GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 
GRADE 12
MEMORANDUM 
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
SEPTEMBER 2016

SECTION A:
CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 B (millibars) ✓
1.1.2 B(18) ✓
1.1.3 A (trade winds) ✓
1.1.4 B 
1.1.5 A (cumulonimbus clouds) ✓
1.1.6 C (15° – 20° north and south of the equator) ✓
1.1.7 C (5 °C) ✓
1.1.8 D (pressure increases) ✓ (8 x 1)
(8)
1.2
1.2.1 C-D ✓
1.2.2 Sea ✓
1.2.3 H ✓
1.2.4 G ✓
1.2.5 F ✓
1.2.6 A-B✓ 
1.2.7 Deltas ✓ (7 x 1)
(7)
1.3
1.3.1 Very hot conditions persisting for three continuous days. ✓
The average temperature of the hottest month, adding 5 °C which persist for three days. ✓ (Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2 Kalahari/Continental HP ✓(1 x 1) (1)
1.3.3 Clear skies over the interior ✓✓ (1 x 2) (2)
1.3.4 Lack of moisture makes it easier for vegetation to catch on fire. ✓✓
Vegetation dry due to high transpiration rates. ✓✓
High temperatures increases the chances of the bush to burn ✓✓
(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)
1.3.5

• Visibility will be reduced ✓
• May cause accidents in urban areas ✓✓
• Outdoor activities may be postponed or cancelled ✓✓
• There will be a reduction in economic production ✓✓
• Property damage ✓✓
• Life losses ✓✓
• Financial losses due to property and infrastructure damage ✓✓
• Farmland destroyed in the interior ✓✓
• Pasturage areas also destroyed ✓✓
• Food security may be compromised ✓✓
  (Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)

1.4
1.4.1 Radiation fog ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.2 Early morning ✓
Accept early morning time given, e.g. 5:00 – 7:00. ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.3 The fog lifts because of the heat from the convection streams which is provided by the sun. ✓✓ (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.4

• Clear skies ✓✓
• No wind/Very light breeze ✓✓
• High relative humidity ✓✓
• Stable atmospheric conditions ✓✓
• (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.5

• Causes cold dense air to sink down the slopes. ✓✓
• Bottom section of valley cools down to below dew point temperature. ✓✓
• Condensation occurs in entire bottom section of the valley. ✓✓ (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.6 Fog can be captured in small reservoirs for domestic use. ✓✓
Fog will keep the soil and crops moist, therefore reducing water usage. ✓✓
(Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)
1.5
1.5.1

• Watershed ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
• Interfluve ✓ (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.2 Both have a dendritic drainage pattern ✓✓ (1 x 2) (2)
1.5.3 Drainage basin T has more streams. ✓✓
Drainage basin T has a higher stream order ✓✓ (Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)
1.5.4 The higher the drainage density the higher the stream order. ✓✓ (1 x 2) (2)
1.5.5

• The slopes at drainage basin T is steeper ✓✓ which increases run-off and more streams are created. ✓✓
• Consistent rainfall in drainage basin T ✓✓ therefore increasing run-off and the creation of more streams. ✓✓
• Underlying rock structure at drainage basin T is less resistant. ✓✓ and it is easier for streams to be carved into the rock surface ✓✓
• Drainage basin T has a lower porosity and permeability ✓✓ thus water will flow across the surface and carve more streams. ✓✓
• The vegetation cover at drainage basin T is less ✓✓ therefore run-off is not slowed down and more streams will carve. ✓

OR

• Drainage basin S flow over gentle slope ✓✓ resulting in infiltration and fewer streams will be carved. ✓✓
• In drainage basin S the rainfall is seasonal ✓✓ thus less run-off to carve streams. ✓✓
• Underlying rock structure is more resistant in drainage basin S ✓✓ and run-off cannot carve many streams into hard rock layers. ✓✓
• More infiltration due to higher porosity and permeability ✓✓ thus water infiltrates without forming streams. ✓✓
• Vegetation cover is dense in drainage basin S ✓✓ which facilitates infiltration and fewer streams will flow. ✓✓
  (Any TWO factors with an explanation) (4 x 2) (8)

