MUSIC
PAPER 1
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
NOVEMBER 2016

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 

  1. This question paper consists of FIVE sections, namely SECTIONS A, B, C, D  and E.
  2. SECTIONS A and B are COMPULSORY.
  3. SECTION C: WESTERN ART MUSIC (WAM), SECTION D: JAZZ and  SECTION E: INDIGENOUS AFRICAN MUSIC (IAM) are choice questions.  Answer only ONE of these sections (SECTION C or D or E).
  4. Write all music notation in SECTION A in pencil and all written text in blue or  black ink on this question paper.
  5. Answer SECTION B and SECTION C or D or E in blue or black ink in the  ANSWER BOOK provided.
  6. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this  question paper.
  7. The last page of this question paper is manuscript paper intended for rough  work. Candidates may remove this page.
  8. Candidates may NOT have access to any musical instrument for the duration  of this examination.
  9. Candidates must take note of the mark allocation for each question to provide  enough information in their answers.
  10. Write neatly and legibly.

MARKING GRID 

SECTION 

QUESTION 

MARKS 

MARKER 

MODERATOR

A: THEORY OF MUSIC (COMPULSORY)

20

   

15

   

10

   

15

   
 

SUBTOTAL 

60

   

AND 

B: GENERAL MUSIC  KNOWLEDGE 
(COMPULSORY)         
   5               20                                                   
SUB-TOTAL    20    

AND 

C: WAM 

                  6                    

                  10                   

                                       
 

5

   
 

5

   
 

5

   
 

10 

15

   
 

SUBTOTAL 

40

   

OR 

D: JAZZ 

                  11                    

                  10                   

                                         
 

12 

5

   
 

13 

5

   
 

14 

5

   
 

15 

15

   
 

SUBTOTAL 

40

   

OR 

E: IAM 

16 

10

   
 

                  17                    

                  5                   

                                        
 

18 

5

   
 

19 

5

   
 

20 

15

   
 

SUBTOTAL 

40

   

 

GRAND TOTAL 

                  120                   

                                                                   

MEMORANDUM

SECTION A: THEORY OF MUSIC (COMPULSORY) (90 minutes) 
Answer QUESTION 1  
AND QUESTION 2.1 OR 2.2  
AND QUESTION 3.1 OR 3.2  
AND QUESTION 4.1 OR 4.2. 
Answer the questions in the spaces provided on this question paper. 

QUESTION 1 (25 minutes)
Study the extract below and answer the questions that follow.
91 needed me
1.1 Name the main key of this piece. 
Answer: 
G major / G 

G major/G
g major 

= 1 mark 
= 1 mark 
= No mark 

(1) 

1.2 Name the intervals at 1.2.1 and 1.2.2 according to type and distance. 
Answer: 

1.2.1 Minor 7th 
1.2.2 Major 3rd 

Minor 7th = 1 mark 
Major 3rd = 1 mark

Distance only, NO ½ mark 

(2) 

1.3 Name the triads at 1.3.1 and 1.3.2 according to type and position/inversion. 
Answer: 

1.3.1 Major – second inversion/ IV64/IVc 
1.3.2 Minor – root position/iii 

Major = ½ mark 
Second inversion = ½ mark 
Minor = ½ mark 
Root position = ½ mark 

(2) 
1.4 Rewrite the violoncello part of bar 7 in compound time. Add the new time  signature. 
 MUSIC MEMO 1

Time signature = 1 mark 
Notation = ½ mark per beat = 2 marks 

(3)
1.5 Transpose the violoncello part of bars 43–62 a tone (major second) higher.  Insert the new key signature. 
Answer: 
101 tran memo

Correct key signature = 1 mark Notation (correct sounding with incorrect key signature) = 2 marks
Minus ½ mark per error up to a maximum of 2 marks 

(3) 
1.6 Rewrite the bass part of the piano in bar 8 TWO octaves higher in the alto clef. 
Answer:  
102 ans memo

Correct notation = 1 mark 
No ½ marks 
(NO subtraction of marks for wrong stem direction) 

(1) 
1.7 Complete the melodic fragment below by adding TWO ascending sequences 
Answer:  
103 tempo memo(2) 

Sequences = 1 mark per sequence as indicated 
(If F-natural used, it is also accepted) 
Minus ½ mark per mistake to a maximum of 1 mark per sequence 

