GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
GRADE 12
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
MEMORANDUM
MAY/JUNE2021

The following marking guidelines have been developed to standardise marking in all provinces.
Marking

• ALL selected questions MUST be marked, irrespective of whether it is correct or incorrect
• Candidates are expected to make a choice of THREE questions to answer. If all questions are answered, ONLY the first three questions are marked.
• A clear, neat tick must be used: 
  
  • If ONE mark is allocated, ONE tick must be used: 
  • If TWO marks are allocated, TWO ticks must be used: 
  • The tick must be placed at the FACT that a mark is being allocated for
  • Ticks must be kept SMALL, as various layers of moderation may take place
• Incorrect answers must be marked with a clear, neat cross: 
  
  • Use MORE than one cross across a paragraph/discussion style questions to indicate that all facts have been considered
  • Do NOT draw a line through an incorrect answer
  • Do NOT underline the incorrect facts
• Where the maximum marks have been allocated in the first few sentences of a paragraph, place an over the remainder of the text to indicate the maximum marks have been achieved

For the following action words, ONE word answers are acceptable: give, list, name, state, identify
For the following action words, a FULL sentence must be written: describe, explain, evaluate, analyse, suggest, differentiate, distinguish, define, discuss, why, how
The following action words need to be read within its context to determine whether a ONE word answer or FULL sentence is required: provide, what, tabulate

Totalling and transferring of marks

• Each sub-question must be totalled
  
  • Each question has six sub-sections, therefore six sub-totals per question required
  • Sub-section totals to be written in right hand margin at the end of the sub-section and underlined
  • Sub-total must be written legibly
  • Leave room to write in moderated marks on different levels
• Total sub-totals and transfer total to top left hand margin next to question number
• Transfer total to cover of answer book

Moderation
Marking on each level of moderation is done in the same way as the initial marking. All guidelines for marking must be adhered to.
If a mark for a sub-question is changed after moderation, the moderator must strike through the markerˈs mark and write down the new mark. 12 16
The total for the question must be re-calculated, and similarly be struck off and the new total to be written down.

QUESTION 1
1.1.1 A (South Atlantic High) (1)
1.1.2 B (Kalahari High) (1)
1.1.3 B (South Indian) (1)
1.2.1 Melting snow
1.2.2 Mouth
1.2.3 Third order
1.3.1 Katabatic
1.3.2 1 occurs during the day while 2 occurs at night
1.3.3 Cold air rolls down into the valley and forms an inversion
1.4.1 Shape of front concave
Steep gradient of front
1.4.2 Warm air undercuts the cold air
1.4.3 Air behind the cold front is colder than the air in front. Cold air moves faster than warm air ahead of it. Cold front catches up with the warm front.
1.5.1

1. A river that only flows all year round
2. The river channel is wide
3. Regularity of rainfall and the soil type over which the streams flow.

1.6.1 Gauteng and the Eastern Cape
1.6.2 Mining waste dumped in the river and industries pollute the water.
1.6.3 The cost of food production will increase at it is costly to buy purified water. Farmers will have to buy more chemicals to purify water. Chemicals cost a lot and this will increase production costs. It will be costly to purify water for use in electricity generation. These costs will be included in electricity prices. Costs will increase the price of electricity during production. There will be less clean water to generate hydro electricity.

SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 Day (1)
1.1.2 Day (1)
1.1.3 Night (1)
1.1.4 Day (1)
1.1.5 Day (1)
1.1.6 Night (1)
1.1.7 Night (1) (7 x 1) (7)
1.2
1.2.1 E (1)
1.2.2 H (1)
1.2.3 G (1)
1.2.4 I (1)
1.2.5 A (1)
1.2.6 B (1)
1.2.7 D/C (1)
1.2.8 F (1) (8 x 1) (8)
1.3
1.3.1 Mediterranean (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2 Cool wet (winters) (1) (1 x 1) (1)
(DESCRIBE)
1.3.3 The shifting of the ITCZ (2)
Sun is now overhead of the Tropic of Cancer/follow the shifting rays of the sun/apparent movement of the sun (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
(WHY)
1.3.4 Decrease in temperature (2)
Pressure decreases (but increases with cold sector) (2)
Cloud cover increases/cumulonimbus clouds form (2)
More precipitation/heavy rain/snow/hail/thunderstorms (2)
Humidity decreases (2)
Wind direction changes (backs northwest to southwest) (2)
Increase in wind speed/sudden gusty winds (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
(DESCRIBE
CHANGES)
1.3.5 Heavy rainfall will make tourist destinations inaccessible (2)
Rock falls and landslides decrease accessibility (2)
Strong winds decrease accessibility (2)
Rough seas and high waves decrease accessibility (2)
Rough seas decrease business for tour operators (2)
Snow on the mountains makes hiking trails inaccessible (2)
Outdoor activities will be affected by the poor weather/dangerous conditions (can give examples rain, wind, cold and hail) (2)
Travel arrangements of tourists will be affected by poor weather conditions (examples flights, tour buses, sea travel) (2)
The aesthetical appeal of the tourist attraction may be diminished by poor weather conditions (example debris on the beaches) (2)
Reduced income of tourism sector due to poor weather conditions (cancellation of bookings) (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
(EXPLAIN
NEGATIVE
IMPACT
LINK WEATHER ASPECT AND IMPACT ON TOURISM)
1.4
1.4.1 Direction in which slopes face in relation to sun’s rays (1)
Accept:
Angle at which the sun's rays strike the slope (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.2 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.3 In the southern hemisphere (B) the north facing slopes receive direct rays of the sun (2)
In the northern hemisphere (A) the south facing slopes receive direct rays of the sun (2)
In the southern hemisphere (B) south facing slopes receive oblique rays of the sun (2)
In the northern hemisphere (A) north facing slopes receive oblique rays of the sun (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.4

1. Difference in temperature on the different slopes in the valley (2)
   The slope that faces the sun will have a higher temperature (2)
   The slope that faces away from the sun will have a lower temperature (2)
   (Accept responses to specific slopes)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
2. Evaporation rates differ on each slope (2)
   The slope that faces the sun will have a higher evaporation/will be drier (2)
   The slope that faces away from the sun will have a lower evaporation/will
   have a higher moisture content (2)
   (Accept responses to specific slopes)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.4.5

1. Different types of crops have to be grown on the north and south facing
   slopes (accept examples - deciduous fruit) (2)
   North facing slopes favour the growth of crops that require more
   sunlight/less moisture (accept examples - citrus fruit/thick skinned fruit) (2)
   South facing slope encourage the growth of products that require cooler
   conditions with more moisture (accept examples) (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
2. People prefer to settle on the warmer north facing slopes (2)
   Save on energy costs on north facing slopes (2)
   South facing slopes require more and expensive heating methods of
   settlements (2)
   Cooler south facing slopes are not favourable for human settlements (2)
   South facing slopes will be colder and not ideal for settlement (2)
   South facing slopes receive more precipitation and fog and not favourable
   for settlement (2)
   [ANY TWO-MUST REFER TO SPECIFIC SLOPE] (2 x 2) (4)
   (EXPLAIN)

1.5
1.5.1 The relationship between the length of streams and the area drained in a drainage basin (1)
Accept:
The total length of streams per unit area (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.5.2 A has a lower drainage density (1)
B has a higher drainage density (1) (2 x 1) (2)
1.5.3 Rocks that are more permeable allow for more infiltration/less runoff (2)
(1 x 2) (2)
1.5.4 2nd (order) (2) (1 x 2) (2)
1.5.5 At A the drainage density is low and the stream order is low (2)
At B the drainage density is high and the stream order is high (2) (2 x 2) (4)
(DESCRIBE)
1.5.6

1. Steeper gradients increase the velocity (speed) of the water resulting in higher runoff/discharge, more stream channels and a higher drainage density (2)
   (1 x 2) (2)
2. Increasing precipitation will increase the volume of water runoff/discharge resulting in more stream channels and a higher drainage density (2)
   (1 x 2) (2)
   (EXPLAIN HOW)

