GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
GRADE 12
MEMORANDUM
SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
2016

SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
1.1
1.1.1 C (1)
1.1.2 D (1)
1.1.3 B (1)
1.1.4 B (1)
1.1.5 D (1)
1.1.6 A (1)
1.1.7 C (1) (7 x 1) (7)
1.2
1.2.1 F (1)
1.2.2 A (1)
1.2.3 C (1)
1.2.4 E (1)
1.2.5 D (1)
1.2.6 B (1)
1.2.7 I (1)
1.2.8 G (1) (8 x 1) (8)
1.3
1.3.1

1. The Far East/East coast of Asia/South China Sea (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. Wind speeds of 160 mph/260 km/h were recorded (1)
   It has been categorised/Category 5 (1)
   The large area influenced/more than 400 km (1) (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.2

1. The Tropical Easterlies prevail in these latitudes/Situated in the
   Tropical Easterly wind belt (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. 20 (2) (1 x 2) (2)

1.3.3

• Very high sea surface temperatures of above 27 °C (2)
• Very strong upper air divergence (2)
• Very high moisture content (2)
• Very high evaporation rates (2)
• Very rapid upliftment of warm, moist air (2)
• Large scale condensation (2)
• Very high wind speeds (2)
• Intense low pressure (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
  
  

1.3.4 MADE AVAILABLE

• Energy trapped as latent heat in high water vapour content (2)
• Energy released when condensation takes place (2)
• Strong convection currents transport energy to great heights (2)
• Rapid upliftment and condensation releases large amounts of energy (2)
  
  

TAKEN AWAY

• Energy is lost when the typhoon moves over land/no source of moisture (2)
• Less moisture available over the land surface (2)
• Less moisture reduces condensation and the release of latent energy (2)
• Friction slows the typhoon down over land surfaces (2)
  [ANY FOUR – MUST REFER TO BOTH ASPECTS] (4 x 2) (8)

1.4
1.4.1 Industry/factory (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.2

• Smoke (1)
• Carbon dioxide (1)
• Sulphur dioxide (1)
• Nitrogen oxide (1)
• Soot (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.3 Thermal belt (1)
Inversion layer (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.4 Temperature decreases with altitude, except in the thermal belt where it increases with altitude, thereafter it continues to decrease (2) (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.5

• Katabatic/downslope winds push smoke particles downward (2)
• The inversion layer is lower down the valley slopes which traps smoke (2)
• Mountain breeze blowing in the valley at night (2)
• Low cloud cover to trap the pollutants (2)
• Strong subsidence prevents pollution from rising/pushes pollutants further down (2)
• Weak convection currents prevents the rising of pollutants (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.6

• Settlements locate along middle slopes because it is warmer in winter (2)
• Generally settlements do not occur on the valley floor because of frost and low temperatures (2)
• Most settlements in the Southern Hemisphere prefer the north-facing slopes where they receive direct sunlight (2)
• Most settlements in the Northern Hemisphere prefer the south-facing slopes where they receive direct sunlight (2)
• Settlements that locate in a warmer zone save on electricity, therefore they prefer this location (2)
• High lying slopes are avoided as they are colder (2)
  [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)

1.5
1.5.1 Watershed/ Drainage divide (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.5.2 Separates two drainage basins (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.5.3

• Tributary at X erodes headwards (backwards) (2)
• Tributary at X elongates (gets longer) itself (2)
• Tributary at X cuts through the watershed (2)
• Tributary at X joins river A/River B steals the water from river A (2)
• Water from river A now flows directly into river B (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5.4 Due to a lack of water, river A cannot carry its load, deposits its materials(2)
(1 x 2) (2)
1.5.5

• The size of the drainage basin has increased (2)
• Water becomes turbulent (2)
• The erosive ability increases (2)
• Increased stream flow (2)
• The river could be rejuvenated (2)
• Forming entrenched/incised meanders/valley within valleys/terraces (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.6

• Lower production if the land is used for farming (2)
• Income will decrease leading to lower standard of living (2)
• Less food available to sell in the local markets (2)
• Less water for irrigation (2)
• Less water for industries (2)
• Negative impact on resorts/recreational activities along the river (2)
• Reduced water levels in dams along river A (2)
• Less water to generate hydro-electric power (2)
• Increase in the food prices (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.6
1.6.1 Sustainable conservation of the river and its drainage basin (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.6.2 The Department of Water Affairs (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.6.3

