ENGLISH HOME LANGUAGE PAPER 2
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2019
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

NOTE TO MARKERS

• These marking guidelines are intended as a guide for markers.
• The guidelines will be discussed with the marking panels before marking commences at the marking centres.
• Candidates' responses must be considered on their merits.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Wherever a candidate has answered more than the required number of questions, mark only the first answer/response. (The candidate may NOT answer the essay and the contextual question on the same genre.)
2. If a candidate has answered all four questions in SECTION A (prescribed poems), mark only the first two.
3. If a candidate has answered two contextual or two essay questions in SECTIONS B and C, mark the first one and ignore the second. If a candidate has answered all four questions (novel) and/or all six questions (drama), mark only the first answer in each section, provided that one contextual and one essay have been answered.
4. If a candidate gives two answers where the first is wrong and the next one correct, mark the first answer and ignore the next.
5. If answers are incorrectly numbered, mark according to the marking guidelines.
6. If a spelling error affects the meaning, mark incorrect. If it does not affect the meaning, mark correct.
7. Essay questions:
   If the essay is shorter than the required word count, do not penalise, because the candidate has already penalised himself/herself. If the essay is too long, assess on merit and discuss with senior markers.
8. Contextual questions:
   If the candidate does not use inverted commas when asked to quote, do not penalise.
9. For open-ended questions, no marks should be awarded for YES/NO or I AGREE/DISAGREE. The reason/substantiation/motivation/justification is what should be considered.
10. No marks should be awarded for TRUE/FALSE or FACT/OPINION. The reason/substantiation/motivation/justification is what should be marked.
11. Answers to contextual questions must be assessed holistically in the light of the discussion during the standardisation of the marking guidelines.

SECTION A: POETRY
PRESCRIBED POETRY
QUESTION 1: ESSAY QUESTION
'somewhere i have never travelled,gladly beyond' – ee cummings

• Use the following, among other points, as a guide to marking this question. Responses might differ, depending on the candidate's sensitivity to and understanding of the poem.
• Refer to page 25 for the rubric to assess this question.
• The speaker compares his experience of love to embarking on a journey to an unknown destination. It will be an unpredictable adventure, like exploring unknown 'countries' – her love will reveal an infinite variety.
• Her 'frail gesture' and her 'slightest look' intrigue the speaker and convey the influence she has on him. He is puzzled that such delicate and vulnerable movements can evoke such a strong reaction in him.
• The speaker is overwhelmed by his beloved. She has the power to 'enclose' him, causing him to feel immersed in her love. She can also 'unclose' him, encouraging him to reveal everything about himself.
• 'You open always' reinforces the all-encompassing influence of the speaker's beloved. He cannot explain how she has the mysterious power to elicit a wide range of unfamiliar emotions from him.
• The reference to 'close myself as fingers' acknowledges his past isolation; however, his beloved has somehow encouraged him to open himself to the idea of love.
• She is like the magical touch of 'Spring', which encourages him to open up, like a blossoming flower. At the same time she can cause him to close himself, like a flower sensing snow. These contrasting ideas convey her inexplicable power.
• The speaker admits that he is at a loss to explain her hold over him. Her love and influence are as gentle as falling rain. Like rain, her love is restorative and transformative.
• The reference to 'death and forever' suggests that she enables him to know life, death and eternity.
• 'The voice of her eyes is deeper than all roses' reinforces her mysterious power: even nature cannot compare to her.
• The lack of punctuation reinforces the limitlessness of love. The small letter 'i' suggests he is insignificant and at her mercy. 'Spring' is capitalised because it emphasises the importance of this new beginning for him.
• The lack of space after the comma in 'travelled,gladly' conveys the enthusiasm with which he undertakes the new adventure. The linking of 'skilfully,mysteriously' reinforces the inexplicable power of her love.
• The brackets enclose his thoughts about the power she holds over him.
• The speaker's tone is of awe/astonishment/bewilderment/captivation.
  [Accept valid alternative responses.]
  [10]
  

QUESTION 2: POETRY – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
'FIRST DAY AFTER THE WAR' – Kunene Mazisi
2.1 'Ululating' is an expression of joy. The onomatopoeic word conveys the sound of the people's spontaneity and expression of celebration and elation.
[Award 2 marks for two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
2.2 The use of 'we' conveys solidarity. It emphasises the feeling of inclusivity and unity in the country with the ending of apartheid.
[Award 2 marks for two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
2.3 The 'light' refers to the first glimmers of hope which gradually emerge from the darkness. The light is 'soft' because it is still new and delicate/fragile. Hope's 'coiling' around the blades of grass suggests that it is vulnerable, tender and still needs to be nurtured. It is clinging to the possibilities the new day offers. The light of hope is in contrast to the darkness of oppression. This is appropriate because it suggests the dawn of a new era. The description of the grass suggests that, although the vision of the future is still new, it will flourish and peace will prevail.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
2.4 YES
The reference to the 'Ancestors' emphasises that even the spiritual world joins in the celebration of the end of apartheid. The Ancestors are 'travelling tall' because they are so proud of what has been achieved: their vision has been realised. The ancestors are on the horizon because, although they are not physically present, they are looking over their descendants who are aware of their presence. It is a suitable conclusion to the poem because their sacrifices have not been in vain and their dignity has been restored.
[A cogent 'No' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
[10]

