks ✓
• Provide energy to spermatozoa/increase viability ✓
• Protect sperm against bacterial growth ✓
• Protect spermatozoa against the lethal effects of freezing ✓
• Increase the volume of semen ✓ (Any 2) (2)

[35]
TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150