1.6
1.6.1 Renewed ability of the river to erode downwards. ✓ (CONCEPT) (1 x 1) (1)
1.6.2

• Valley within a valley ✓
  River terraces ✓
  (Any ONE)
• (Knick point) waterfall ✓ (2 x 1) (2)

1.6.3 It will retreat upstream. ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
1.6.4 Headward erosion will occur. ✓✓
Undercutting at the base of the waterfall will occur. ✓✓ (2 x 2) (4)

1.6.5

• Floodplain will narrow hence less land for farming. ✓✓
• Difficult to access water on the higher ground. ✓✓
• Building of roads will be difficult to transport farm products ✓✓
  (Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)

1.6.6

• Hydroelectricity may be generated there ✓✓
• Important tourist attraction ✓✓
• Adventure tourism will be favoured ✓✓
• Development of holiday resorts ✓✓
• (Any TWO) (2 x 2)
  (4)

[75]

QUESTION 2
2.1
2.1.1 polar ✓
2.1.2 warm ✓
2.1.3 West to east ✓
2.1.4 D ✓
2.1.5 backing ✓
2.1.6 nimbostratus ✓
2.1.7 Cold ✓ (7 x 1)
(7)
2.2
2.2.1 D ✓
2.2.2 B ✓
2.2.3 C ✓
2.2.4 E ✓
2.2.5 C ✓
2.2.6 A ✓
2.2.7 B ✓
2.2.8 E ✓ (8 x 1)
(8)
2.3
2.3.1 Summer ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.2

• Inversion layer higher than the level of the plateau ✓
• Air from the coastal regions is able to reach the interior ✓
• Clouds visible over interior ✓
  (Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.3 Kalahari / Continental high ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.4 Air mass X is dry and cold ✓✓
Air mass Y is warm and moist ✓✓ (2 x 2) (4)
2.3.5

• A moisture front will develop because the two air masses from the coast will converge at Q (interior). ✓✓
• The denser, colder air forces the lighter, warmer air to rise. ✓✓
• The rising air then cools, condenses and forms a line of thunderstorms. ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.6

• Flooding of fields destroys crops ✓✓
• Hail destroys crops ✓✓
• Lightning sets cultivated lands on fire ✓✓
• Line thunderstorms can result in large scale erosion ✓✓
• Damage to livestock ✓✓
• Less food produced ✓✓
• Farmer loses income ✓✓
• Labourers lose jobs ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

2.4
2.4.1 Mass of polluted air in and around the city which is prevented from rising due to inversion conditions. ✓ (CONCEPT) (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2

Vegetation

• Destruction of vegetation ✓✓
• Trees are weakened because their leaves are being damaged ✓✓ Acid rain limits the nutrients available for trees ✓✓
• Trees are being exposed to toxic substances which is slowly released from the soil ✓✓
  (Any ONE)

Building structures

• Acid rain corrodes the metal and weakens the building structure ✓✓
• It ruins buildings by causing the stone to dissolve, therefore the building will deteriorate ✓✓
• It will wash the protective paint cover away ✓✓
  (Any ONE) (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.3

• Manufacturers can build cars that are powered by alternative fuels e.g. bio-fuels. ✓✓
• They can manufacture more diesel powered motors as diesel emits less CO₂ ✓✓
• Manufacture more hybrid vehicles ✓✓
• The use of catalytic converters ✓✓
  (Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.4

• At 06h00 there will be high levels of pollution concentration experienced on the surface ✓✓ due to the descending air from the high pressure system ✓✓ and the greater subsidence as air is cold, heavy and dense early in the morning ✓✓
• As the sun rises the pollution concentration will become less concentrated ✓✓ due to the convection streams lifting the air from the surface ✓✓
• At dusk approximately 18h00 the pollutants will become more concentrated near the surface again ✓✓ because of the earth surface cooling off and descending air starting to dominate once more ✓✓
  [THE TIME OF DAY WITH REASON SHOULD BE MARKED.]
  (Any TWO times of the day with a reason.) (4 x 2) (8)

2.5
2.5.1

• Superimposed ✓
• Antecedent ✓ (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.2 Gorge ✓
Gap/Poort ✓
(Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)
2.5.3