1.8 Write the scales below as indicated. 

1.8.1 Complete the ascending chromatic scale starting on the given note. 
104 music

Minus ½ mark for each pitch error 
Candidates may use any form of the chromatic scale as  long as the sound is correct 

1.8.2 Complete the ascending Dorian mode starting on E. 
105 1.8.2(2) 

Minus ½ mark for each pitch error 
Mode can be written with/without key signature 

1.8.3 Write Bb melodic minor ascending and descending with key signature.  Mark the semitones. 
Answer: 
106 music (2) 

Key signature (NO ½ mark if wrong order/position) = 1 mark
Notation = 1 mark 
Minus ½ mark per error to a maximum of 1 mark 
Minus ½ mark no semitones 

[20]

QUESTION 2 (25 minutes)
Answer EITHER QUESTION 2.1 OR QUESTION 2.2. 
2.1/ Complete the opening motif below to form a twelve-bar melody in ternary form 
2.2 for any single-line melodic instrument of your choice. Name the instrument for  which you are writing. Indicate the tempo and add dynamic and articulation  marks.
Concept answers: 
2.1 Instrument: Cello/Trombone/Tuba/Bassoon/Bass Guitar/Double Bass 
107 music 2016

OR 

2.2 Instrument: Guitar/Saxophone/Clarinet/Trumpet/Violin 
108 music 2016
The melody will be marked according to the following criteria: 

DESCRIPTION 

MARK ALLOCATION

Form and cadential  points 

1 mark per phrase x 3 

3

Correctness 
Note stems, beats per  bar, accidentals,  spacing, layout

Minus ½ mark per error up to 2 marks 

2

Quality 

  • Quality of melody and  suitability for chosen  instrument
  • Appropriate tempo,  articulation and dynamic  indications enhances the  quality of the answer
  • Musicality

9–10

Excellent 
Coherent and musical; phrases imaginatively  define the form; opening motif innovatively  continued; successful use of tonality; melodic  shape masterfully handled; creative approach to  choice of pitches and rhythm

10

7–8

Good 
Correct and musical; phrases clearly indicate the  form; opening motif sensibly continued; stable  tonality; melodic shape satisfying; choice of  pitches and rhythm accurate

4–6

Average 
Musically not convincing; not all phrases clear;  opening motif not well utilised; tonality unstable;  melodic shape is suspect; choice of pitches and  rhythm unimaginative 

0–3

Not acceptable 
No musical sense; no sense of phrasing;  opening motif ignored; no sense of tonality; no  melodic shape; pitches and rhythm random

TOTAL 

Markers may use ½ marks 

15

[15]

QUESTION 3 (10 minutes)
Answer EITHER QUESTION 3.1 OR QUESTION 3.2. 
3.1 Study the extract from Mozart's Sonata K.283 below and answer the  questions that follow. 
Answer: 
109 music 2016
3.1.1 Name the key of this extract. 
Answer: 
G major/G 

G major/G
g major  

= 1 mark 
= 1 mark 
= no mark 

(1) 
3.1.2 Identify chords (a)–(e) and figure them on the score. Use EITHER figuring  below the score, for example V6, OR chord symbols, for example B/D# above  the score. 
Answer: 
See score: 

1 mark per chord = 5 marks 
(Minus ½ mark for each error) 
(Minus ½ mark for NO/wrong inversion) 
(Key indication not compulsory) 
Markers should mark either chord symbols (above) or figuring (below);  not a mixture 

(5) 
3.1.3 Name the cadence in bars 3–4. 
Answer: 

  • Perfect (cadence) 

Perfect cadence = 1 mark  (No mark if only chords are given) 

(1) 
3.1.4 Name the type of non-chordal note at (i).  
Answer: 
Suspension (1) 

Suspension = 1 mark 

3.1.5 Circle ALL the passing notes on the score that occur in bar 8 on beats 1 and  2. 
Answer: 

½ mark for each circled note = 2 marks

(2) 

[10] 

OR

3.2 Study the extract from Solitaire by Neil Sedaka and Philip Cody below and answer the  questions that follow. 
Answer:
3.2 music memo

3.2.1 Name the key of this extract. 
Answer: 
Eb major/Eb 

Eb major/ Eb 
eb major 
eb

= 1 mark 
= 1 mark 
= No mark 

(1) 