1.6
1.6.1 Y(1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.6.2 Wind gap (1), Elbow of capture (1)
Misfit stream (1), River gravel (1)
Captor/pirate stream (1)
Captured/beheaded stream (1)
Watershed between river X and Y had been eroded (1)
River Y cut off from its original water supply (1)
The water in the upper stream of river Y is diverted to river X (1)
River X cutting backwards (head ward erosion) through the watershed towards river Y (1)
Volume of water in one of the rivers (X/W) is greater / Line indicating the river is thicker (X/W) indicating greater volume (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)
(GIVE
EVIDENCE)
1.6.3 Rivers that flow over softer/less resistant rock cause an increase in headward erosion (2)
Rivers that flow over hard/more resistant rock limits headward erosion (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
1.6.4 The increasing volume of water increases the erosive power of the river (2)
The increasing velocity of water results in more erosive ability (2)
Re-energises the captor stream (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
1.6.5(DISCUSS HOW)
More water at W (weirs, canals, furrows, water points) available for farming (2)
Silt will be deposited on the floodplain around W resulting in more fertile soil increasing farming activities over a wide area/large-scale crop farming (2)
Increased farming at W will increase employment opportunities (2)
Increased production at W will result in greater profits/exports (2)
Improvement in infrastructure at W due to increased farming (2)
Encourages the establishment of industries linked to agricultural activities at W (2)
Increased production leads to food security (2)
More water available to generate hydro-electricity to supply power (2)
More water will create more grazing to improve livestock farming (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
[75]

QUESTION 2
2.2
2.2.1 B (1)
2.2.2 A (1)
2.2.3 B (1)
2.2.4 B (1)
2.2.5 A (1)
2.2.6 A (1)
2.2.7 B (1) (7 x 1) (7)
2.1
2.1.1 E (1)
2.1.2 F (1)
2.1.3 G (1)
2.1.4 A (1)
2.1.5 C (1)
2.1.6 I (1)
2.1.7 D (1)
2.1.8 B (1) (8 x 1) (8)
2.3
2.3.1 Thermal low (1) heat low (1)
High temperatures (1)
Overcast conditions (1)
South Indian- and South Atlantic high are in a southerly position (1)
Dominant low (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.2 4 hPa/mb (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.3 South Indian (1)
Mauritius Anticyclone (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.4 South east (1) South easterly (1) [ANY ONE]
5 knots (1) (2 x 1) (2)
2.3.5 The isobars are far apart/gentle pressure gradient indicating low wind speeds (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.6 EXPLAIN HOW
The South Indian high pressure is further south and away from the land in summer (2)
On-shore winds from the South Indian high have a larger fetch as they are located further south in summer (2)
More water is evaporated over the warm Indian ocean (2)
Moisture laden air from the South Indian high rises (advects) towards the low pressure in the interior (2)
Intense heating over the land in summer causes thermal/heat low pressures to develop (2)
Unstable air causes convectional rainfall/thunderstorms (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
2.4.1 Leeward (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2 Kalahari (1)
Continental (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.3

1. A low pressure (small/weak) cell that is found along the coast (1)
   [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2. The movement of air is channelled from the interior to the coast (2)
   A pressure gradient develops between the Kalahari high in the interior and the coastal low (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
3. Adiabatic heating (as air descends) (2)
   Air heats up as it descends (2)
   Air heats up according to the dry adiabatic lapse rate/increase of 1ºC/100m (2)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.4 (EXPLAIN NEGATIVE ECONOMIC IMPACT ON FARMING)
Damaged crops decrease the production (produce) available to sell on local/international markets (2)
Decrease in crops result in lower profits causing financial instability (2)
Livestock are killed resulting in lower production which leads to financial losses (2)
Grazing land is destroyed that causes livestock to die or to be sold at reduced prices (2)
Destruction of natural vegetation causes soil erosion that renders valuable farming land infertile (2)
Fires can destroy farm buildings/machinery which insurance companies will have to pay for (2)
Risk of fire leads to farmers paying higher premiums for personal insurance (2)
Farmers may be forced to abandon their farms/loss of livelihood and seek employment elsewhere (2)
Increase in unemployment due to decline in production on farms (2) Loss of lives of farm workers/labour force decreases productivity (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
2.4.5(SUGGEST STRATEGIES)
Awareness (education) amongst farmworkers (2)
Watch towers (2)
Farmers should equip themselves with fire-fighting equipment (2)
Sheds to keep livestock safe (2)
Building of storage dams/reservoirs (2)
Partnerships amongst farmers (2)
Creating fire breaks (2)
Community awareness (2)
Installing fire warning systems/alarms (2)
Sprinkler systems (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
2.5
2.5.1 An arrangement of streams in a drainage basin (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.2