QUESTION 3: POETRY – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
'THE GARDEN OF LOVE' – William Blake
3.1 The word, 'sweet' suggests that the speaker's memories are cherished/pleasing to the senses. They remind the speaker of carefree, unrestricted times. These memories are gratifying and are remembered with pleasure and nostalgia.
[Award 2 marks for two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
3.2 The repetition indicates the number of aspects which appal him. He notes one unpleasant change after the other. The repetition conveys his growing apprehension and disappointment when he realises what has happened to the garden.
[Award 2 marks for two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
3.3 The black gowns of the priests convey a lack of compassion/approachability. The colour suggests that the church is austere and bleak. The priests are 'walking their rounds' like prison warders. Their presence is threatening and ominous. Their intention is to control and suppress people's enjoyment and freedom.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
3.4 YES
The title refers to a place of peace/beauty/joy. The speaker is nostalgic when he considers the innocence of his youth. The title might allude to the Garden of Eden where natural instincts/desires were not associated with shame/guilt. The contrast to the area's present state highlights how the church has become repressive, focusing on guilt, sin and death, rather than spiritual upliftment and the beauty of life. The title is used ironically as this garden has become a dreary/gloomy place of constraint and oppression.
OR
NO
The title is inappropriate because it contradicts the reality depicted in the poem. A garden is usually associated with freedom, tranquillity and beauty. A garden of love should be filled with spontaneity, joy, peace and satisfaction. Although the garden in the poem once fulfilled these expectations for the speaker, it has now become a place of restriction. It is joyless, sombre and ominous.
[Accept a mixed response.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
[10]

QUESTION 4: POETRY – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
'MOTHO KE MOTHO KA BATHO BABANG' – Jeremy Cronin
4.1 The phrase conveys the distance between the prisoners and their lack of human contact. The prisoners remain separated from each other and communication is forbidden. Their isolation is emphasised.
[Award 2 marks for two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
4.2 The brackets enclose the translation/interpretation of the sign language with which the prisoner is communicating. This enables the reader to understand and be aware of exactly what is going on; it is another method of communication.
Candidates might also mention that because of the translations included in the brackets, the reader becomes party to the conversation.
[Award 2 marks for two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
4.3 The word, 'free' is used ironically because the man is a prisoner and is being closely watched. However, the prisoners have found a way to defy the restriction on their ability to interact with one another./ 'Talkative' usually means communication through speech. However, the prisoner's hand, though silent, is able to communicate effectively.
[Award 3 marks only if irony is well discussed.] (3)
4.4 YES
The title conveys the spirit of ubuntu. It suggests that there is a universal bond of compassion and togetherness that connects humanity. The title is appropriate because the poem deals with the need for human connection. It shows how prisoners find a means of communication in spite of isolation. They relate to, support and encourage one another. By doing so they maintain their humanity in conditions which are inhumane.
[A cogent 'No' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.]
(3)
[10]

UNSEEN POETRY (COMPULSORY)

QUESTION 5: CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
'DROUGHT' – Denys Lefebre
5.1 The heat is overwhelming/unforgiving/harsh/destructive and dries out the soil so that it appears wrinkled. The line conveys the devastating impact of the heat which is inescapable and leaves an arid landscape.
[Award 2 marks for two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
5.2 The oxen crowd together in their desperation to gain access to the limited water in the 'shrunken pool'./The oxen cluster together because they derive comfort from one another; it is also their way of trying to escape the heat.
[Award 2 marks for two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
5.3 The wind is compared to scavengers because it is blowing up the soil and the remnants of plants. The wind scrounges, rummages and gathers the last remains of vegetation in the same way in which a vulture picks a carcass clean. The image emphasises the lack of vegetation in the area as a result of there being no water. The wind is seen as hostile because it exacerbates the effect of the drought.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
5.4 The overall mood of the poem is of despondency. The speaker recognises that everything is at the mercy of the drought. The use of 'still' suggests that it has been a prolonged drought and people are filled with misery and despair. The 'cloudless' sky reinforces the mood of desperation because there is no sign of relief. As a result of the lack of rain, nature wilts and plants die. One is left with a feeling of hopelessness.
[Award 1 mark for identification of mood.]
[Award 3 marks only if both the diction and mood are discussed.] (3)
[10]
TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION B: NOVEL
QUESTION 6: THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY – ESSAY QUESTION

• Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.
• A range of examples may be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 26 for the rubric to assess this question.
• Victorian society's preoccupation with beauty is indicative of their superficiality. They believe that one's appearance is a reflection of one's character and is more important than one's morals.
• The Aesthetic movement encourages people to prioritise beauty and the pursuit of personal gratification to escape the harsh reality of life.
• Dorian's fate is foreshadowed by his comparison to Adonis and Narcissus, both of whom are extraordinarily beautiful and both of whom died after rejecting others in favour of living for themselves.
• The 'purity of his face' belies Dorian's degradation and allows his continued acceptance in and admiration by aristocratic society.
• Basil Hallward is a creator of beauty and he comes to idolise Dorian as an object of beauty. He also becomes reliant on Dorian as his muse.
• Basil's portrait of Dorian, and Lord Henry's admiration of it, awakens Dorian's vanity, which in turn motivates his desire to remain forever young and handsome. The portrait gives Dorian immunity from the consequences of his corrupt actions, allowing him to act with impunity.
• Lord Henry's philosophy that individualism and being true to one's self is the highest aim of life, together with the idea that one should not deny one's desires, encourages selfishness among its proponents.
• Many people lack concern for others, with each person pursuing his own interests. Dorian is self-absorbed and self-indulgent, showing little regard for the consequences his actions may have on him or others.
• Dorian is captivated by Sibyl's artistic ability but he selfishly rejects her when her acting is no longer artful.
• Ironically, Dorian, while surrounding himself with beauty, seems intrigued by the ugliness associated with the seedy underbelly of London.
• Society's lack of concern for the poor allows inequality to flourish. The aristocratic love of beauty is not extended to the poorer areas that are devoid of anything that lifts the senses.
• However, some society members seem less concerned with beauty while others profess to be concerned with the upliftment of the poor.
  [A cogent 'Disagree' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
  [Credit valid alternative/mixed responses.]

[25]

QUESTION 7: THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
7.1 Lord Henry is visiting Basil in his studio where he has just seen the portrait of Dorian Gray and has asked Basil for more information about him. Basil has tried to hide Dorian's identity but inadvertently reveals his name when he confesses how fascinated he is with Dorian. Basil admits that Dorian is his muse and reveals that he has put too much of himself into the portrait.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well developed OR three ideas.] (3)
7.2 By introducing Dorian via his portrait, the reader is filled with anticipation and is keen to know more about the man behind the portrait. The description of the portrait, and Lord Henry's response to it, create an aura of mystery, which intrigues the reader. By focusing the reader's attention on Dorian's beauty, it is suggested that appearance is more important than character.
[Candidates might refer to the portrait being the catalyst for Dorian’s behaviour throughout the novel.]
[Award 3 marks only if there is a focus on the impact on the reader.] (3)
7.3 Dorian is pleasant and polite. He is a cultured gentleman who knows how to behave in genteel society. He is eager to please and accommodating of people's wishes. However, Dorian displays signs of wilfulness and petulance which indicate selfishness. He is not always aware of how his actions might hurt others which shows a lack of awareness and empathy. Later, he does not honour his appointment with Basil because he prefers Lord Henry's company.
[Candidates may make reference to other examples.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
7.4 VALID
In this line, Lord Henry recognises the value of man's talents and intellect over shallow beauty. He alludes to the fact that Dorian will age and with time lose his beauty, while Basil's genius as an artist will endure. The novel illustrates this truth when, despite his best efforts, Dorian is unable to achieve lasting beauty. His stabbing of the portrait restores it to its former glory, while his beauty is destroyed. Art – and the genius that creates it – withstands the ravages of time.
[A cogent 'Invalid' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Accept valid alternative responses.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
7.5 Dorian is shocked when he sees how the portrait has come to reflect his cruelty toward Sibyl. He is afraid that people might see the changes in the portrait and thus be aware of his corruption. By removing the painting, he hopes to remove the evidence of his callousness.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
7.6 As a tradesman, Mr Hubbard is reluctant for Dorian to exert himself through manual work. He is servile, expressing his gratitude toward Dorian for his patronage. This conveys the working class's deferential and submissive acceptance of the superiority of the aristocracy who are expected to lead idle lives. There is an unquestioning acceptance of these roles. When the aristocracy do get involved, as with Dorian's attempt to assist with moving the portrait or Lady Agatha's philanthropic outreach, it is more like a gesture than a genuine intention to help.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
7.7 The portrait is moved to the room which Dorian used as a child. It is the room to which his grandfather assigned him because he preferred not to be reminded of his daughter's betrayal and death. Dorian chooses to hide his true self in the same room to avoid being confronted with what he has become. By hiding the portrait in the nursery which he associates with his 'rose-white boyhood', he hopes to maintain the façade of innocence.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
7.8 Basil gives away his soul to Dorian as an expression of his admiration. He is devoted to Dorian, who becomes his artistic muse. Dorian sells his soul to the devil in exchange for lasting youth and beauty. While there is some merit in Basil's devotion, Dorian's decision is based on his shallow preoccupation with his appearance. Basil is naïve in his adoration of Dorian, seeing only the good in him. Basil's commitment to Dorian is based on pure intentions and he means no harm, while Dorian's giving away his soul is based on vanity; this will encourage his moral corruption and lack of accountability. Dorian's desire to 'hide his soul from the eyes of men' is an acknowledgement of his corrupt deal with the devil.
[Credit valid alternative responses.]
[Award 4 marks only if both characters are well discussed.] (4)
[25]

LIFE OF PI – Yann Martel
QUESTION 8: LIFE OF PI – ESSAY QUESTION

• Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.
• A range of examples may be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 26 for the rubric to assess this question.