• Development of informal settlement on the river bank (1)
• Littering of all types of wastes in the river (1)
• Removal of vegetation which results in loose soil (1)
• Disposal of domestic waste as people are living on the river bank (1)
• Remains of buildings in river (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

1.6.4

• Move the settlement above the flood line/away from the river (2)
• Educate residents about management of river resources (2)
• Provision of refuse removal services (2)
• Proper sanitation (2)
• Running water in houses (2)
• Alternative/RDP housing to relocate the people away from the river bank (2)
• Vegetating the bare slopes (2)
• Creating a buffer zone to prevent pollution of the river (2)
• Legislation and fines (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.6.5

• Limited water resources in South Africa (2)
• Rivers are our only source of fresh drinkable water (2)
• Supply clean water that is essential for human health (2)
• They are fresh water reservoirs that supply people with food e.g. fish (2)
• Clean water needed for farming/irrigation (2)
• Clean water needed for industrial activities (2)
• Clean water for domestic purposes (2)
• Ensure that the ecosystems remain healthy and in balance (2)
• Maintain aesthetic appeal (2)
• Essential for water recreation activities (2)
• They are used for tourist attractions (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
  [75]

2.1
2.1.1 60°S (1)
2.1.2 Low (1)
2.1.3 Clockwise (1)
2.1.4 Polar front (1)
2.1.5 Warm sector stage/Mature stage/(Polar front/initial stage) (1)
2.1.6 Front section of the cold moving air mass (1)
2.1.7 Stage 4 (1)
2.1.8 Clockwise rotation of air (1) OR
Westerlies lie north of polar front and easterlies lie south of the polar Front (1) (8 x 1) (8)
2.2
2.2.1 The water table (1)
2.2.2 mouth (1)
2.2.3 river system (1)
2.2.4 sheet (1)
2.2.5 tributary (1)
2.2.6 interfluve (1)
2.2.7 permanent (1) (7 x 1) (7)
2.3
2.3.1

1. Anabatic/upslope wind (1)
2. Katabatic/downslope (1) (2 x 1) (2)

2.3.2

• Pressure differences (1)
• Temperature differences (1)
• Surface heating/cooling (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.3

(2 x 2) (4)
2.3.4
The cold air sinks downslope and forces the warm air up (2)
Warm air is displaced upwards and lies above cold air (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.5

POSITIVE IMPACT

• Anabatic winds/A disperses pollution from the valley (2)
• Anabatic winds/A are important for recreational purposes like paragliding (2)
• Katabatic winds/B help cause frost on the valley floor means frost resistant crops can be grown (2)
• Katabatic winds/B and the upward movement of the inversion layer favours the planting and ripening of non-frost resistant crops (2)
• Katabatic winds/B help frost to kills insects and pests on the valley floor (2)
  
  NEGATIVE IMPACT
• Katabatic winds/B restricts what can be planted on the valley floor (2)
• Katabatic winds/B trap pollution in the valley (2)
• Katabatic winds/B allow smoke to reduce visibility in the valley (2)
• Katabatic winds/B can have a negative impact on health (2)
  [ANY THREE. EITHER ONE POSITVE AND TWO NEGATIVE OR TWO
  POSITIVE AND ONE NEGATIVE] (3 x 2) (6)

2.4
2.4.1 Prevailing winds (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2 Great vertical extent/dimension (1)
Updraughts/warm air rising (1)
Thermal plume (1)
Thermal anvil (1)
Asymmetrical shape (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)
2.4.3

[1 mark for the dome shape; 1 mark for the indication of COLD AIR outside the dome] (2 x 1) (2)
2.4.4 The highest concentration of heat generating activities are in the CBD (2)
Convergence of air in the CBD (2)
(Can give marks for examples of heat generating activities)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
2.4.5 
HIGHER BUILDING DENSITY

• High density of the buildings in the city centre trap heat (2)
• More buildings result in a larger surface area to absorb heat (2)
• Tall buildings/skyscrapers act as wind breakers and heat cannot be dispersed (2)