1. dendritic (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. radial (centrifugal) (1) (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.3 Resembles branches of a tree (1)
Tributaries join at acute angles (1)
Forms on rocks that are uniformly resistant to erosion (1)
Forms on horizontally layered sedimentary rock (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)
2.5.4 Originates at the source such as domes which allows rivers to radiate outwards (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.5.5 The land is generally flat because of the underlying rock structure (layered) that makes it suitable for settlements (accept examples) (2)
The tributaries of the rivers are arranged in such a way that they make water accessible for settlements (2) (2 x 2) (4)
2.5.6(EXPLAIN HOW)
DRAINAGE PATTERN A
Massive igneous and horizontally layered sedimentary rocks that are uniformly resistant to erosion cause tributaries to join at acute angles (2)
Massive igneous and sedimentary layered rocks that are uniform in resistance to erosion will result in tributaries of similar length (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
DRAINAGE PATTERN B
Massive igneous rocks which is in a dome shape cause drainage pattern B (2)
Dome feature causes rivers to flow downwards from a central point (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
2.6
2.6.1 Lower (1)
Accept:
Old/Plain stage (1 x 1) (1)
2.6.2 Decreases the velocity of the water which causes the river to meander (2)
River will erode laterally/cut through less resistant rock (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
2.6.3 Erosion due to faster flowing water removes material that results in an undercut slope (2)
Sediments are deposited due to decreasing velocity which results in the formation of the slip-off slope (2) (2 x 2) (4)
2.6.4 (EXPLAIN HOW)
Faster flowing water causes erosion/undercutting on the outer bank (2)
River deposits material on the inner bank (2)
Meander neck narrows due to continuous erosion and deposition (2)
The neck is broken through due to heavy rainfall/flooding/increase volume of water (2)
Meander loop is now separated from the main channel (2)
The main river develops a straight stream (2)
Cut-off meander is now known as an oxbow lake (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
[75]