AGREE

• Pi's determination to survive after being stranded on the lifeboat might be considered a heroic response to an untenable situation; it takes courage to go against one's nature as Pi is forced to do.
• Pi displays fortitude, resourcefulness and strength of character that belies his age; these qualities sustain him throughout his ordeal and are a testament to his bravery.
• Pi is resolute in the loss of his family. Although he experiences a great sense of loss, he realises that he needs to take control of his situation to ensure his survival.
• Pi overcomes his aversion to eating meat and later resorts to butchering fish and turtles with little remorse.
• In the first version of Pi's story, he selflessly rescues Richard Parker and is dauntless in his taming of the tiger.
• The orang-utan bravely defends itself against the hyena but is cruelly killed by it.
• The hyena mercilessly feeds on the innards of the injured zebra, causing it to suffer a painful death.
• Richard Parker heroically saves Pi from the hyena and the blind Frenchman by brutally killing them, thus ensuring his own survival as Pi is still able to take care of him.
• At one point, Pi puts Richard Parker's faeces in his mouth to assert his dominance over the tiger. Later, he eats a piece of the blind Frenchman. Pi becomes uncivilised and bestial in his desperate attempt to survive.
• In the second version of Pi's story, the French cook amputates the sailor's broken leg, thus causing his death. He horrifyingly butchers the body and resorts to cannibalism.
• When Pi's mother tries to protect Pi from the French cook, she is gruesomely beheaded by him. He shockingly throws her head to Pi. In retaliation, Pi kills him and eats a piece of his flesh.
• Pi is heroic in his ability to overcome the horrors he experiences at sea and to make a relatively well-adjusted life for himself in Canada.
  [A cogent 'Disagree' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
  [Credit valid alternative/mixed responses.]

[25]

QUESTION 9: LIFE OF PI – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
9.1 Mr Patel is aware of Pi's insatiable curiosity and his tendency to anthropomorphise the animals in the zoo, treating them as close friends. He fears that both these characteristics might result in Pi's finding himself in a life-threatening situation. He is concerned that Pi will traverse the boundaries between man and animal and he wants to make Pi aware of the dangers of getting too close to wild animals.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
9.2 Pi and Ravi are anxious, uncertain and filled with trepidation/dread because they think they are going to be punished for something they have done wrong. They are reluctant to follow their father because they are fearful of what awaits them.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
9.3 The lesson focuses on the danger that tigers present. Mr Patel forces the boys to watch a tiger attack and devour a goat. When Pi is later stranded on the lifeboat, he is fully aware of the very real danger he is facing. He realises that his survival depends on asserting his dominance over Richard Parker and maintaining boundaries.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
9.4 Despite the trauma of the shipwreck, Mother remains gentle and nurturing; she defends and protects Pi when the cook hits him for having lost the turtle. She saves Pi by pushing him toward the raft and attacks the French cook. His mother's violent death at the hands of the French cook unleashes Pi's savagery and he brutally attacks and kills the cook in revenge. Her sacrifice ensures Pi's survival.
[Accept valid alternative responses.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
9.5 The Japanese officials are investigating the cause of the sinking of the Tsimtsum. Since Pi is the only survivor, the Maritime Department in the Japanese Ministry of Transport needs to hear Pi's version of events: whether the cause was a result of human error or an act of nature. The officials would make a recommendation regarding the insurance claim, based on their findings.
[Award 3 marks for two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
9.6 Mr Okamoto's comment might be construed as flippant/ sarcastic/patronising/condescending; he is attempting to humour and appease Pi as he does not want to upset Pi any further. Despite being sceptical, his attitude is sympathetic and benevolent.
[Award 1 mark for identification of attitude and 2 marks for the discussion.] (3)
9.7 Richard Parker is Pi's alter-ego. Once they reach civilization, Richard Parker disappears because Pi no longer needs the tiger as a defence/coping mechanism. The tiger represents the brutal side of Pi's nature that he needed to assume to survive at sea. He is forced to commit atrocities which are foreign to his gentle nature. While he is on the lifeboat, Pi is able to justify his animalistic behaviour by attributing it to Richard Parker.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
9.8 VALID
The story with the animals is hard to believe/has elements of fantasy/magical realism yet is inspirational and offers hope, while the other story is what Pi refers to as 'dry, yeastless factuality.'
Neither of his stories can be verified as there is no evidence supporting either. Similarly, God's existence cannot be verified as the 'facts' are unknowable. One simply chooses to have religious faith. In the same way one can choose 'the better story'. For Pi, the story with the animals is 'the better story'. It is the more palatable and more satisfying story even though it cannot be scientifically proven.
[A cogent 'Invalid' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Accept valid alternative responses.]
[Award 4 marks for two ideas well discussed OR four distinct ideas.] (4)
[25]
TOTAL SECTION B: 25

SECTION C: DRAMA
HAMLET – William Shakespeare
QUESTION 10: HAMLET – ESSAY QUESTION

• Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.
• A range of examples may be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 26 for the rubric to assess this question.

