AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 2
GRADE 12
NOVEMBER 2020
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 D✓✓
1.1.2 B ✓✓
1.1.3 A ✓✓
1.1.4 C ✓✓
1.1.5 B✓✓
1.1.6 A✓✓
1.1.7 C ✓✓
1.1.8 A ✓✓
1.1.9 B ✓✓
1.1.10 B✓✓ (10 x 2)
(20)

1.2
1.2.1 C ✓✓
1.2.2 A ✓✓
1.2.3 B ✓✓
1.2.4 D✓✓
1.2.5 G ✓✓(5 x 2)
(10)

1.3
1.3.1 Market equilibrium✓✓
1.3.2 Casual/temporary ✓✓
1.3.3 Genetic modification/Genetic engineering/manipulation ✓✓
1.3.4 Species crossing ✓✓
1.3.5 Heritability ✓✓ (5 x 2)
(10)

1.4
1.4.1 Green/eco/sustainable agricultural marketing✓
1.4.2 Contract ✓
1.4.3 Family ✓
1.4.4 Estimated breeding value/EBV ✓
1.4.5 Prepotency ✓ (5 x 1)
(5)

TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
2.1 Functions of marketing
2.1.1 Identification of the marketing function
B - Transportation ✓(1)
C - Packaging ✓ (1)
2.1.2 TWO guidelines of packaging

• Provide information about the product/identification ✓
• Convenient for handling/containment✓
• Biodegradable/recyclable ✓
• Free from chemicals/foreign objects ✓
• Protection against mechanical damage ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.1.3 TWO advantages of processing

• Increases the value of the product ✓
• Overcome over-supply of the product ✓
• Allows easier packaging and handling of product/easy to transport/convenience✓
• Provide job opportunities ✓
• Ensures the availability of product throughout the year ✓
• Reduces spoilage/perishability/longer shelf life✓
• Ensures food security✓
• Improved food safety ✓
• Makes the products more appealing to the consumer✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.2
2.2.1

Criteria/rubric/marking guideline

• Correct heading ✓
• X-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Quantity demanded)✓
• Y-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price per bag)✓
• Line graph ✓
• Correct units (R and kg) ✓
• Accuracy ✓ (6)

2.2.2 Identification of the product reflecting law of demand
Product 1✓ (1)
2.2.3 Justification
The lower the price, the higher the demand ✓
OR
The higher the price, the lower the demand ✓ (Any 1) (1)
2.2.4 Indication of the form of elasticity
PRODUCT 1 - Price elasticity of demand ✓(1)
PRODUCT 2 - Price inelasticity of demand ✓(1)
2.2.5 Reason
PRODUCT 1 - Demand changed drastically with change in price ✓(1)
PRODUCT 2 - Demand remained high/constant despite the change in price ✓ (1)
2.3 Free market system
2.3.1 Advantage of a free marketing system to the consumer

• Consumer can benefit from better quality products/ fresh produce✓
• Consumer can bargain through negotiating price ✓
• Consumer can buy wherever they want✓
• Produce are cheaper as there is no intermediaries ✓(Any 1) (1)

2.3.2 TWO disadvantages of free marketing system for the producer

• Greater price fluctuation✓
• High market costs as marketing takes place on a small scale✓
• Time is spent on marketing/producer responsible for marketing ✓
• Limited bargaining power/the producer acts as an individual ✓
• Smaller profit if the agent is not fully active✓
• Greater financial loss if wrong decisions are made ✓
• Highly competitive✓
• Risk/theft✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.3.3 TWO free marketing channels

• Farm gate marketing✓
• Fresh produce markets✓
• Stock sales/auction✓
• Direct/contract marketing✓
• Internet marketing✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.4 Marketing chain
2.4.1 Identification of the marketing chain
Supply/Agri-business chain ✓ (1)
2.4.2 Factor that may hamper the marketing at stage 

• Spoilage/perishability/lack of storage facilities✓
• Accidents/theft ✓ (Any 1) (1)