• Tourist attraction ✓✓
• Research purposes ✓✓
• Way through the mountain ✓✓
• Gap town may develop and the area is a point of nodality ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.4 The river existed before the folding process. ✓✓ (1 x 2) (2)
2.5.5

• Rate of downward erosion is the same as the rate at which the landscape changes ✓✓
• Drainage area is located in a high rainfall area ✓✓
• Rocks less resistant over which the river flows, thus easier to erode ✓✓ (2 x 2) (4)

2.6
2.6.1 There is less than a 1 000 cubic meters of water per person per year. ✓(1 x 1) (1)
2.6.2 Population grows ✓
Growth of the economy (mining, industry and commercial agriculture) ✓ (2 x 1) (2)
2.6.3 Undeveloped mountain catchment ✓
Natural filtering effects of the wetlands of the Lesotho Highlands. ✓ (2 x 1) (2)
2.6.4

• Eutrophication resulting from use of pesticides in crop farming ✓✓
• Poor farming techniques causing soil erosion, resulting in increased sediment load in dams and rivers ✓✓
• Reducing storage capacity of dams ✓✓
• Increased irrigation reduces amounts of storage water ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

2.6.5

• Building of smaller dams in remote areas ✓✓
• Control and repairing of leakages in pipes of households ✓
• Implementing of fines if agreed water capacity is reached ✓✓
• Strategies to regulate the water table levels through regular inspection ✓✓
• Implement re-use strategies in water scarce areas ✓✓
• Regular treatment of water to ensure high quality of water ✓✓
• Dilution of polluted water ✓✓
• Protecting of wetlands, which naturally purifies water ✓✓
• Encourage and promote better farming techniques and management to reduce soil erosion and eutrophication ✓✓
• Awareness programmes ✓✓
  (Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)

[75]

QUESTION 3
3.1
3.1.1 C ✓
3.1.2 A ✓
3.1.3 F ✓
3.1.4 D ✓
3.1.5 B ✓
3.1.6 F ✓
3.1.7 F ✓ (7 x 1)
(7)
3.2
3.2.1 C ✓
3.2.2 D ✓
3.2.3 A ✓
3.2.4 B ✓
3.2.5 D ✓
3.2.6 C ✓
3.2.7 A ✓
3.2.8 B ✓ (8 x 1)
(8)
3.3
3.3.1 They do not own the land ✓
The want land security first ✓
(Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.2

• Poor housing quality ✓
• Low income ✓
• Food insecurity ✓
• Low standard of living ✓
• Lack of employment security ✓
• Overcrowded houses ✓
• Lack of skills ✓
• Lack of proper education ✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 1) (2)

3.3.3

1. Land redistribution ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
2. • Land creates job opportunities ✓✓
   • Land ensures food security through production process ✓✓
   • Growing of crops have monetary advantages for families and the community ✓✓
   • Small scale farming will increase the status of the farmer and his family ✓✓
   • Cultivation of the land will increase skills and farming knowledge ✓✓
     (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4) 
3. • They should ensure that the environmental capacity of the soil is sufficient to sustain communities. ✓✓
   • State support to kick start development on the land given to communities. ✓✓
   • Agricultural training and support to make farming land productive. ✓✓
   • The establishment of forums so that communities can discuss how the land must be distributed and used. ✓✓
   • Government funding for agriculture especially small scale farming. ✓✓
   • Better monitoring and evaluation of land reform policies ✓✓
   • Remove gaps in current policies, which compromise effective implementation of land reform programmes ✓✓
   • Consensus amongst political parties on land reform debate ✓✓
   • Incentives for previous commercial farmers to support and mentor the new farmers ✓✓
     (Any FOUR ) (4 x 2) (8)

3.4
3.4.1 Grid-iron/block street pattern ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.2

• Easy to find places ✓
• Easy to establish on flat land ✓
• Easy to sub-divide plots ✓
• Easy to layout/plan ✓
  (Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)