VALID

• When Hamlet returns to Denmark after his father's death, it is to find the country in a state of moral corruption and political disruption.
• Denmark is under threat and in a state of chaos because Fortinbras is planning to invade Denmark to avenge his father's death.
• Hamlet believes that his father's ghost appearing in armour signals a threat to Denmark. The ghost instructs him to restore order and to avenge his murder.
• Claudius's murdering King Hamlet, his usurpation of the throne and his incestuous marriage to Gertrude, has disrupted the natural order, causing chaos in Denmark. Hamlet is concerned that Claudius's feasting and drunken revelry are signs of the country's moral decay.
• Claudius's desire for power results in his immoral behaviour. Although he realises that his actions are evil, his desire for power prevents him from repenting. His actions cause the deaths of Hamlet, Gertrude and Laertes.
• Hamlet assumes an 'antic disposition'. His obsession with revenge and his erratic behaviour contribute to the disorder in the court. He succumbs to fits of madness, cruelly rejecting Ophelia, berating his mother for her hasty, incestuous marriage to Claudius and killing Polonius in a fit of madness. His behaviour contributes to Ophelia's death and causes Claudius to view him with fear and suspicion.
• Hamlet's own mind is in a state of chaos as a result of the ghost's injunction to avenge his death. He finds the responsibility of setting things right in Denmark overwhelming and this leads him to contemplate suicide, a sinful act that will condemn Hamlet's soul to eternal damnation and chaos.
• Laertes takes advantage of the lack of order to feed his desire for revenge.
• Hamlet's cruel rejection of Ophelia and the death of Polonius at Hamlet's hands, leads to the shattering of Ophelia's sanity and her untimely death.
• Hamlet's friendship with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern is also destroyed when they betray him and agree to be used by Claudius to spy on Hamlet. Their treachery/underhandedness eventuates in their own deaths.
• Order is restored once Hamlet has avenged his father's death and peace and stability once more prevail under the new king, Fortinbras.
  [A cogent 'Invalid' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
  [Credit valid alternative/mixed responses.]

[25]

QUESTION 11: HAMLET – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
11.1 As Laertes prepares to leave for France, he tells Ophelia not to take Hamlet's declarations of love seriously as he is merely trifling with her affections. He explains that Hamlet's feelings for her are those of a callow youth and will not last. He warns her that Hamlet is a prince and therefore is not free to marry whom he pleases.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
11.2 Polonius reveals an insensitive and dismissive attitude toward his daughter. He condescendingly considers her to be ignorant and naive; he assumes that she is unaware of the consequences her relationship with Hamlet might have on her.
[Credit valid alternative responses.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
11.3 [Candidates should recognise that a mixed response is the most appropriate response.]
Polonius cynically dismisses Hamlet's feelings for Ophelia as expressions of lust, rather believing that Hamlet is insincere and is only trifling with her. Hamlet's later cruel and disrespectful treatment of her might indicate that Polonius's assessment is correct. However, Hamlet's harsh treatment of Ophelia might be attributed to his disillusionment with all women due to his mother's hasty marriage to Claudius, as well as his discovery that Ophelia is being used by Polonius and Claudius to spy on him. When Hamlet learns about Ophelia's death, his behaviour at her graveside indicates the sincerity of his feelings for her.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
11.4

• Ophelia accuses Laertes of double standards and hypocrisy; he is critical of her relationship with Hamlet. However, his own behaviour is not above reproach.
• Polonius practises double standards in his treatment of his children, finding it acceptable for Laertes to indulge in questionable behaviour while expecting Ophelia to remain chaste.
• Claudius behaves duplicitously. His fake grief for his brother hides his murderous actions. He pretends to Gertrude that he has Hamlet's best interests at heart, but plots Hamlet's death. Claudius's support for Laertes's desire for revenge hides his own ulterior motives.
• Rosencrantz and Guildenstern feign concern for Hamlet's well-being; however they are sycophantic and motivated by self-interest.
  [Accept valid alternative responses.]
  [Award 3 marks for any two ideas well developed OR three ideas.] (3)

