MEMORANDUM

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 C
1.1.2 A
1.1.3 C
1.1.4 B
1.1.5 D
1.1.6 A
1.1.7 B
1.1.8 C
1.1.9 B
1.1.10 D (10 x 2) (20)

1.2
1.2.1 E
1.2.2 F
1.2.3 C
1.2.4 A
1.2.5 H (5 x 2) (10)

1.3
1.3.1 Equilibrium point / Market equilibrium
1.3.2 Entrepreneurs
1.3.3 Strategic risk management
1.3.4 Labour productivity
1.3.5 Sex-linked trait        (5 x 2) (10)

1.4
1.4.1 Demand
1.4.2 Cash flow
1.4.3 Allele
1.4.4 Inbreeding depression
1.4.5 Mutagen (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
2.1
2.1.1 Identification of price determining factor

• Supply (1)

2.1.2 Explanation of how factors will cause a shift in the supply curve

1. Technology – Better technology can result in reduced production costs resulting in improved supply
2. Environmental conditions – Conducive environmental conditions will result in higher yields leading to increase in supply  (4)

2.1.3 Factors influencing supply

• Price
• Production costs
• Subsidies
• Seasonality
• Competitive products
• Legislation (Any 2)    (2)

2.2
2.2.1 Name of process

• Agri-business chain / Marketing chain (1)

2.2.2 Marketing channel shown by the arrow

• A – Farm gate marketing
• B - Fresh produce markets (2)

2.2.3 Advantage of marketing channel A to the consumer

• Prices are lower than retail prices (1)

2.2.4 Methods of dealing with factors hampering the marketing chain

1. Processing products close to where they are produced (1)
2. Using cold storage / refrigerated transport / processing (1)

2.2.5 Description of how the following affect the agri-business chain

1. Increases transportation costs (1)
2. Seasonality of produce interrupts the market’s demand for consistent supply and increases storage costs        (2)

2.3
2.3.1 Identification of marketing approaches

• A – Niche marketing
• B – Mass marketing
• C – Multi-segment marketing (3)

2.3.2 Identification of a marketing approach with high prices

• A (1)

2.3.3 TWO reasons to support your answer

• Consumers are prepared to pay high prices for unique products
  There is less competition      (2)

2.4.2 Methods of promoting products that are suitable for marketing approach B

• Newspapers
• Television
• Radio
• Billboards
• Magazines
• Electronic media (Any 2) (2)

2.4
2.4.1 Name of marketing system

• Cooperative marketing (1)

2.4.2 Principles cooperative marketing

• Voluntary and open membership
• Democratic member control
• Autonomy and independence
• Concern for community
• Risk is shared by all members (Any 2) (2)

2.4.3 Benefits of cooperative marketing

• Economies of scale
• Increased bargaining power
• Reduced risk due to risk-sharing
• Ability to meet market requirements for volume and consistent supply
• Access to funding
• Access to better infrastructure (Any 2)  (2)

2.4.4 Name of document

• Business plan (1)

2.4.5 Components of a business plan

• Title page
• Contents page / Summary of enterprise details
• Executive summary
• Overview of the industry
• Overview of the business
• Organisational structure and ownership
• Human resources plan
• Marketing plan
• Financial plan
• SWOT analysis  (Any 2)    (2)
  (NB: All components of business plan accommodated) Not sure I understand what is meant here??

2.5 Aspects of a SWOT analysis

• A. Opportunity
• B. Strength
• C. Threat (3)

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QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1
3.1.1 Meaning of the following economic characteristics of land

1. Industrial and residential areas reduce the amount of land available for agriculture (1)
2. The amount of land available for agriculture in a country does not increase (1)
3. The decrease in the marginal output of a production process as the amount of a single factor of production is incrementally increased, while the amount of all other factors of production remain constant (2)

3.1.2 Methods of increasing the productivity of land

• Consolidation of uneconomic farming units
• Use of scientific farming methods
• Water management
• Use of farming methods that are suited to the area (Any 3)  (3)

3.2
3.2.1 Deduction of type of farm workers

• A – Seasonal workers
• B – Permanent worker (2)

3.2.2 Motivation for answers to QUESTION 3.2.1

• A – Harvesting is a seasonal activity
• B – Office / paper work is done by a farm manager who is a permanent employee (2)

3.2.3

1. Farm worker that is most likely to be exploited
   Farm worker A (1)
2. Justification of answer to QUESTION 3.2.3 (a)
   Because they are the least educated / they have less bargaining power due lack of formal training (1)