2.4.3 TWO ways to improve agri-business chain

• Improving road infrastructure ✓
• Improving access to market information✓
• Providing storage facilities to prevent oversupply✓
• Processing products close to where they are produced to reduce transportation costs ✓
• Use of refrigerated transport to prevent spoilage/perishability ✓
• Provision of access to finance ✓
• Grading/standardisation✓
• Collective marketing✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.5 Entrepreneurship
2.5.1 Personal characteristics of an entrepreneur

1. Innovation ✓(1)
2. Interpersonal skill ✓(1)
3. Perseverance ✓(1)
4. Risk taking ✓(1)

2.5.2 TWO phases of entrepreneurial process

• Identification of the business opportunities✓
• Evaluating the opportunity✓
• Developing a business plan/planning✓
• Resource mobilization✓
• Starting and managing the business✓(Any 2) (2)

2.5.3 TWO problems of drawing up a business plan

• Incomplete/incorrect financials details✓
• Vague business plan ✓
• Unrealistic assumptions/over ambitiousness ✓
• Ignore risks/hiding weaknesses ✓
• Not highlighting potential competitors/competition✓
• Who and where are the suppliers✓
• Leaving gaps/leaving out technical details✓
• Using the incorrect format ✓
• Insufficient research✓ (Any 2) (2)

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QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1 Capital
3.1.1 Identification of the type of credit
Long-term credit✓(1)
3.1.2 Explanation of long-term credit

• Used to buy fixed capital assets✓
• Repayable over a period of 10 - 30 years✓
• At a lower interest rate✓
• Offered by the financial institutions/Land Bank✓(Any 2) (2)

3.1.3 Problems related to capital

• Capital is scarce✓
• Total amount due is high/capital is expensive✓
• High risk factor✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.1.4 TWO other ways of creating capital

• Savings ✓
• Production/sales ✓
• Grants ✓
• Inheritance ✓
• Gifts/donation/lottery ✓
• Potential investors/business partners ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.2 Management
3.2.1 Definition of management
The effective combination/coordination of resources ✓ to achieve a specific goal/maximise profit ✓ (2)
3.2.2 THREE main components of management

• Set goals✓
• Planning ✓
• Organising/coordination/implementation ✓
• Directing/leading✓
• Control/monitoring/supervision ✓
• Decision making✓
• Communication✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.3 External forces that effect a business
3.3.1 Economic forces ✓ (1)
3.3.2 Legal forces ✓ (1)
3.3.3 Socio-cultural forces ✓ (1)
3.3.4 Environmental forces ✓ (1)
3.3.5 Technological forces ✓ (1)
3.4 Labour legislation
3.4.1 THREE aspects in the contract of a farm worker

• Details of the employee✓
• Leave ✓
• Working hours ✓
• Working on Sundays/public holidays ✓
• Daily and weekly rest periods/meal intervals ✓
• Deductions ✓
• Wages/pay slip/method of payment/allowance ✓
• Overtime ✓
• Termination of employment✓
• Job description✓(Any 3) (3)

3.4.2 Indication of the legislations

1. Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993) ✓(1)
2. Labour Relations Act (Act 66 of 1995) ✓(1)

3.5 Land
3.5.1 Indication of an economic characteristic of land represented
Land cannot be destroyed/indestructibility ✓ (1)
3.5.2 Other THREE economic characteristic of land

• Land is subject to the law of diminishing returns ✓
• Land is durable ✓
• Land can be bought/sold/has value✓
• Good agricultural land is limited ✓
• Land is found in a specific environment ✓
• Available agricultural land is limited/availability✓
• Differences with regard to production potential/restrictedness✓
• The value of land appreciates over time✓
• It is a passive factor of production ✓
• It is a primary factor of production✓ (Any 3)(3)

3.5.3 TWO methods to improve land productivity

• Water supply/provision ✓
• Farming land more efficiently/ consolidation of uneconomic farm units✓
• Improving soil fertility/restoring land potential ✓
• Changing cropping practices and farming systems
• Use of scientific farming methods✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.6 Budget
3.6.1 Identification of