3.4.3 Many intersections which halt the flow of traffic (gridlocked). ✓✓ (1 x 2) (2)
3.4.4

• Synchronised robots will ensure quick movement on a regular basis ✓✓
• One way streets will make all vehicles move in the same direction, without unnecessary delays in stops ✓
• Building of more fly overs streets will decrease volumes on the main roads ✓✓
• Better public transport system with special bus lanes to encourage people to use public transport more ✓✓
• Encourage people to make use of lift clubs to decrease the amount of vehicles on the roads ✓✓
• Park and ride facilities ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.4.5 Roads are damaged e.g. potholes ✓✓
Structural damage to bridges ✓✓
(Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)
3.4.6

• Air pollution increased due to more industrial activities and increased vehicles. ✓
• Reduced visibility due to more pollution. ✓✓
• Increase in heat of city/urban heat island develops ✓✓
• Fertile soil had to make way for more building structures ✓✓
• Biodiversity and ecosystems are destroyed due to more structures being constructed ✓✓
• Increased CO2 levels may give rise to acid rain ✓✓
• Building structures absorb more heat, therefore temperatures will increase creating a heat island. ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.5
3.5.1 56,61% ✓✓ (1 x 2) (2)
3.5.2 Gold alone constitutes 39,8% of the total exports of the country ✓✓
Gold exports causes a favourable balance of trade/increases the GDP ✓✓
(Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)
3.5.3 South Africa imports more manufactured products than it exports. ✓✓ (1 x 2) (2)
3.5.4

• Dependence on raw materials and gold which are non-renewable resources ✓✓
• Little manufacturing ✓✓
• High cost of importing manufactured goods ✓✓
• Limited skills in manufacturing. ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.5

• Better skills will increase output in manufacturing ✓✓
• Higher beneficiation will increase the value of the export products✓✓
• Will decrease imports ✓✓
• The economy will be less dependent on gold for exports ✓✓ (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.6
3.6.1 Refers to the access that individuals, households, communities and a nation have to nutritious food at any given time ✓
(CONCEPT) (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.2

• Rainfall ✓
• Soil fertility ✓
• Temperatures ✓
• Natural hazards ✓
  (Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.3

• Low rainfall leads to drought/lack of water for irrigation ✓✓
• Infertile soil prevents the cultivation of crops and leads to lower yields ✓✓
• Too high or low temperatures can cause crop failure/poor cattle quality ✓✓
• Natural hazards destroys crops/livestock resulting in lack of food. ✓✓
  (Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)

3.6.4

• Create employment ✓✓
• Encourage commercial farming e. g. irrigation schemes, GM crops etc. ✓✓
• Agro processing of raw agricultural products ✓✓
• Integrated Food Security Strategy (IFSS) to increase food production and trading ✓✓
• Insurance to provide money for imports ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.6.5

• More money spent on imports to feed the people ✓✓
• More money spent on social grants to assist the needy, e.g. food parcels ✓✓
• Food insecurity will lead to an unproductive working force which can decrease production in all sectors of the economy ✓
• GDP will decrease as there is more spending on safety nets ✓
• Products produced will be used to feed the hungry, thus less raw materials for industries ✓
• Negative impact on industrial output and exports ✓✓
  [NOTE: Candidates can take ONE point and expand on it.]
  Example
• More investment in safety nets ✓✓ leads to less money available for education, ✓✓which decreases knowledge and skills, ✓✓ which leads to decrease in manufacturing, ✓✓ that leads to less exports and earning less foreign exchange, ✓✓ making the GDP
  decrease. ✓✓
  (Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)

[75]

QUESTION 4
4.1
4.1.1 G ✓
4.1.2 E ✓
4.1.3 H ✓
4.1.4 C ✓
4.1.5 A ✓
4.1.6 D ✓
4.1.7 B ✓
4.1.8 I ✓ (8 x 1)
(8)
4.2
4.2.1 E ✓
4.2.2 F ✓
4.2.3 A ✓
4.2.4 H ✓
4.2.5 B ✓
4.2.6 D ✓
4.2.7 C ✓ (7 x 1)
(7)
4.3
4.3.1 Nucleated/clustered ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
4.3.2 Houses are close to one another. ✓ (1 x 2) (2)
4.3.3