SECTION B: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS AND ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA
QUESTION 3
3.2
3.2.1 Heavy (1)
3.2.2 raw material (1)
3.2.3 footloose (1)
3.2.4 Light (1)
3.2.5 Market (1)
3.2.6 Bridge (1)
3.2.7 Ubiquitous (1)
3.2.8 Heavy (1) (8 x 1) (8)
3.1
3.1.1 C (1)
3.1.2 C (1)
3.1.3 D (1)
3.1.4 A (1)
3.1.5 D (1)
3.1.6 B (1)
3.1.7 C (1) (7 x 1) (7)
3.3
3.3.1 AIM
Correct the injustices of racially-based land distribution (1)
Bring about equitable distribution and access to land (1)
Give land back to previously disadvantaged citizens (1)
Assist in national reconciliation and stability (1)
To alleviate poverty and uplifting rural women (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.2 'by reducing unemployment' (1)
'giving previously disadvantaged farmers the opportunity to become commercial farmers' (1) (2 x 1) (2)
3.3.3 WHY
Willing seller and willing buyer clause delays the process (2)
Land reform policy is very costly to implement (2)
It takes time to resolve land claim disputes (2)
The land reform policies are being challenged due to disagreements (government/traditional leaders) which delays the process (2)
No proper documents of previous ownership delay the process (2)
There is lack of a reliable monitoring system and evaluation of the process (2)
Gaps in the current policies which compromise effective implementation of land reform (2)
Government lacks capacity/efficiency/ shortage of skills to run the programme (2)
Lack of business and financial support to run the programme (2)
Mismanagement/Corruption by some of the officials managing the process (2)
Land reform has not been a political priority (2)
Money wasted on failed projects (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.3.4 EXPLAIN
Landless people in rural area will now be able to own land (2)
More people in rural area would be able to practise farming (2)
People will be able to provide food for themselves/family (2)
Rural community earn an income for themselves and alleviate poverty (2)
Standard of living will improve as people are earning an income (2)
Living areas of long time tenants will be secured as no evictions will take place (2)
Land reform will create job opportunities in rural communities (2)
Improvement of infrastructure will improve accessibility in rural communities (2)
Promote a move from subsistence farming to commercial farming (2)
Upskilling and training of emerging commercial farmers (2)
Inject investment to the rural economy as they support local business (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
3.4
3.4.1 Increase in the percentage of people living in urban areas (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.2 35.2% (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.3 Services (accept examples) (1)
Facilities (accept examples) (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.4 (HOW)
Strain on services/facilities (2)
Quality of service/facilities will deteriorate (2)
Increased costs to maintain services/facilities (2)
Slows down service delivery (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.4.5 (EXPLAIN HOW)
More people would increase the demand for public/private transport (2)
Increased in motor vehicles would put a strain on the road infrastructure (2)
Da Damaged roads (e.g. potholes) would slow down traffic (2)
Inc Increase in the number of accidents slow down traffic (2)
Increase in the volume of traffic during peak hour (2)
Inc [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.4.6 (GIVE)
Increasing the number of lanes (2)
Creating specific lanes (e.g. buses, cyclist, rapid transport systems) (2)
Decentralisation of economic activities (2)
Create one-way/ring roads/bypasses (2)
Parking meters/E-tolls (2)
Opening more lanes for peak hours (2)
Park and ride facilities (2)
Synchronised traffic lights (2)
Traffic lights to work with solar panels (load shedding) (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.5
3.5.1 Witwatersrand (Basin) (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2 R2.6 billion (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.5.3 The price (value) of gold increased (2)
Earned more from foreign exchange (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
3.5.4 (EXPLAIN)
A decreased in profits results in the reduction of the number of employees (can give examples-fluctuations in the price of gold/closure of gold mines) (2)
The demand for gold decreased resulting in less sales and less employees required (2)
Strikes, labour issues and land claims may lead to mining being stopped leaving workers unemployed (2)
Employees were retrenched due to an increase in production costs (2)
Closure of mines due to mine accidents/disasters (accept examples) lead to loss of jobs (2)
Marginal mines that are not profitable shut down (2)
Mechanisation reduces the need for manual labour (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.5.5 (EXPLAIN HOW)
Industries were established to process gold ore (2)
Gold used as raw material in the jewellery industry (2)
Skills acquired in gold mining has helped workers obtain jobs in industry (2)
Industries (accept examples) were established to produce machinery and equipment used for gold mining (link industries) (2)
The demand for timber to support the underground tunnels led to the establishment of the timber industry (2)
Created linked industries that support industries producing machinery/equipment for mining (accept examples) (2)
It stimulated local production of goods decreasing imports (2)
[ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)
3.6
3.6.1 North West (1)
Gauteng (1)
Mpumalanga (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.2 Links with other counties (Namibia/Botswana/Mozambique) (1)
Coast to coast (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.3 (QUOTE)
'Rustenburg stands to benefit from the increase in traffic along this route' (1)
(1 x 1) (1)
3.6.4(GIVE POSITIVE IMPACT)
Stimulating economic development (2)
Developing nodes along the logistical corridor (2)
More job opportunities (2)
Alleviate poverty (2)
Standard of living will improve (2)
Infrastructure will be upgraded (2)
Increase in passing traffic will support businesses (2)
Increase in ecotourism (2)
More opportunities for small scale entrepreneurs (2)
Multiplier effect on the business/more linked industries (2)
Attract new investors (2)
Influx of skilled workers coming to town (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
3.6.5( SUGGEST CHALLENGES)
Difficult to attract investors (2)
Reduced traffic volume between growth points (2)
COVID-19 lockdown regulations (2)
Businesses not always willing to decentralise (2)
Lack of capacity building and training (2)
Lack of large anchor projects (2)
People not willing to relocate (2)
Power outages/load shedding (2)
Labour strikes and community protests (2)
Lack of skilled local people (2)
Employing people from outside the area (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
[75]