MATERIALS

• Dark surfaces/materials absorb more heat (2)
• Artificial surfaces such as concrete, glass, metals, bricks, tar absorb heat (2)
• Artificial surfaces increases runoff and reduces evaporation which has a cooling effect (2)
• Multiple reflections of heat because of the glass used for building (2)
• Short wave radiation enters buildings through glass, but is trapped as heat inside the buildings as long wave radiation cannot escape (2)
  [ANY FOUR. MUST REFER TO BOTH ASPECTS] (4 x 2) (8)

2.5
2.5.1 An area drained by a river and its tributaries (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.2

1. Total length of rivers per km² (1)
   Accept formula for drainage density (1)
   [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2. Gradient/slope/relief of the land (2)
   Amount/type of precipitation (2)
   Rock type/soil type (2)
   Rock permeability (2)
   Rate of evaporation (2)
   Groundwater saturation (2)
   Land use (2)
   Vegetation density (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
3. Many 1^st order streams/tributaries in the upper course (2) (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.3

1. It has a smooth concave shape (1)
   No temporary base levels of erosion e.g. waterfalls/rapids (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. The rate of erosion and deposition in a river is balanced (2)
   In the upper course because of steep gradient, the water is turbulent (2)
   Has enough energy to carry larger particles (2)
   Downward erosion creates a steep gradient (2)
   In the middle course with a number of tributaries joined, there is sufficient
   water to carry the medium sizes particles (2)
   The gradient is gentle in the lower course (2)
   More deposition takes place (2)
   [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

2.6
2.6.1

1. A raised bank of the river due to deposition (1)
   [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2. At C the sediments are heavier particles that are deposited first next to the river are more coarse and large in size (2)
   At D has finer particles/smaller materials are lighter and easily pushed away from the water (2) (2 x 2) (4)
3. Advantages
   Protects farmland from flooding (2)
   Traps fertile soil and prevents soil from re-entering the river (2)
   Increases the carrying capacity of the river and allows for more water for
   Irrigation (2)
   
   Disadvantages
   Raised banks that restrict the deposition of silt in future (2)
   It hampers irrigation as a raised bank would increase the costs of
   implementing irrigation (2)
   During the time of repeated flooding, the levee may break and damage
   the crops (2)
   Levee may trap flood water on the floodplain (2)
   [ANY TWO. MUST REFER TO ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES IN ANSWER] (2 x 2) (4)

Related Items

2.6.2

1. At the mouth/river mouth (2)
   Along an inland lake (2)
   In the lower course of the river (2)
   At a temporary base level (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
2. River slows down as it reaches the sea and deposition occurs (2)
   A gentle gradient when the river is entering into the sea (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
3. Most rivers have steep gradients when entering the sea (2)
   Reduced deposition (2)
   Rough seas at the mouth of the rivers do not allow the accumulation of
   sediments (2)
   Strong ocean currents along South African coastline (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
   [75]
   
   

SECTION B: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS AND SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
3.2
3.2.1 C (1)
3.2.2 E (1)
3.2.3 A (1)
3.2.4 B (1)
3.2.5 I (1)
3.2.6 D (1)
3.2.7 F (1)
3.2.8 G (1) (8 x 1) (8)
3.3
3.3.1 The physical growth or expansion of the size or area of the urban settlement (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.2 A dispersed/isolated rural settlement will become a clustered/nucleated, urban settlement (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.3 Rural-urban migration/Influx of immigrants (2)
Population increase in the city/higher birth rate (2)
If push and pull factors are given, must be qualified (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
3.1
3.1.1 B (1)
3.1.2 C (1)
3.1.3 B (1)
3.1.4 D (1)
3.1.5 B (1)
3.1.6 C (1)
3.1.7 B (1) (7 x 1) (7)
3.3.4

• Traffic congestion due to an increase in cars (2)
• Noise and air pollution from vehicles(2)
• Rates and taxes will increase (2)
• The houses are expensive (2)
• Lack of privacy (2)
• Loss of agricultural land (2)
• Loss of aesthetics (2)
• Increase of informal settlements (2)
• Unemployment in the rural areas (2)
• Increase in crime rate (2)
• Damage to ecosystems/habitat/biodiversity (2)
• Strain on resources and services in the urban environment (2)
  [Qualify all answers for this question for the rural area]
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.3.5