• Availability of water for farming ✓✓
• Availability of fertile soil to grow crops ✓✓
• Flat land which is conducive for farming ✓✓
• Availability of trees for fuel/building material ✓✓
• Site selected away from river as flooding might be a danger ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.3.4
Advantages

• Farmer can use his own initiative ✓✓
• Farmer can use machinery extensively ✓✓
• Farmer do not have to share profits ✓✓
• Mechanisation can be introduced ✓✓
  (Any ONE)

Disadvantages

• Unsafe because of farm attacks ✓✓
• Farmer is away from social contact and entertainment ✓✓
• Transport to buy stock and other essentials may be costly✓✓
• No support e.g. sharing of equipment ✓✓
  (Any ONE) (2 x 2) (4)

4.3.5

• Machinery will cultivate larger areas increasing productivity ✓✓
• Areas of low water supply can be irrigated ✓✓
• Use of pesticides will protect crops ✓✓
• Contour ploughing will decrease soil erosion ✓✓
• Crop rotation will retain soil nutrients for longer ✓✓
• Specialisation will increase productivity of the crops ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.4
4.4.1 Urban decay/dilapidated buildings ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.2 Transition zone/Zone of decay ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.3

• Unemployment ✓
• Poverty ✓
• Lack of rental payment ✓
• Overcrowding ✓
• Crime ✓
• Vandalism/graffiti ✓
• Gangsterism ✓
  (Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)

4.4.4

• Less land becomes available in the CBD ✓✓
• CBD will soon expand into the zone of decay ✓✓
• Demand/competition for land increases the land value ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.4.5

• Intensive policing to reduce criminal activity. ✓✓
• Improve the quality of services ✓✓
• Strict enforcement of by-laws e. g. overcrowding ✓✓
• Management of taxis and informal trading ✓✓
• Upgrading and maintenance of infrastructure to create an aesthetically pleasant environment for businesses and residents ✓✓
• Discourage the abandonment of buildings and overcrowding which decrease the value of buildings ✓✓
• Encourage gentrification, where young adults renew flats and move back to the city centre ✓✓
• Rebuild the buildings according to needs of possible investors ✓✓
• Maintain facades and change building structure behind it ✓✓
• Decrease density by demolishing some of the building structures. ✓✓
• Create open spaces/parks to increase aesthetic appeal ✓✓
• Variety of entertainment activities to attract tourists ✓✓
  (Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)

4.5
4.5.1 ‘… the country may end up importing the grain if it gets more export orders …’ ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2 Consumption and exports are almost equal to production ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.3 Japan/Taiwan/South Korea ✓ (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.4

• Unreliable and erratic rainfall patterns ✓✓
• Thundershowers/hail could destroy crops ✓✓
• Natural hazards such as droughts/El Nino ✓✓
• Water shortages ✓✓
• Declining soil fertility ✓✓
• Pests and diseases ✓✓
• Population growth ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.5.5

• To keep trade relationships between countries open ✓✓
• Secure employment ✓✓
• Earn foreign exchange which might balance the imports ✓✓
• Maize farms are market driven and privately owned, therefore profit is the main concern. ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.5.6

• More imports of maize will increase the costs of maize related products which the poor cannot afford. ✓✓
• The finances use to balance the deficit might create job losses in another sector. ✓✓
• Inflation may rise, which have a negative effect on monetary value ✓✓
• The health of poor people may suffer because of a lack of a balanced diet ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.6
4.6.1 Candidates may mention ANY one example of an informal activity for ONE mark each. (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.2

• It provides income for those that cannot find jobs in the formal sector ✓✓
• Allows for entrepreneurship ✓✓
• Sell goods at lower prices ✓✓
• Poorer communities have access to food ✓✓
  (Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.3

• More people drawn to cities ✓✓
• Increased urban population resulted in more people to feed ✓✓
• Markets for informal traders were created around industrial sites ✓✓
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

4.6.4

• The businesses remain unregistered ✓✓
• No records of income received ✓✓
• No taxes are paid. ✓✓
• Country does not receive income from informal traders ✓✓
• Could result in negative/deficit in GDP ✓✓
• Income goes directly to the business owners. ✓✓
  (Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)

[75]

GRAND TOTAL: 225