One of the principal factors explaining the new mood of assertiveness (self-confidence)  so evident among black youth in many parts of the country is the growth of the Black  Consciousness philosophy. This is one of the most important developments in South  Africa in recent years… At about the same time, black students, after much soul searching, broke away from the multi-racial but white-dominated National Union of South  African Students (NUSAS) to form the South African Students’ Organisation (SASO).  After that, numerous organisations espousing (standing for) Black Consciousness were  formed, including the South African Students’ Movement (SASM) among schoolchildren  and the Black People’s Convention (BPC), a political organisation, of which Steve Biko  was honorary president at the time of his death ... 
The extent of allegiance (loyalty) to SASM and the degree to which schoolchildren in  general, identify with Black Consciousness are not readily measurable. Again, it appears  as if the impact on both African and Coloured school goers, and particularly on their  leaders, has been very considerable. A small but telling example of how blacks’ self images have been changing and of their growing readiness to act was provided by pupils  at a Coloured high school in the Cape. In November 1976 more than 100 of the 180  pupils boycotted an examination on a book called Swart Pelgrim by FA Venter. In the  past they had not objected to this book, but now they said it was biased because it  showed blacks in an inferior light, and that it was frustrating and humiliating. The only  good thing about it was that it showed how whites had been exploiting blacks. The  students tore up and burnt copies of the book. 

[From: SOWETO Black Revolt, White Reaction by J Kane-Berman]

Where is the evidence of support among the younger generation for Black Consciousness? In one word: Soweto! The boldness, dedication, sense of purpose, and  clarity of analysis of the situation – all of these things are definitely a result of Black  Consciousness ideas among the young generation in Soweto and elsewhere. But this  cannot be measured. For the power of a movement lies in the fact that it can indeed  change the habits of people. This change is not the result of force but of dedication, of  moral persuasion. This is what has got through to the young people. They realise we are  not dealing with mere bread-and-butter issues. 

[From: Steve Biko Speaks for Himself in News and Letters, November 1977]

We are gathered here to pay homage to one of the greatest sons of our nation, Stephen  Bantu Biko. His hope in life, and his life of hope, are captured by his resounding words,  ‘In time, we shall be in a position to bestow on South Africa the greatest possible gift – a  more humane face.’ 
History called upon Steve Biko at a time when the political pulse of our people had been  rendered faint by banning, imprisonment, exile, murder and banishment. Repression had  swept the country clear of all visible organisations of the people. 
From the start, black consciousness articulated itself as an ‘attitude of mind, a way of life’ ... it has fired the determination of leaders and the masses alike. The driving thrust of  Black Consciousness was to forge pride and unity amongst all the oppressed, to foil the  strategy of divide-and-rule, to engender pride amongst the mass of our people and  confidence in their ability to throw off their oppression. One of the greatest legacies of the  struggle that Biko waged – and for which he died – was the explosion of pride among the  victims of apartheid. 
... It is then a happy coincidence of history that Steve Biko is honoured with a statue,  sculpted in bronze by Naomi Jacobson ... the financial cost of the statue was footed by  people in the creative field, including Denzel Washington, Kevin Kline (American film  icons) and Richard Attenborough, who will be remembered for the film on Biko, ‘Cry  Freedom’. Another contributor is Peter Gabriel, whose song ‘Biko’ helped keep the flame  of anti-apartheid solidarity alive. 
We are confident that by forging a new and prosperous nation, we are continuing the  fight in which Steve Biko paid the supreme sacrifice. We hope that by unveiling this  statue, renaming the bridge and declaring his Ginsberg house a national monument, we  are making our own humble contribution to immortalising his life. 

[From: www.anc.org.za/show.phd?id=3148. Accessed on 25 April 2016.]

