AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2
GRADE 12
SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
MEMORANDUM
2016

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 B ✓✓
1.1.2 C ✓✓
1.1.3 C ✓✓
1.1.4 C ✓✓
1.1.5 D ✓✓
1.1.6 B ✓✓
1.1.7 A ✓✓
1.1.8 A ✓✓
1.1.9 A ✓✓
1.1.10 D ✓✓
(10 x 2)
(20)
1.2 
1.2.1 C ✓✓
1.2.2 G ✓✓
1.2.3 F ✓✓
1.2.4 J ✓✓
1.2.5 A ✓✓
(5 x 2)
(10)
1.3
1.3.1 Entrepreneurs ✓✓
1.3.2 Contract ✓✓
1.3.3 Heritability ✓✓
1.3.4 Mutation ✓✓
1.3.5 Genetic modification/engineering ✓✓
(5 x 2)
(10)
1.4
1.4.1 Marketing ✓
1.4.2 Public holidays ✓
1.4.3 Variation ✓
1.4.4 Selection ✓
1.4.5 Polygenes ✓ 
(5 x 1)
(5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTIONB
QUESTION 2:AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
2.1 Differences between farmer and consumer price
2.1.1 Commodity with highest price difference
Processed meat ✓ (1)
2.1.2 Reason for the higher price difference
More/higher costs/processing/value adding ✓ (1)
2.1.3 Reason for the low price difference in wheat grain

• Raw material/less capital/labour intensive/unchanged product ✓
• Demand and supply ✓
• Marketing cost ✓ (Any 1) (1)

2.1.4 Main problems in marketing the products with regard to:

1. Value - Plant products have a low value per mass/animal products have a high value per mass (1)
2. Transportation - Animal/plant products need special facilities✓(1)
3. Perishability - Animal/plant products are easily perishable ✓(1)

2.1.5 THREE factors that resulted in the difference in price

• Transportation costs ✓
• Marketing costs ✓
• Special treatment/cooling facilities/storage ✓
• Packaging ✓
• Profit margin/middle man ✓
• Levies/taxes ✓
• Demand and supply ✓ (Any 3)(3)

2.2 Flow diagram illustrating the phases of entrepreneurial process
Illustrating the phases of the entrepreneurial process

1. Identifying/evaluation the opportunity ✓(1)
2. Determine the resources required ✓(1)
3. Develop a business plan ✓(1)
4. Starting/managing the enterprise ✓(1)

2.3 Possible markets for their products
2.3.1 Identification of the market with the highest security risk
Local people who buy directly from the farm ✓ (1)
2.3.2 Indication of the best suited market for the marketing of beef
Large supermarket chains ✓(1)
Reason
Large scale sales/assured market/secure market/pay the best prices (1)
2.3.3 Definition of the concept livestock auction sale

• Gathering of buyers and sellers of live stock 
• To bid for the highest price ✓ (2)

2.3.4 THREE advantages of marketing to small butcheries

• Selling small quantities at regular intervals ✓
• Selling to many outlets/regular cash flow ✓
• No middle man ✓
• Payment on the spot/cash sales ✓
• Direct interaction between buyers and sellers ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.4 Case study on dairy farmers
Appropriate marketing term associated with the following:
2.4.1 Entrepreneurship ✓(1)
2.4.2 Niche market ✓(1)
2.4.3 Innovation/entrepreneurship ✓(1)
2.4.4 Diversification ✓(1)
2.4.5 Risk management ✓(1)
2.5 The quantities of oranges that were sold at different prices per week
2.5.1 Line graph to indicate oranges sold per week

Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines

• Correct heading ✓
• X-axis: Correct calibrations and labelled (Quantity of oranges sold) ✓
• Y-axis: Correct calibrations and labelled (Price per bag) ✓
• Correct unit (Rand and bags) ✓
• Accuracy ✓
• Line graph ✓ (6)

2.5.2 Comparing the demand to the supply with reference to price

• The higher the price ✓ the higher the supply ✓ the lesser the demand ✓
  OR
• The lower the price ✓ the lower the supply ✓ the higher the demand ✓ (3)

[35]

QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1 A budget for a rose producer in a greenhouse for the year 2015/16
3.1.1 The management principle that this budget addresses
Planning ✓ (1)
3.1.2 Calculate the profitability of this enterprise

• Profit/loss = Estimated returns – Estimated costs ✓
• = R477 500 – R143 564 ✓ 
• Profit = R333 936 ✓ (3)

3.1.3 Reasons for rose production

• It is recommended ✓(1)
• Show a profit ✓ (1)

3.1.4 TWO measures to be more environmentally friendly

• Use green energy ✓
• Use more manure/organic farming systems ✓
• Use less chemicals ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.2 Absenteeism, social and financial problems
3.2.1 TWO labour challenges

• Low wages ✓
• Lack of training/unskilled labour ✓
• Low productivity ✓
• Long working hours ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.2.2 Statements associated with legislation