3.2.2 Identify chords (a)–(e) and figure them on the score. Use chord symbols  above the score, for example Bb/D.
Answer: 
See score 

1 mark per chord = 5 marks 

  1. Eb:I
  2. Eb :V7 of V or Bb: V7
  3. Eb: V9 of V or Bb: V9
  4. Eb: I64 or Ic 
  5. Eb: V7 

No ½ marks will be given 

(5) 
3.2.3 Name the type of non-chordal notes at (i)–(iii). 
Answer: 

  1. Passing note 
  2. Passing note 
  3. Suspension 

3 correct answers 1 mark each = 3 marks No ½ marks 

(3) 
3.2.4 Name the cadence in bars 6–7. 
Answer: 
Perfect (cadence) 

Perfect = 1 mark 

(1) 

[10]

QUESTION 4 (30 minutes)
Answer EITHER QUESTION 4.1 OR QUESTION 4.2. 
4.1 Complete the four-part vocal harmonisation below by adding the alto, tenor  and bass parts.  
Concept answer: 
new
The harmonisation will be marked according to the following criteria: 

DESCRIPTION 

MARK ALLOCATION

Chord progression 
Choice of chords, correct use of cadence

1 mark between each pair of chords  (except between bar 4 and 5) 

14

Correctness 
Notation, doubling, spacing, voice leading

Minus ½ mark per error but not more than  1 mark per chord 

16

Quality 
Musicality, non-chordal notes, awareness  of style, creativity

  • Excellent = 9–10 marks 
  • Good = 7–8 marks 
  • Average = 5–6 marks 
  • Weak = 3–4 marks 
  • Unacceptable = 0–2 marks

10

 

Note to marker:  
Mark out of 40 must not contain a ½ mark

40 

(÷ 8 x 3)

TOTAL 

15

Candidates must be credited for a different/creative and correct harmonisation not given in the  memorandum. The figuring serves as a guide for the marker, but no marks are allocated for  the symbols as such 
OR
4.2 Complete the piece below by adding a suitable bass line and harmonic  material in the open staves. Continue in the style suggested by the given  material in bars 1–3. 
Concept answer:
4.2 momo
The answer will be marked according to the following criteria: 

DESCRIPTION 

MARK ALLOCATION

Chord progression
Choice of chords;  
correct use of  
cadences

1 mark between each pair of chords 

15

Correctness 
Notation, doubling,  spacing, voice leading

Minus ½ mark per error but not more  than 1 mark per chord 

15

Quality 
Musicality, non 
chordal notes,  
awareness of style,  creativity

  • Excellent = 9–10 marks 
  • Good = 7–8 marks 
  • Average = 5–6 marks 
  • Weak = 3–4 marks 
  • Unacceptable = 0–2 marks

10

 

Note to marker:  
Mark out of 40 must not contain a  ½ mark

40 

(÷ 8 x 3)

TOTAL 

15

Candidates must be credited for a different/creative and correct harmonisation not  given in the memorandum. The figuring serves as a guide for the marker, but no marks  are allocated for the symbols as such. 

[15] 
TOTAL SECTION A: 60

SECTIONS B, C, D, E: GENERAL MUSIC KNOWLEDGE (90 minutes) 
Answer SECTION B  
AND SECTION C (Western Art Music) 
OR SECTION D (Jazz) 
OR SECTION E (Indigenous African Music).  
Answer these questions in the ANSWER BOOK provided. 

Note to marker: One mark will be allocated for each correct fact. Candidates must be  credited for any correct answer not given in this memorandum.

SECTION B: GENERAL (COMPULSORY) 
QUESTION 5  

5.1

5.1.1 B 
5.1.2 C 
5.1.3 A 
5.1.4 D 
5.1.5 C 
5.1.6 A 
5.1.7 B 
5.1.8 B 
5.1.9 D 
5.1.10 C 

1 mark for each correct answer = 10 marks 

(10) 

5.2

  • Copyright 
    • Protected 
  • Licences 
    • Grant these for performance
    • Grant these for reproduction
    • Grant these for recording 
  • Royalties
    • Collect 
    • Distribute
  • Bursary (Competitions) 
  • Retirement fund for members 

Any 4 correct facts = 4 marks 

(4) 

