MEMORANDUM

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 B
1.1.2 D
1.1.3 A
1.1.4 C
1.1.5 C
1.1.6 B
1.1.7 A
1.1.8 D
1.1.9 A
1.1.10 B (10 x 2) (20)

1.2
1.2.1 None
1.2.2 Both A and B
1.2.3 B only
1.2.4 A only
1.2.5 A only (10)

1.3
1.3.1 Maintenance ration
1.3.2 Vaccination/immunisation
1.3.3 Corpus luteum/yellow body
1.3.4 Ejaculation
1.3.5 Prolactin (10)

1.4
1.4.1 Essential amino acids
1.4.2 Contagious/infectious
1.4.3 Di-oestrus
1.4.4 Vas deferens
1.4.5 Prolapse (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: ANIMAL NUTRITION
2.1 Alimentary canal of a farm animal
2.1.1 Indication of the age of animals

• Diagram A – Young animal/calf
• Diagram B – Adult animal    (2)

2.1.2 Reason visible in diagram A and diagram B to justify the answer
Diagram A

• Presence of oesophageal groove
• Under-developed rumen/reticulum/omasum
• Fully developed abomasum (Any 1)      (1)

Diagram B

• Rumination process/regurgitation
• Developed rumen/reticulum/omasum (Any 1)            (1)

2.1.3 Identification of the processes

• Arrow A – Swallowing
• Arrow B – Regurgitation       (2)

2.1.4 Explanation of the importance of regurgitation in digestion

• Regurgitation breaks down food into smaller particles to increase the surface area for digestion     (2)

2.1.5 Difference of part F/caeca with that of a pig

• A pig has one caecum (1)

2.1.6 Identification of the letter

• D (1)

2.2 Mineral deficiency symptoms/supplementation and type of animal
Writing the missing information

• A – Calcium B – Iron
• C – Soil sods/injection
• D – Mineral lick        (4)

2.3 Nutritional composition of feeds
2.3.1 Classification of feeds

• Concentrates (1)

2.3.2 TWO importance of feeding animals with concentrates

• Provides energy and protein requirements of an animal
• Necessary for fattening/finishing animals
• For the production of protein rich products
• To balance roughage
• Essential for growth (Any 2 x 1)            (2)

2.3.3 Identification of the feed

1. Wide nutritive ratio: Oat meal
2. Narrow nutritive ratio: Peanut oilcake meal       (2)

2.3.4 Calculation of the ratio of each feed to get the 16% DP

Ratio of oatmeal to peanut oilcake meal is 20 : 8 (4)
2.4
2.4.1 Line graph

Criteria/rubric/marking guideline

• Correct heading
• X-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Live weight)
• Y-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Metabolic energy requirement)
• Line graph
• Accuracy
• Correct units (Mj/g) (6 x 1) (6)

2.4.2 Deduction of the trend of metabolic requirement per live weight of a cow

• Metabolic energy requirement increases with the increase in live weight (2)

2.4.3 Calculation of the metabolic energy requirement of a cow with a live weight of 400 kg in 5 days

• Metabolic energy requirement x number of days
  = 23 mJ/day x 5 days
  = 115 mJ        (2)

2.4.4 TWO importance of calculating energy value of a feed

• To determine animal’s diet
• To determine feeding standards
• To determine ration formulation (Any 2 x 1)       (2)

QUESTION 3: ANIMAL PRODUCTION, PROTECTION AND CONTROL
3.1 Animal handling
3.1.1 Identification of the picture

1. Picture C
2. Picture D
3. Picture B/C
4. Picture A (4)

3.1.2 Indication of how the techniques are used

1. Hobbling – Tying an animal with a device such as rope to hamper its ability to walk
2. Immobilising – Put an electric current through their body to prohibit movement (2)

3.2 Factors to increase production
3.2.1 Indication of the production system

• Intensive production system (1)

3.2.2 Identification of the factors to increase production

• A – General enterprise management
• B – Breeding/reproduction
• C – Nutrition/feeding (3)

3.2.3 ONE factor to increase production which is not illustrated

• Environment (1)

3.2.4 Indication of the way farmers can address the environment

• Provision of housing/shelter (1)

3.3 Animal behaviour
3.3.1 Type of animal showing the behaviour

• A – Pigs B – Cattle
• C – Poultry
• D – Sheep (4)

3.3.2 THREE signs of pigs under stress

• Tail biting
• Ear biting
• Cannibalism
• Belly nibbling
• Snout rubbing (Any 3 x 1) (3)