• Carpooling/Lift clubs (2)
• Improving public transport (2)
• Alternative forms of transport e.g. cycling (2)
• More greening of technology (2)
• Housing subsidies for poorer households (2)
• Community projects and development of community spaces (2)
• Small plots with high density (2)
• More visible policing (2)
• Develop greenbelts/parks/open spaces (2)
• Job creation in rural areas (2)
  [Must be a solution for a problem that has risen from urban areas and not problems in the rural areas]
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.3.6 There are no more beautiful views (as a result of the urban expansion) (2)
[Look at interpretation of negative emotion] (1 x 2) (2)
3.4
3.4.1 Circular/round (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.2 The surrounding marsh ,drained land and rice fields (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.3 Centrally placed/middle of the city (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.4.4 Accessible (2)
Minimises distance one has to travel to CBD (2)
Minimises travel time (2)
Saving on transport costs (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.4.5

• CBD loses aesthetic appeal/beauty (2)
• Vagrants invade the CBD (2)
• Beggars invade the CBD (2)
• Increase in crime (2)
• Increased pollution (noise/air/land)(2)
• Clientele no longer prepared to travel to the CBD (2)
• Loss of potential income for the CBD (2)
• Urban blight/decay sets in in the CBD (2)
• Decrease in property value (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

3.5
3.5.1 KwaZulu-Natal (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2 Good rainfall throughout the year to prolong the growing season (2)
Warm temperatures throughout the year needed for the sugar cane to have high sugar content (2)
Frost free areas that does not restrict the growth of sugar cane (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.5.3

• High HIV prevalence impacts on productivity; labourers die at a young age (2)
• Fewer labourers due to rural-urban migration (2)
• Farming on a small scale (2)
• Low wages (2)
• Land disputes due to communal ownership (2)
• Most land reform issues remain unresolved (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.5.4

• Growth of the secondary industry (2) e.g. jams, beverages (any product with sugar in it) (2)
• Any example or services related to the sugar industry (2)
• Created employment (2)
• Development and improvement of infrastructure (2)
• Higher direct income (from sugar related products) (2)
• Increased export (sugar related products) resulting in higher income (2)
• Better standard of living (2)
• Increased Gross Provincial Product (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.5

• Access to the main road (2)
• Close to bulky raw materials (2)
• Close to water (2)
• Transport links to transport goods to inland market (2)
• Close to the harbour for export (2)
• Large labour force available (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)3.6

3.6.1

[ANY ONE DIFFERENCE] (2 x 1) (2)
3.6.2

1. South-Western Cape (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. The majority of the industries are around food processing industries (2)
   Smaller factories/less machinery required (2)
   Not raw mineral based (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.6.3

• Industrial Development Zones (IDZs) (2)
• Spatial Development Initiatives (SDIs) (2)
• Special Economic Zones (SEZs) (2)
• National Development Plan (NDP) (2)
• Accelerated and Shared Growth Initiative in South Africa (AsgiSA) (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.6.4

• Close to raw materials (2)
• Rich in minerals or examples of minerals (2)
• Availability of water (2)
• Close to energy resources/electricity (2)
• Large labour force (2)
• Large skilled labour force (2)
• Centre of the largest home market (2)
• Good link to the other regions of South Africa (2)
• Good links for exporting goods at ports (2)
• Well-developed infrastructure (2)
• Conducive climate which lends itself to high productivity (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
  [75]

4.1
4.1.1 G (1)
4.1.2 F (1)
4.1.3 E (1)
4.1.4 B (1)
4.1.5 D (1)
4.1.6 A (1)
4.1.7C (1) (7 x 1) (7)
4.2
4.2.1 primary (1)
4.2.2 less (1)
4.2.3 large (1)
4.2.4 eastern (1)
4.2.5 secondary (1)
4.2.6 resource (1)
4.2.7 North West (1)
4.2.8 Coal (1) (8 x 1) (8)
4.3
4.3.1 The movement of people from rural to urban areas (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.3.2 Weekends: 1 246 (1)
Week: 27 (1) (2 x 1) (2)
4.3.3

• Employment opportunities (2) More available in the city; people move out of rural settlement during week (2)
• More education facilities (2) Families with children move to city during week to have access to schools (2)
• Better services (2) People prefer to be closer to services that are more accessible in the city during the week (2)
• Service variety (2) More and a greater variety of services are available in the city should the need arise (2)
• Better safety (2) Safer in city than rural area where there are fewer people in the week (2)
  [ANY ONE. GIVE PULL FACTOR AND EXPLAIN PULL FACTOR]
  (2 x 2) (4)