11.5 Gertrude's agitated state of mind is as a result of the confrontation she has had with Hamlet who has accused her of corrupting her marriage vows by marrying Claudius. She is distraught and wracked with guilt. Gertrude is also shaken by Hamlet's killing of Polonius who has been spying on them. As a mother, Gertrude is concerned about Hamlet.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
11.6 Gertrude might mimic Hamlet's actions, stabbing the air with an imaginary rapier. She might cover her face because she is horrified by Hamlet's stabbing of Polonius. Her tone might be hysterical/ distraught/shocked/horrified because Gertrude is appalled by Hamlet's callous actions and she is gravely concerned for her son's well-being.
[Accept valid alternative responses.]
[The candidate's response should be convincing in context.]
[Award 3 marks only if the candidate refers to body language and tone, and includes a justification.] (3)
11.7 It is ironic that Claudius considers Hamlet’s killing Polonius, a ‘bloody deed’. Yet, he has killed King Hamlet and is plotting Hamlet’s murder. Claudius is also afraid that people might blame him for having allowed Hamlet his freedom. He claims that he has done this because of his great love for Hamlet. However, the truth is that Claudius is more concerned about his own reputation and bears no love for Hamlet. The only reason for keeping Hamlet at court is to spy on him and ensure that Hamlet does not threaten his position as king.
(Candidates might refer to Claudius's comment about loving Hamlet as ironic in the light of his plot to have Hamlet killed.)
[Award 3 marks only if irony is well discussed.] (3)
11.8 AGREE
It might be argued that Hamlet does suffer some sort of mental breakdown. He is in a state of severe depression because of his discovery that his father was murdered and because of his mother's hasty marriage to Claudius. His contemplating suicide and his brutal attack on Ophelia, the woman he loves, condemning her to a nunnery might be construed as a kind of madness. He also murders Polonius in a fit of madness. Toward the end of the play when he apologises to Laertes, he says that it was 'his madness' that was 'poor Hamlet's enemy.'
OR
DISAGREE
Hamlet decides to 'put an antic disposition on' to find out more about his father's murder; this clearly indicates that he is not really mad. His intention is to confuse and disconcert/distract Claudius and his minions. He confides his intentions to Horatio and he assures Gertrude that he is intentionally acting the part of madness in order to avenge his father's death. That Hamlet is completely rational is evident in his soliloquies, as well as when he is in conversation with Horatio and the players. His decision not to kill Claudius while he is praying clearly shows that Hamlet is able to make rational decisions.
[Credit valid alternative/mixed responses.]
[Award 4 marks for three ideas well discussed OR four distinct ideas.] (4)
[25]

QUESTION 12: OTHELLO – ESSAY QUESTION

• Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.
• A range of examples may be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 26 for the rubric to assess this question.

VALID

• The play opens in an atmosphere of confusion and intrigue as a result of Iago and Roderigo's plotting against Othello.
• Iago disturbs the peace of night and Brabantio's peace of mind by notifying him of the 'unnatural' marriage between Othello and Desdemona. Brabantio contributes to the disorder by calling his 'kinsmen' to arms against Othello.
• The imminent Turkish invasion of Cyprus threatens order in the Venetian state.
• Initially Othello is an agent of order, refusing to be drawn into Brabantio's irrational accusations and, as General, Othello restores order in Cyprus.
• The tempest foreshadows the turmoil that will ensue in Othello's life and mind.
• The lack of societal constraint in Cyprus enables Iago to cause discord.
• Iago's hatred of Othello motivates him to destroy Othello's marriage and bring chaos to his mind. Othello's decision to appoint Cassio as his lieutenant enrages Iago and causes his desire for revenge on both Othello and Cassio. Desdemona is destroyed as a result of his evil plot.
• Iago encourages Cassio's drunkenness and instigates the brawl between Cassio and Roderigo to disturb the peace and cause pandemonium.
• Iago's constant insinuations rouse Othello's jealousy. Othello changes from a self-controlled man whose love for Desdemona is undoubted, to a raging, incoherent monster, who kills his wife as punishment for her alleged infidelity. Paradoxically, Othello regards killing her and himself as a restoration of justice and order.
• Othello experiences internal chaos. He is conflicted between his love for Desdemona and the desire to punish her. He suffers a mental and physical breakdown, descending into irrational behaviour. His loss of control causes him to become incoherent and he collapses.
• Othello undergoes moral deterioration: from being honourable, he becomes deceptive and cunning. His bestial thoughts reflect his inner turmoil. He enters into an unholy alliance with Iago to commit murder. His jealousy makes him abusive toward Desdemona.
• Iago's undermining of peace and stability ends in chaos: lives are destroyed and the fabric of society is threatened.
• Order is restored with Cassio's becoming governor of Cyprus and justice is served when Iago is punished.
  [A cogent 'Invalid' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
  [Credit valid alternative/mixed responses.]