3.4 Life cycle of a parasite
3.4.1 Classification of the parasite – External parasite

• Name – Blowfly (2)

3.4.2 Type of an animal susceptible to the parasite

• Wool sheep (1)

3.4.3 THREE stages of the life cycle of a parasite visible in the picture

• Larvae
• Pupae
• Adult (3 x 1) (3)

3.4.4 ONE precautionary measure to prevent the infestation by the parasite.

• Timing of shearing and crutching
• Clipping and cleaning of coat around the affected area
• Tail docking (Any 1 x 1) (1)

3.5 Animal diseases
3.5.1 Disease that can be transmitted by each of the following methods

1. Transmitted by a bont tick – Heart water
2. Transmitted by contaminated shearing equipment ─ Lumpy wool
3. Ingesting eggs from feed contaminated with manure ─ Coccidiosis
4. Transmitted through inhalation – Bovine tuberculosis (4)

3.5.2 Indication of a non-infectious disease

• Anaemia (1)

3.6 Indication of where the practice to control disease is the role of state or the farmer
3.6.1 Application of prescribed medication

• Farmer (1)

3.6.2 Importation of vaccines

• State (1)

3.6.3 Ensuring proper sanitation in a milking parlour

• Farmer (1)

3.6.4 Export and import bans

• State (1)

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QUESTION 4: ANIMAL REPRODUCTION
4.1 Reproductive system
4.1.1 Identification of the animal with the reproductive system

• Cow (1)

4.1.2 TWO reasons visible to support the answer

• Presence of ovary
• Presence of fallopian tubes
• Presence of cervix
• Presence of the vagina (Any 2 x 1) (2)

4.1.3 Identification of the letter

1. D
2. C
3. B (3)

4.1.4 TWO hormones produced in part labelled D/ovary

• Oestrogen
• Progesterone (2)

4.2 Infertility and sterility in bulls
4.2.1 Differentiation between sterility and infertility

• Sterility is the total loss of fertility and infertility is the temporal loss of fertility (2)

4.2.2 TWO congenital defects leading to sterility in bulls

• Hypoplasia
• Cryptorchidism
• Hermaphroditism
• Sperm defects (Any 2 x 1) (2)

4.2.3 TWO conditions that may cause inability of a bull to copulate

• Injuries to the penis
• Defective penis/corkscrew/too short
• Poorly developed hind legs
• Diseases causing inflammation of the joints (Any 2 x 1) (2)

4.3 Semen collection, dilution and storage
4.3.1 TWO requirements for semen collection

• Equipment must be sterile and readily available
• Bull must be clean during semen collection
• Collecting vial must be warmed to prevent damage to sperm cells caused by cold shock
• Area where semen is collected must be close to a laboratory
• Presence of a teaser bull (Any 2 x 1) (2)

4.3.2 Indication of the main purpose for diluting the semen

• To increase the volume of the semen (1)

4.3.3 TWO advantages of storing semen for the farmer

• Extending the productive life of superior bulls
• No need to keep and maintain expensive bulls (2)

4.4 Embryo Transplant/transfer
4.4.1 Re-arranging the steps to ensure successful embryo transfer

• Treatment of the cow with the gonadotropin hormone 
• Semen is placed into the reproductive tract of a cow 
• Foley catheter is used to recover the embryo 
• Isolation and classification of the embryo 
• Transfer of embryo to the uterus of a cow (5)

4.4.2 TWO types of cows involved in embryo transplant

• Donor
• Surrogate/recipient (2)

4.4.3 TWO disadvantages of the embryo transplant

• It is expensive
• Requires skill and experience
• Synchronisation of the recipient and donor is difficult
• Donor may not become pregnant
• Recipient cow could abort
• Labour intensive
• Time consuming
• Decreases genetic variability
• Greater management demand (Any 2 x 1) (2)

4.5 Normal lactation
4.5.1 Identification of the week when the cow reached her maximum production

• Week 8 (1)

4.5.2 TWO benefits of the milk produced within the first 3 days of parturition for the calf

• It provides antibodies to increase the calf’s resistance to diseases
• Supplies nutrients to the calf
• Necessary for the normal growth, functioning and maturation of the alimentary canal (Any 2 x 1) (2)

4.5.3 Explanation of the relationship between the percentage of butter fat content and quantity of milk produced

• When milk production reached its maximum during week 8 and decreased until week 42 butterfat content decreased at week 8 and
  increased until week 42. (2)

4.5.4 Period in lactating cow after 42 weeks

• Dry period (1)

4.5.5 Importance of dry period

• It gives the glandular tissue of the udder time to recover. (1)

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TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150