5.3 

  • Copyright gives the owner of a creative work the right to permit or prevent  the use of that work by others
    • Right to prohibit copying the work 
    • Right to grant permission to publish the work 
    • Right to make an adaptation of the work
    • Right to perform the work
  • Copyright gives the owner of a creative work the right to earn money from it – time frame of 50 years after the death of copyright holder 
  • Copyright is infringed if any action is taken concerning the creative work  without the authorisation of the copyright owner – penalties could ensue(4)

Any 4 correct facts = 4 marks

5.4

5.4.1 Needletime rights royalties: When recorded material is played in  public, all parties involved in the creation of this material  (composers, performers and recording companies) are  remunerated.(1) 

Correct answer = 1 mark

5.4.2 Mechanical rights royalties: When original works are recorded or  published, all parties involved in this process (composers and  publishers) are remunerated. (1) 

Correct answer = 1 mark

TOTAL SECTION B: 20

Answer SECTION C (WAM)  
OR SECTION D (JAZZ)  
OR SECTION E (IAM). 

Note to marker: One mark will be allocated for each correct fact. Candidates must be  credited for any correct answer not given in this memorandum.

SECTION C: WESTERN ART MUSIC (WAM)  
QUESTION 6 
6.1

6.1.1 Minuet and trio 

  • Large scale ABA form/Ternary 
  • Minuet is repeated after the Trio (da capo)  
  • A minuet followed by a trio followed by a repeat of the minuet (Minuet/Trio/Minuet) 
  • Both minuet and trio are independent works with their own internal  forms 
  • (Third) movement of Symphony or Sonata 
  • Key relationship between the key of the Minuet and Trio (2) 

1 mark each for 2 correct facts = 2 marks 

6.1.2 Rondo 

  • A form type with a recurring initial section called the rondo-theme or  refrain 
  • Five part rondo: ABACA 
  • Seven part rondo: ABACADA 
  • The A-section is always in the tonic key 
  • Other sections are in related keys and contain contrasting material 
  • B, C etc. are called episodes 
  • Often the last movement of Symphony or Sonata (2) 

1 mark each for 2 correct facts = 2 marks 

6.1.3 Development 

  • The second large section of sonata form 
  • Placed after the exposition 
  • Tonality is explored / related keys are used 
  • Previous material (from exposition) and new material evident and  developed 
  • Often ends on dominant pedal point to prepare for return of tonic key (2) 

1 mark each for 2 correct facts = 2 marks 

6.1.4 First subject/theme 

  • The first subject/theme in the opening main section (exposition)  
  • Found in sonata form 
  • Rooted in the tonic key 
  • Presents the first thematic material  
  • Often robust (strong) in comparison to more lyrical second theme (2)

1 mark each for 2 correct facts = 2 marks 

6.2 

  • A symphonic poem is a genre of one-movement orchestral music 
  • Mostly written by Romantic composers inspired by extra-musical ideas e.g. nature, exoticism 
  • Usually has a title which can suggest/set a scene or tell a story(2) 

Any 2 correct facts = 2 marks

 [10]

QUESTION 7  

  • Established the overall structure of the symphony (4 movements) 
  • Established sonata form 
  • Established the layout (positioning) of the standard classical orchestra 
  • The composition of the standard classical orchestra was established with each  section having a particular role to play. 
  • A large string section; doubled instruments in woodwinds (excluding clarinet);  limited use of brass and percussion. 
  • Set new standards in terms of orchestral playing 
  • Performance techniques developed
    • Tremolo
    • Sudden sfz 
    • Opening arpeggios 
    • Crescendos and decrescendos 
    • Playing techniques: The rocket- and sigh-motives
      (Maximum 2 marks) 

Maximum of 1 mark per bullet = 5 marks 
(Maximum of 2 marks per performance techniques)

[5] 
QUESTION 8 
Definition of genre 

  • Concert overture  
  • Loose standing, single-movement orchestral work 

Any correct fact = maximum of 1 mark

Form: 

  • Standard sonata form (Exposition, Development, Recapitulation)  
  • Contrasting first and second themes in Exposition 
  • Tonality – b min/D major, Theme 2 in B major (Recapitulation) 
  • Development the longest section in the work (starts with Theme 1, motif A) 

Any 2 correct facts = maximum of 2 marks (Bar numbers not required)

Title: 

  • Second title Fingal’s Cave (The lonely Island) 
  • Work composed after Mendelssohn’s visit to the Hebrides Islands 
  • Some suggestion of programmatic influence in this work [5]