[25]

QUESTION 13: OTHELLO – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
13.1 Iago is shown to be racist and sexually deviant/vulgar when he refers to Othello as 'an old black ram'. He is crude and he takes pleasure in distressing Brabantio by using vivid sexual images when referring to Desdemona and Othello's relationship. He opportunistically creates chaos and disorder.
[Award 3 marks for two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
13.2 The questions heighten the tension and create suspense. Iago and Roderigo intend to agitate Brabantio and make him aware that Desdemona has eloped with Othello. They wish to antagonise Brabantio to set him against Othello. Brabantio's questions reveal his confusion and alarm.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
13.3 Initially Brabantio disapproves of Roderigo as a prospective husband for Desdemona. He is scornful and contemptuous, regarding Roderigo as a drunkard and a 'wastrel'. He accuses Roderigo of being bent upon mischief at such a late hour. However, when Brabantio discovers that his daughter has eloped with Othello, he reveals his hypocritical and prejudicial attitude. He expresses his gratitude for Roderigo's help. Brabantio feels indebted to Roderigo and now looks upon him favourably as a suitor.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
13.4 Venice represents civilization and order in the play. Brabantio's disbelief that he has been robbed reinforces the idea that Venice is a bastion of law and order. When Roderigo tells Brabantio to 'Let loose on me the justice of the state', the legal protocol in Venice is emphasised. The Duke's calm, rational and legal approach to Brabantio's accusations conveys the idea that justice will prevail and that disputes will be dealt with in a fair manner.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
13.5 Brabantio might bang his fist to express his frustration/anger or point to a candle to draw the attention of his servant. He might wave his arms in panic at the thought of Desdemona's having eloped. He might cry out with an urgent/agitated/forceful/determined/angry tone to rouse his household. Brabantio is convinced that something is amiss and therefore calls for a search.
[Accept valid alternative responses.]
[The candidate's response should be convincing in context.]
[Award 3 marks only if the candidate refers to body language and tone, and includes a justification.] (3)
13.6 After discovering that Othello has murdered Desdemona, Emilia reveals Iago as the mastermind behind the plot to destroy Othello. In retaliation and to keep her quiet, Iago fatally stabs Emilia and runs away.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
13.7
The song is about a woman who dies because of her lover's cruelty and betrayal. It represents Desdemona's despair and anguish at being accused of adultery. The lyrics reflect the sexist views of the time because they suggest that women should submit to their husbands. In the song the woman does not blame the lover for her death. Similarly, on her deathbed, Desdemona absolves Othello of being responsible for her death. By singing this song, Emilia reflects on Iago's betrayal and the control that Iago has had over her. The song foretells tragedy for Desdemona and Emilia.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
13.8 YES
Othello alludes to his mastery as a soldier; this reasserts the position of honour he once held. He realises that his fate is in his hands and his reference to 'journey's end' suggests Othello's acceptance of his fate. He recognises that his obsessive jealousy has destroyed something precious that was integral to his happiness and gave new meaning to his life. In killing himself, Othello escapes the despair of life without meaning and finds redemption by restoring his honour.
OR
NO
Candidates might argue that, despite Othello's acceptance of his fate, he does not redeem himself since he has committed murder and has lost his professional integrity. The once great soldier is now a prisoner, the ultimate humiliation for a warrior. Othello's professing to be an 'honourable murderer' does not justify his actions.
[Credit valid alternative/mixed responses.]
[Award 4 marks for three ideas well discussed OR four distinct ideas.] (4)
[25]

THE CRUCIBLE – Arthur Miller
QUESTION 14: THE CRUCIBLE – ESSAY QUESTION

• Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.
• A range of examples may be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 26 for the rubric to assess this question.

VALID

• Salem is a highly structured society; however, there is social disharmony which results in disorder.
• The girls rebel against the strict rules governing their lives. Abigail's immoral desire for Proctor leads to her casting a spell to take revenge on Elizabeth.
• Parris contributes to the chaos that ensues by supporting the girls’ cries of witchcraft.
• Hale's attempts to restore order by seeking out witches, only fuels the hysteria of accusations, resulting in turmoil.
• To escape punishment, the girls accuse others of witchcraft, causing disorder and unleashing a reign of terror in Salem. Rational behaviour is overcome by superstition, resulting in hysteria. The girls are now respected, and abuse their power to ensure their elevated status. Pandemonium ensues when the established hierarchy is overthrown.
• In this state of anarchy, the accuser is automatically believed. The unprincipled villagers exploit the instability, and innocent people fall victim to their malice, greed and destructive ambition.
• The dishonourable and spiteful behaviour of people like the Putnams prolongs the mayhem.
• Chaos reigns with cattle roaming unattended and children becoming orphaned.
• The judges, who are supposed to uphold the law, are corrupt and lack integrity. Because of their uncompromising attitudes and obsession with their image, they allow innocent victims to be executed.
• Giles and Proctor's efforts to defend the innocent exacerbates the lawlessness.
• Mary Warren's attempt to restore order causes further disarray and increases the number of innocent victims.
• John Proctor's hesitation in exposing the girls allows the panic to take hold. However, his honour is restored when he tries to save Elizabeth once she is accused. He is redeemed when he refuses to make a false confession to save himself. He accepts his fate, thereby restoring his own peace of mind.
• Elizabeth’s steadfastness helps to overcome the evil when she refuses to encourage Proctor to condemn his soul by making a false confession. Her sacrifice helps put an end to the destructive power of the girls and the court, eventually leading to the restoration of stability.
• The execution of respected people like Proctor and Rebecca Nurse causes the villagers to turn against the court and order is restored in Salem.
  [A cogent 'Invalid' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
  [Credit valid alternative/mixed responses.]