4.3.4

• Fewer services are available (2)
• Available services deteriorate (2)
• Unemployment sets in (2)
• Standard of living drops (2)
• Poverty sets in (2)
• Municipal services are no longer kept up (2)
• Rural settlements no longer attractive to live in (2)
• Farming activities cease (2)
• Productivity drops (2)
• Contributes to food insecurity (2)
• Population ages (2)
• Rural settlements become ghost towns (2)
• Economic stagnation (2)
• Becomes unsafe (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

4.4
4.4.1
An unplanned (illegal) settlement with no basic services provided (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.2

1. Close to the main road (1)
   Open land/Availability of space (1) (2 x 1) (2)
2. Rely on public transport (2)
   Close to the places of work to reduce commuting costs to work (2)
   Access to work (2)
   [ANY TWO] (1 x 2) (2)

4.4.3

• Air pollution as a result of open fires (2)
• Water pollution due to the lack of running water/sewage removal/improper drainage systems (2)
• Land pollution as there is no proper waste removal (2)
• Environmental despoliation/destruction as natural features are being destroyed (2)
• Soil erosion because of removal of trees/vegetation (2)
• Loss of aesthetic appeal (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.4.4

• Close proximity of dwellings (2)
• Type of building materials which are highly flammable (2)
• No open spaces to curb fire from spreading (2)
• The use of highly flammable energy/fuel sources that are not stored safely (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.4.5

• Not aesthetically appealing (2)
• Unhygienic conditions that will lead to the spread of diseases (2)
• Overcrowding puts increased pressure on infrastructure (2)
• Unsafe building structures (2)
• Illegal use of electricity supply (2)
• Costly to upgrade and provide basic needs (2)
• To reduce crime/criminal activities (2)
• Difficult to receive payments for services rendered (2)
• To avoid unbudgeted expenditure (2)
• Reduced land that is available for urban development (2)
• People are not willing to invest in the local area where there are informal settlements (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.5
4.5.1 Informal (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2

• No formal shop (2)
• Trading on the pavement (2)
• Braai in the street (2)
• Basic equipment used (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.5.3

• Certain regulations concerning food storage are not met (2)
• Exposed meat does not comply with health regulations (2)
• Littering (2)
• Open fires are hazardous (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.5.4 All the profit goes to the seller (2)
No (income) tax paid/Not registered business (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
4.5.5

• Lack of jobs in the formal economy means that people find informal work to do to get by, financially (2)
• High number of unskilled/semi-skilled people in South Africa (2)
• Large number of illegal foreigners that cannot find jobs (2)
• Stagnation in the industrial sector of South Africa (2)
• Natural disasters force people to leave farming and enter informal sector (2)
• A slump in the economy make people to lose jobs(2)
• Rural-urban migration/Influx of people into the city (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.5.6

• Provides jobs/employment (2)
• Supplement income (2)
• Reduces poverty (2)
• Reduces crime (2)
• Selling of goods at a lower price (2)
• Support the tertiary sector e.g. tourism (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.6
4.6.1 Food security is having enough access to food to feed the population (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.2

• Sustaining the workforce with nutritious food is good for economic growth (2)
• Future generations need access to secure food supplies (2)
• To prevent malnutrition, hunger and famine(2)
• To maintain the good health of people (2)
• To prevent social unrest (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.6.3

• Higher earning power which give them a means to buy food (2)
• Access to a variety of outlets selling food in the urban area (2)
• Better facilities/technology to store/refrigerate food for longer periods (2)
• Natural disasters limits access to food in rural areas (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.4

• Reduced crop yields (2)
• Poor soil conditions reduce soil fertility (2)
• Accelerated soil erosion (2)
• Loss of livestock and animals (2)
• Forced slaughter of livestock and animals (2)
• Reduction of food production (2)
• Higher costs of food production (2)
• Famine conditions (2)
• Malnutrition (2)
• Higher cost of food (2)
• Importing food raises the price of food (2)
• Less access to basic foodstuffs, like maize, will impact more heavily on poorer members of society (2)
• As a result of drought, decrease in employment opportunities (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

[75]
GRAND TOTAL: 225