In our country, this difficult task, to reconcile discordant elements and make them cling  together in our society, fall on the shoulders of the TRC. 
In doing so, they themselves had to go through the terrors, the pains, miseries, vexations  (worries) and lassitude (state of physical or mental weariness) which the victims and the  families of the victims of the crime of apartheid had gone through. They also had to put  themselves in the position of those perpetrators of these gross human rights violations,  who genuinely demonstrated remorse and regret and were willing to ask for forgiveness  and help our society move forward. 
These terrors, pains and miseries, which, to a forgiving mind seen as though they  happened a very long time back, took place over a decade ago. Fortunately, because our  people are endowed with the spirit of Ubuntu we continue to have the possibility to build  a united, non-racial and non-sexist society … 
As we are aware, over the past years, government has taken steps to implement the  recommendations of the TRC. These include reparations to victims, in the form of: 

• Grants and bursaries
• The creation of commemorative symbols and monuments such as the Freedom Park
• The dignified reburials of victims of apartheid
• Social pension and housing 

[From: www.dfa.gov.za/docs/speeches/2005/mbeki1216.htm. Accessed on 27 April 2016.]

[From: The Sowetan, 23 August 1996

Mrs Mlangeni – the mother of the Bheki Mlangeni 
– whose son was killed by a South African Security Branch bomb hidden in the  earphones of a walkman tape player. Despite her status as survivor, Mrs Mlangeni  described herself as dead when she said: ‘You killed one member of the family and the  whole family is dead … as we are dead now.’ 
Mr Sithole – the father of an ANC guerrilla killed in action 
– similarly made no mention of forgiveness. He acknowledged that his son was a former  combatant – a fighter – and did not express any surprise or anger at the fact that he was  killed: ‘I understand why he was killed. He fought to achieve what we have today,  democracy, change.’ But Mr Sithole went on to say: ‘What I want is that the world should  know that the people he fought for are now in positions of real power and I am nothing.  What will they do for me now?’ 

[From: http://www.csvr.org.za/wits/articles/artcyal.htm. Accessed on 27 April 2016.]

Globalisation can benefit all countries, rich or poor, if that country is willing to be open to  international trade. Not only do they have to be open to the world market, but they would  have to do it in such a strategic way based on how their country is run in order to gain  from trade. Practising globalisation the exact same way, by a set of regulations may lead  to a country’s economic downfall. By choosing the best way to engage in international  trade, a country can successfully grow economically as well as socially. By using a  country’s comparative advantage, or what they can produce at a lower opportunity cost  than other countries, they can get all the benefits of trade. If every country has a  comparative advantage that means that everyone can gain from trade. There is  remarkable evidence that globalisation is helping countries expand and achieve higher  incomes or a higher GDP. Research was conducted on national incomes around the  world during the 1990s and results showed that the income of rich globalised countries  increased by 2% each year. The results also show that poor, more globalised countries  have a higher increase in income per year than poor, less globalised countries. Actually  according to this research the poor, more globalised countries had an increase in income  of 5% each year while the poor, less globalised countries had a decrease of 1% per year.  On the other hand, it is suggested that there is a big gap between the rich and the poor.  In 1960 the average income of the richest 20 countries was 15 times higher than the  poorest 20 countries. Today the income of the richest 20 countries is 30 times higher. 

[From: http://www.edu-mthong/benefits of globalisation.htm#. Accessed on 27 April 2016.]

From: http://1123.photobucket.com/albums/o319/vegan0wer/S2010133.ipg&ipg&imgrefurl=http:news.inf  oshop.org/article.php.
Accessed on 27 April 2016.]

The IMF, World Bank, and WTO work together in an iron triangle to carry out the  corporate plan of privatisation, deregulation (removal of control), and ‘free’ trade.  Although the World Bank and IMF were originally founded to be part of the United  Nations, they have always been controlled by bankers and economists from the United  States and Europe. 
While outwardly promoting economic growth, financial stability and development, the  World Bank and IMF have forced more than 60 countries to open up their forests,  minerals, fisheries, agricultural land, workforce and financial markets to foreign investors.  They ignored domestic needs such as local communities and domestic business,  protection for workers, women, marginalised peoples, and the limits on nature’s capacity  to be exploited and polluted. 
Countries are being forced to recognise their economies to produce export in order to  generate the hard currency required to pay off loans from irresponsible lenders such as  the World Bank and the IMF. Instead of growing food for local consumption, for example,  countries now export luxury crops such as snow peas during times of famine and food  shortages. Protection for indigenous people, workers and environment is sacrificed to  attract foreign investment. 

[From: History for all, Grade 12, by E Brink, M Malinga et al] 

[From: www.poverties.org/poverty-in India.html. Accessed on 27 April 2016]