Any 2 correct facts = maximum of 2 marks 

QUESTION 9 

Related Items

  • First movement of the symphony 
  • Awakening of cheerful feelings upon arrival in the country or
    Ontwaking van vrolike gevoelens by die aankoms in die vrye natuur or
    Erwachen heiterer Empfindungen bei der Ankunft auf dem Lande 
  • The key (F major) and time signature (2/4) suggest the pastoral setting (simple life  in the country) 
  • A calm and cheerful movement 
  • Sonata form 
  • Allegro ma non troppo 
  • Four different rhythmic motifs 
  • Instrumentation – standard Classical Symphony Orchestra [5] 

1 mark for each correct fact = 5 marks 

QUESTION 10  
Definition of aria 

A formal song sung by a single vocalist 
Characteristics: 

  • Regular metre (in contrast to the recitative) 
  • A reflective character 
  • Clear melodic contour 
  • Vocal decorations, use of melismas 
  • Text has an emotional context 
  • Alternates with recitatives and choruses within the Opera 
  • In two parts (binary form), or in three parts (da capo-aria) 
  • Accompaniment is continuously provided by the orchestra 

Any 2 correct facts = 2 marks

Aria:  

  • Der Vogelfänger bin ich ja (The birdcatcher I am indeed) 
  • Papageno, Baritone 
  • Simple folk-like melody with a comic element in major key 
  • Strophic form 
  • The birdcatcher is the simple and comical character which contrasts with the  serious elements in the opera 
  • Sparse, homophonic accompaniment 
  • Papageno plays a flute to lure the birds to him  

Aria:  

  • Dies Bildnis ist bezaubernd schön (This likeness is enchantingly lovely)
  •  Tamino, Tenor 
  • Lyrical character achieved by a slow tempo and cantabile vocal style 
  • Exaggerated wonder of beauty and love at first sight 
  • Tamino, the prince, is given a portrait of Princess Pamina and it is to this portrait  that he addesses the aria 
  • A warm orchestral accompaniment is employed

Aria:  

  • O Isis und Osiris 
  • Sarastro, Bass voice and chorus joins 
  • Heavy, deep bass to characterise Sarastro, the high priest of wisdom 
  • Chordal introduction to present the serious character 
  • As Papageno and Tamino enter the trials to join their holy order, Sarastro prays  that they will be watched over during the trials 
  • The aria is well placed at a serious moment in the opera 
  • Sarastro represents the moral and good in the opera 

Aria:  

  • In diesen heil’gen Hallen ( Within these hallowed halls) 
  • Sarastro, Bass 
  • The ponderous tone, a major key and slow tempo helps to set the scene 
  • Calm assurance, reverence for order, religious undertone 
  • After Pamina pleads with Sarastro to have mercy on her scheming mother,  Sarastro sings of the ideals of Brotherhood to a great calming effect • Accompaniment of strings playing in the low register helps to set the mood 

Aria:  

  • Der Hölle Rache kocht in meinem Herzen (Hell’s revenge cooks in my heart) 
  • Queen of the night, Coloratura/dramatic soprano 
  • Provides a dark mood, dramatic drive and theatrical emphasis 
  • Extreme vocal range, minor key and fast tempo express the Queen’s anger 
  • The Queen of the Night is the complex and dramatic character which contrasts  with the lighter elements in the opera 
  • Full orchestral accompaniment to increase dramatic intensity 

Aria: 

  • Ach, ich fuhls, es ist verschwunden (Ah, I feel it, it has disappeared) 
  • Sung by Pamina, Soprano 
  • Atrracted by the playing of Tamino’s flute, Pamina comes and meets Tamino and  is hurt when he doesn’t talk to her 
  • Slow, soulful, expressive aria 
  • Extensive use of melisma 
  • Sparse accompaniment – enhances feelings of lonliness 

Aria:  

  • Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen (A girl or a little wife) 
  • Papageno, Baritone 
  • Aria has a light character supported by a major key at a moderate tempo 
  • The instrumentation uses glockenspiels at the start of the Aria 
  •  The birdcatcher is the simple and comical character which contrasts with the  serious elements in the opera 
  • Simple folk-like melody with a comic element

Note to marker: Only TWO Arias will be marked. If a candidate answers two arias by  the same character, only the first one will be marked 
Facts presented should relate to Mozart’s genius in handling the aria as a genre 