3.2.4 Piece of legislation that protects Farm worker A from exploitation.

• Basic Conditions of Employment Act (1)

3.3.
3.3.1 Benefits of record keeping

Related Items

• A – variable costs
• B – Overhead costs
• C – Gross margin
• D – Net profit           (4)

3.3.2 Importance of an enterprise budget

• Enables a farmer to determine the viability of an enterprise
• Enterprise budgets can be used to help make decisions such as pricing products / comparing production practices
• Enterprise budgets can be used to develop a product mix that matches business goals  (2)

3.4 3.4.1 Deduction of capital type

• A – movable
• B – floating / running / working
• C – fixed            (3)

3.4.2 Capital item funded through medium term credit

• A (1)

3.4.3 Problems associated with capital

• Scarcity of capital
• High interest rates / expensive capital
• Overcapitalisation
• Undercapitalisation
• Depreciation (Any 2)          (2)

3.4.4 Methods of creating capital

• Savings
• Credit
• Production           (2)

3.5
3.5.1 Management principles expressed in the passage

• Planning
• Implementation
• Control (3)

3.5.2 Management skills possessed by the manager

• Financial management skills
• Labour management skills
• Planning skills
• Organisation skills (2)

3.5.3 Motivation for answers to QUESTION 3.5.2

• Financial management skills – The farmer drafted budgets
• Labour management skills - Decide which activities are going to be done by who
• Planning skills – Prepares production plans / drafts budgets
• Organisation skills – Decided which activities are going to be done by who, when and how (2)

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QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
4.1
4.1.1 Mechanism of inheritance described in the passage

• Epistasis (1)

4.1.2 Motivation of the answer in QUESTION 4.1.1

• A separate gene controls the expression of the pigment production gene (1)

4.1.3 Phenotypes of animals with the following phenotypes

• A – Albino
• B – Brown (2)

4.1.4 Genotypes of the ram’s gametes

1.                    
   • AC
   • Ac
   • aC
   • ac             (Any 2)  (2)
2. Phenotypic ratio
   • 9:3:3:1 (1)

4.2
4.2.1 Punnet square

Rubric

• Punnet square with gametes and offspring genotypes
• Correct male gametes
• Correct female gametes
• Correct offspring genotype       (4)

4.2.2 Phenotypic ratio

• 2 𝑥 100 black : 2 𝑥 100 white = 50% black : 50% white         (2)
  4                      4 

4.3
4.3.1 Advantage of indigenous over exotic breeds

• More resistant to ticks and diseases such as heartwater (1)

4.3.2 Identification of breeding method

• Cross breeding (1)

4.3.3 Name given to products of breeding method used in the passage

• Hybrids (1)

4.3.4 Disadvantages of breeding system described in the passage

• Hybrids vary greatly and can be disappointing
• Can lead to calving problems
• Requires knowledge and experience (Any 2)    (2)

4.4
4.4.1 Meaning of the acronym EBV

• Estimated Breeding Value (1)

4.4.2 Implication of EBV figure for weaning weight

• The animal in question will produce offspring with a weaning weight of 10 kg above the flock average (2)

4.4.3 Conclusion that can be drawn from a heritability of 85%

• The characteristic is influenced more by genes than the environment(2)

4.4.4 Type of variation shown by the traits in the table

• Continuous (1)

4.4.5 Bar graph showing the relationship between EBV and heritability

Checklist

• Correct heading
• X axis correctly calibrated with label (Trait)
• Y axis correctly calibrated with label (EBV/Heritability)
• Graph type (Bar graph)
• Correct units (kg and %)
• Accuracy                          (6)

4.5
4.5.1 Deduction of an environmental benefit from the passage

• Reduces the risk associated with overuse of fertilisers and pesticides (1)

4.5.2 Explanation of how genetic engineering reduces pollution from fertilisers and pesticides

• With genetic modification crops can be made to be pest resistance reducing the need for pesticides
  OR
• With genetic modification nutrient use efficiency in crops can be improved resulting in less need for fertilisers, therefore less pollution from fertilisers (2)

4.5.3 Social risks associated with the use of genetically modified seeds

• Poor developing countries will become dependent on developed countries for seed
• Farmers cannot retain seeds resulting in high seed costs
• Some people think it’s ethically unacceptable to produce GM crops (Any 2)    (2)

[35]
TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150