1. Wages/working hours ✓(1)
2. Provided a training centre to address training/ educational needs ✓ (1)

3.2.3 THREE conditions to motivate employees

• Higher wages/payment of employees ✓
• Full time nurse/primary health care ✓
• Social worker ✓
• Provision of housing ✓
• Education/training ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.3 Management in a farming enterprise
3.3.1 Indication of management skill in picture B
Communication/interpersonal skill/problem solving ✓ (1)
3.3.2 Justification
There is communication between the farming personnel ✓ (1)
3.3.3 Identification of a risk management strategy in picture A
Diversification ✓ (1)
3.3.4 TWO reasons visible in the picture

• Pasture production ✓
• Horticulture ✓
• Field crop ✓
• Fodder production ✓
• Timber production/orchard ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.3.5 TWO principles enabling the manager to farm successfully

• Planning ✓
• Implementation ✓
• Control ✓
• Organisation ✓
• Leadership ✓
• Decision making ✓ (Any 2) (2)

Related Items

3.4 A flow diagram illustrating properties of land as a production factor
3.4.1 Functions of land represented by

1. Provision of mineral resources ✓(1)
2. Food production/raw materials ✓(1)
3. Space/area for production ✓(1)
4. Space/area for capital wealth/human settlement/industry ✓ (1)

3.4.2 Provisions a farmer can employ to improve land productivity

• The use of scientific methods/technology/precision farming ✓
• Provision of water ✓
• Consolidating uneconomical farming units ✓
• Suitable crops/use for the land ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.5 List of activities on a farm
Task that need to be done by each labourer
3.5.1 Casual labourer - Construction of tunnels ✓(1)
3.5.2 Permanent labourer - Cultivation of fields with a tractor ✓(1)
3.5.3 Seasonal labourer - Wool shearing ✓ (1)
3.6 TWO forms of credit and the purpose for usage

Table with the correct information ✓  (5)
[35]

QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
4.1 Representation of a cross between a black cow and a white bull
4.1.1 Identification of the genotype

1. Parent black cow - Bb ✓(1)
2. Parent white bull - bb ✓(1)

4.1.2 Determination of the F2 offspring

• Phenotype - white ✓ (1)

4.1.3 Punnet square

1 mark for Punnett square with information ✓ (4)
4.2 Crossing of plants with red (R) flowers and plants with white (W) flowers
4.2.1 Indication of the parent with red flowers

• Female ✓(1)
  Reason
• RR is for red flowers/genotype is RR ✓ (1)

4.2.2 Determination of the phenotype as percentages in the F2

• 25% white ✓(1)
• 50% pink/white and red ✓(1)
• 25% red ✓ (1)

4.2.3 Identification the type of dominance indicated by this crossing
Incomplete dominance/co-dominance ✓ (1)
4.2.4 Justification of the answer in QUESTION 4.2.3
The offspring is neither white nor red/pink/intermediate colour /white and red ✓ (1)
4.3 Crossing parents with TWO characteristics
4.3.1 Identification of the crossing
Dihybrid cross ✓ (1)
4.3.2 Determination of characteristics received by each offspring

• Offspring 1 - Colour ✓(1)
• Offspring 2 - Shape ✓(1)
• Offspring 3 - Shape ✓ (1)

4.3.3 Indication of the dominant characteristics

• Square shape ✓
• White colour ✓ (2)

4.3.4 Indication of the percentage of genes received
50%/each received 50% genes from both parents ✓ (1)
4.4 A passage on GM's
4.4.1 Identification of the year Farmer B changed to GM crops

• 2012 ✓(1)
  Reason
• Increase in production/from 10,6 - 12 started in 2012 ✓ (1)

4.4.2 ONE advantage that Farmer B got from using GM maize Yields improved for 2012/improved progressively more from 2012 - 2015 ✓ (1)
4.4.3 THREE characteristics of GMO maize to Farmer B

• Resistance to herbicides ✓
• Not affected by insecticides ✓
• Crops have lower water requirements ✓
• Better adapted to the region ✓ (Any 3) (3)

4.4.4 Main reason for the resistance against the use GM's

• Health risks ✓
• Environmental risks ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.5 Scenario on breeding system
4.5.1 Identification of the animal breeding system applied by Farmer B

• Crossbreeding ✓(1)
  Reason
• Crossing of two different breeds ✓ (1)

4.5.2 TWO advantages of out crossing

• The least likely system to produce any problems ✓
• Offspring will carry the traits characteristics of both parents ✓
• Improve genetic diversity/new blood line is introduced ✓(Any 2) (2)

4.5.3 TWO reasons why the old and non-fertile cows are sold

• Reached the end of their production cycle/not productive ✓
• Efficiency by saving on nutrition ✓
• Improve the fertility of the herd ✓
• More economical for the farmer ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.5.4 Breeding system used by Farmer B with his own bulls
Line/in breeding ✓ (1)
[35]

TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150