1. Fixed costs - Insurance ✓(1)
2. Variable costs - Feed/sawdust/electricity/water/vaccines/ broilers/wages ✓(Any 1) (1)

3.6.2 Calculation of a profit/loss
Profit/loss = Total Income – Total Expenditure✓
= R83 450 – R56 400✓
= R27 050✓
OR
= R83 450✓ – R56 400✓
= R27 050 ✓ (3)
3.6.3 TWO types of budget

• Whole farm budget ✓
• Enterprise budget ✓
• Partial budget✓ (Any 2) (2)

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QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
4.1 Monohybrid crossing
4.1.1 Determination of the female genotype
bb ✓ (1)
4.1.2 Punnet square

MARKING CRITERIA

• Correct male gametes ✓
• Correct offspring ✓
• Punnet square with gametes and offspring✓
• All the offspring are black ✓(4)

4.1.3 Identification of the type of dominance
Complete dominance ✓ (1)
4.1.4 Reason
Black colour is dominant over white colour/white colour is recessive to black colour/one allele masks/over shadows the other ✓ (1)
4.2 Dihybrid crossing
4.2.1 Identification of the type of crossing
Dihybrid crossing ✓ (1)
4.2.2 REASON
This crossing involves two different characteristics/ colour and shape ✓ (1)
4.2.3 ONE of the offspring which is different from that of parents

• BBRr ✓
• BBRR✓
• BbRR ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.3 Pedigree diagram
4.3.1 Indication of homozygous or heterozygous
Homozygous ✓ (1)
4.3.2 Reason to motivate for homozygous
Similar alleles ✓ (1)
4.3.3 Determination of

1. F2 phenotype: 1 red : 2 pink : 1 white ✓(1)
2. Percentage of red offspring - 25%✓ (1)

4.4 Variation
4.4.1 Indication of the genetic phenomenon
Variation ✓ (1)
4.4.2 Definition of the genetic phenomenon

• The difference that occurs amongst individuals ✓ of the same species ✓
• Difference in the genotype and phenotype✓ of the same species ✓ (Any 1) (2)

4.4.3 THREE environmental factors

• Soil factors✓
• Temperature ✓
• Light intensity ✓
• Diseases and pests ✓
• Moisture/water content ✓
• Topography ✓
• Nutrition✓ (Any 3) (3)

4.4.4 Scientific term for the improvement
Heterosis/hybrid vigour ✓(1)
4.4.5 The type of breeding system
Cross breeding✓ (1)
4.5 Polygenic inheritance
4.5.1 Definition of polygenic inheritance
Characteristic that is determined ✓by many different genes  (2)
4.5.2 Determination of the height of an AABB
30 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm + 10 cm ✓
= 70 cm (2)
4.5.3 THREE different genotypes of a 50 cm tomato plant

• AAbb ✓
• aaBB ✓
• AaBb ✓ (3)

4.6 Genetic modification
4.6.1 TWO techniques that can be used to modify plants

• Agro-bacterium tumefaciens/bacterial carriers✓
• Viral carriers ✓
• Biolistic ✓
• Calcium phosphate precipitation ✓
• Electroporation✓
• Gene slicing ✓
• Gene silencing ✓
• Lipofection✓
• Micro-injection✓
• Chemicalporation ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6.2 TWO advantages of GM crops

• Improving the shelf life of produce ✓
• Improving the nutritional value of food✓
• More resistance to insects/pests/diseases ✓
• Resistance to weed killers✓
• More resistance to adverse environmental influences/factors ✓
• Increased yield ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6.3 TWO disadvantages of GM crops

• Health risks ✓
• Environmental risks ✓
• Personal/ethical/socio-cultural concerns ✓
• Reduced biodiversity ✓
• Socio-economic risks/expensive to emerging farmers ✓ Any 2) (2)

[35]
TOTAL SECTION B:105
GRAND TOTAL:150