[25]

QUESTION 15: THE CRUCIBLE – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
15.1 Hale has come to visit the Proctors to test the Christian character of the home. He tells them that Elizabeth's name has been mentioned in court. Cheever arrives to arrest Elizabeth who is accused of using a poppet to cause harm to Abigail.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
15.2 The accusation of cowardice suggests that Hale is weak and should be more adamant in defending the innocent. Hale is naive and lacks conviction. He places too much trust in the court and is not brave enough to question its decisions. Hale is easily misled and his pride in his supposed expertise in identifying witches makes him gullible and allows him to be exploited.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
15.3 Hale's reference to the 'greatest judges' suggests that they are the ultimate upholders of justice and integrity. However, the judges are not supreme since they are not fair. They are misled and manipulated by the girls. The judges are only concerned with preserving and uplifting their own status and power. They prove to be flawed individuals: their pride, inflexibility and prejudice contribute to the tragedy.
[Award 3 marks only if irony is well discussed.] (3)
15.4 Proctor reveals his adultery and later signs the confession because he feels that he is a fraud and a hypocrite. His guilty conscience and sense of responsibility for his wife's arrest are too much for him to bear. When he realises that Rebecca has chosen to be executed, he is shamed into wanting to prove his honour. He tears up the confession and chooses to be executed. He is desperate to make amends for the pain his adultery has brought to his family, and to restore his reputation.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
15.5 Mary might hold her hands up in a defensive gesture/clasp her hands to plead with Proctor/fidget/put her hands to her face/step backwards. Her tone might be of horror/anguish/fear/anxiety/panic. Mary knows what Abigail is capable of and is aware that Abigail will turn on her and Proctor if she dares expose Abigail's lies in court. Abigail has already threatened the girls not to speak of the events in the woods and Mary fears Abigail's wrath.
[Accept valid alternative responses.]
[The candidate's response should be convincing in context.]
[Award 3 marks only if the candidate refers to body language and tone, and includes a justification.] (3)
15.6 The villagers' absence indicates that they are not in agreement with the decision to excommunicate Proctor. The court no longer enjoys the support of the villagers and its decisions are not popular. The legitimacy of the court is being questioned. The villagers have come to realise that the court is not acting in their best interests.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
15.7 The dagger is a threat to his life. Previously he wholeheartedly supported and exploited the trials. He was instrumental in accusing people. Now that his life is in danger he is actively trying to postpone the trials. By creating the impression that he is trying to save the condemned, he is trying to ingratiate himself with the villagers and preserve his position in the village.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
15.8 AGREE
Despite the Puritan nature of Salem, there is evidence to suggest that its citizens are less than honourable and upright.

• People like Abigail and the Putnams instigate and perpetuate the witch trials and act without integrity. Their selfish, dishonourable motives and behaviour bring suffering to many innocent people.
• Danforth is unwilling to consider postponing the executions despite mounting evidence that the girls have been lying as he is determined to protect his, and the court's, reputations.
• Similarly, Parris has encouraged the witch trials as a means of deflecting attention from the wrongdoings of his daughter and niece. He also uses the trials to secure his position/status as minister without showing any concern for the well-being of his parishioners or for the truth.

OR
DISAGREE
It might be argued that some characters initially display a lack of integrity but that over the course of the trials their honour is restored.

• Proctor's affair with Abigail raises questions about his morality and it is only when he realises how he has dishonoured himself and those he cares about that he becomes determined to restore his integrity by standing up to the injustices committed by the girls and the court.
• Hale's integrity is tarnished when he is duped into believing the girls' malicious lies and he becomes an active participant in the miscarriage of justice. Later, he rejects the proceedings of the court and admits his culpability. Because he wishes to restore his integrity and do what is morally right, he strives tirelessly to defeat the evil which pervades Salem society. His change of heart helps to bring the trials and evil to an end.
• Characters like Rebecca Nurse and Elizabeth Proctor maintain their integrity despite the pressure placed on them to confess.
  [Credit valid alternative/mixed responses.]
  [Award 4 marks for two ideas well discussed OR four distinct ideas.] (4)

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TOTAL SECTION C: 25
GRAND TOTAL: 80

SECTION A: Assessment rubric for literary essay: Poetry (10 Marks)

NOTE: If a candidate has ignored the content completely and written a creative response instead, award a 0 mark for both Content and Structure and  Language

SECTIONS B AND C: Assessment rubric for literary essay: Novel and Drama (25 Marks) 

NOTE: If a candidate has ignored the content completely and written a creative response instead, award a 0 mark for both Content and Structure and  Language. 
There must not be more than two categories' variation between the Structure and Language mark and the Content mark.