QUESTION 4
4.1
4.1.1 dispersed (1)
4.1.2 linear (1)
4.1.3 nucleated (1)
4.1.4 dispersed (1)
4.1.5 linear (1)
4.1.6 nucleated (1)
4.1.7 dispersed (1)
4.1.8 nucleated (1) (8 x 1) (8)
4.2
4.2.1 C (1)
4.2.2 C (1)
4.2.3 B (1)
4.2.4 D (1)
4.2.5 A (1)
4.2.6 B (1)
4.2.7 B (1) (7 x 1) (7)
4.3
4.3.1 Transport routes (roads) enter from different directions (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.3.2 Due to the uneven expansion of the CBD into the transition zone (2) (1 x 2) (2)
4.3.3(EXPLAIN)
Availability of large amounts of land for industries to be established (2)
Land is cheaper which makes it more affordable for industries (2)
Accessibility to bulk transport routes for transportation of raw material and finished products (2) Availability of (skilled and unskilled) labour for industries (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
4.3.4(EXPLAIN WHY)
High rentals have forced businesses to relocate to other commercial areas with lower rentals and more space (2)
Landlords/owners do not refurbish/maintain buildings that forces businesses to relocate to more modern parts of the city (2)
The CBD has become susceptible to crime which discourages customers (2)
The large number of informal traders is unattractive for businesses (2)
Traffic congestion forces consumers to shop elsewhere and decreases business (2)
There is a lack of parking space and a shortage of parking garages which discourages businesses to the CBD (2)
The CBD has decreased in accessibility because of urban expansion which impacts negatively on businesses (2)
Functional magnetism- businesses are forced to move from the CBD to be closer to businesses that have moved (2)
Functional prestige encourages businesses to move to other areas (2)
Functional convenience is no longer a pull factor (2) Associated with (noise, air and land) pollution which creates an unpleasant/unhealthy environment (2)
[ANY FOUR - ACCEPT IF CANDIDATES REFER TO THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF OTHER AREAS] (4 x 2) (8)
4.4
4.4.1 Limited evidence of planning (1)
Variety of building material used for construction (1)
Lack of basic services (1)
Lack of infrastructure (1)
Shacks (are clustered) (1)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.2 Unemployment (1)
Low paying jobs (1)
Poverty (1)
High cost of formal housing/rentals (1)
Limited budgets for low cost housing (1)
Develops close to place of employment (1)
Occupying vacant land at no cost (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)
4.4.3(HOW)
Steep slopes will enhance runoff and flood houses (2)
Mud slides/floods would destroy/wash homes away (2)
Water undercuts steep slope which will cause homes to collapse (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
4.4.4(WHY)
Use of open fires to keep warm/to cook (2)
Building material is highly flammable (2)
High density of buildings/structures (2)
Limited accessibility for emergency services (can give examples) (2)
Limited equipment to extinguish fires (2)
Illegal electricity connections (2)
Unattended paraffin/gas cookers/candles (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
4.4.5(EXPLAIN)
Provide electricity to limit open fires (2)
Building proper roads for fire services to access the area (2)
Demarcated areas for people to build to prevent rapid spreading of fires (2)
Supply proper building material to make the buildings less flammable (2) Awareness campaigns to educate people on the dangers of fires (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
4.5
4.5.1 '… lack money to buy food and are unable to produce their own food' (1)
'… inability to secure employment or to generate income' (1)
'… characterised by few income- earners and many dependents (1)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)
4.5.2 To prevent hunger and famine (2)
Maintain good health of people (2)
It will prevent social uprisings (2)
Reduces the crime rate (2)
To maintain a productive population (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
4.5.3 They would not have surplus money/budget to buy food (accept examples) (2)
(1 x 2) (2)
4.5.4 (EXPLAIN)
They produce their own food (practise subsistence farming) which ensures the availability of food (2)
They live communally and can share food (2)
[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
4.5.5(SUGGEST FOR SMALL HOUSEHOLDS)
More employment/skills training for vulnerable households (2)
Accelerate land reform process (2)
Encourage urban farming (2)
Zero rate VAT on basic foods (2)
Subsidies for food production (2)
Encouraging social and private partnerships (2)
Encourage small-scale farming (2)
Genetically modified staple foods (2)
Community soup kitchens/school feeding schemes (2)
Distribution of food parcels (2)
[ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)
4.6
4.6.1 Indian Ocean (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.2 Automobile/motor vehicles (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.3 (EXPLAIN)
The (Algoa) bay provided an ideal location for the construction of harbours for exporting and importing goods (2)
The area has flat land that is suitable for the construction of industries (2)
Located in the wetter eastern half of the country ensuring a supply of water for processing industries (2)
The climate is conducive to the production of raw materials for industries (2)
Availability of wind to generate energy (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
4.6.4 (WHY)
Investment would provide more employment (2)
Better salaries will increase buying power (2)
Multiplier effect/link industries develop the economy (2)
Broaden the skills base (2)
Infrastructural changes stimulate industrial growth (2)
Stimulates the growth of the tertiary economic sector e.g. tourism (2)
Reduces the migration of skilled labour out of the region (2)
It provides work opportunities to the local people therefore contribute to the GDP of the province/country (2)
Availability of raw materials for the textile industry (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
4.6.5 (HOW)
It has forced industries to embrace fourth industrial revolution technology to improve efficiency and quality of production (2)
Upskilling of workers to adapt to new automation/technology (2)
Specialist/highly skilled workers have had to be brought in from other countries to improve the quality of production/share expertise (2)
Infrastructure directly involved in the processing and exporting of goods had to be upgraded (2)
Industries to implement multiple shifts (night and day) to improve production to meet the demand (2)
Exporting of processed goods reduces imports (2)
[ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
[75]
TOTAL: 225