1 mark for title  
1 mark for name of character and voice type 3 marks for description and significance 

The essay will be marked according to the following criteria: 

CRITERIA 

MARK ALLOCATION

Definition of Aria 

1 mark for each correct fact 

2

Aria 1: 
Title
Character and voice type  Description and significance

1 mark  
1 marks 
3 marks

5

Aria 2: 
Title  
Character and voice type 
Description and significance

1 mark  
1 marks 
3 marks

5

Logical presentation and  structure of the essay

Excellent 
An introduction, conclusion, with a  substantial argument in the body of essay  evident.
 = 3 marks

3

Good 
An introduction, conclusion, with a  reasonable argument in the body of essay  evident. 
= 2 marks

Average 
An introduction, conclusion, with an insignificant argument in the body of  essay evident. 
= 1½ marks

Below average 
An introduction, conclusion with a weak  argument in the body of essay evident. 
= 1 mark

Weak 
A single paragraph: A poor attempt at an  essay. 
= ½ mark

Not acceptable 
Only facts in bullet form. = 0 marks

TOTAL  

15

[15] 
TOTAL SECTION C: 40 

OR

SECTION D: JAZZ QUESTION 11 

11.1.1

E        

11.1.2

C

11.1.3

B

11.1.4

A

11.1.5

D

11.1.6

F

(6) 

1 mark each = 6 marks 

11.2.1 Zim Nqawana 

  • Developed a typical local saxophone style by his imitation of vocal  inflection 
  • Music rooted in indigenous sound yet incorporated progressive  phrasing and cadences to attain universal relevance 
  • Adapts an avant garde approach and traditional African music into a  new inspiring interpretation(1) 

Any correct answer = 1 mark

11.2.2 Jazz Epistles 

  • Played hard bop and influenced the developing jazz culture 
  • Developed a modern avant garde South African jazz sound 
  • Recorded the first jazz album by a black band, Jazz Epistle, Verse 1(1) 

Any correct answer = 1 mark

11.2.3 Miriam Makeba 

  • Sang modern versions of local songs in isiXhosa 
  • Through music she inspired activism against apartheid 
  • Through her hit song Pata Pata she gained international recognition for  South African music(1) 

Any correct answer = 1 mark

11.2.4 Chris MacGregor 

  • He made a huge contribution to free improvised music both locally and  internationally 
  • He moved away from the arranged format of Big Band music and  reflected moods and textures in ways that allowed players more  freedom to express themselves  
  • His Big Band style influenced a new type of British Big Band(1)  

Any correct answer = 1 mark

[10]

QUESTION 12  
Characteristics of Kwela 

  • Penny-whistle based music 
  • Cyclic Harmonic progressions are prevalent
    • I – IV – I64 –V
    • I – I– IV– V
  • Solo melody often embellished and developed through jazz improvisation 
  • Guitar and banjo outline the chord progression and give rhythmic drive 
  • Saxophone, which was added later, is often used as lead instrument in place of the  penny-whistle 
  • Skiffle-like rhythm provided by the guitar 
  • Specific dance moves associated with Kwela music  

Any 3 correct facts = 3 marks

The role of Kwela in the development of South African jazz 

  • Originated with street music 
  • It developed from Marabi, both harmonically and rhythmically 
  • It brought South African music to international prominence in the 1950s 
  • It has influenced later South African jazz e.g. Mbaqanga 
  • It fused traditional African folk music with contemporary harmonies and jazz styles 
  • It provided many prominent soloists, e.g. Spokes Mashiyane, Lemmy Mabaso and  Elias Lerole 
  • Many famous South African jazz and popular artists had Kwela influences (and  repertoire) in their playing style e.g. Kippie Moeketsi, Mango Groove [5] 

Any 2 correct facts = 2 marks

QUESTION 13 

  • A dance music combining traditional and western music 
  • Mixes American jazz, mbube, kwela and marabi music 
  • Backed by electric bass and drums 
  • Sometimes the electronic organ is used 
  • Originally predominantly male singers, but mixed nowadays 
  • The songs often begin with a brief introduction featuring the guitar 
  • Uses a 4 chord sequence: I – IV – I 64 – V  
  • Call and response is used in the vocal passages and between vocals and  instruments 
  • Bass lines play an important role, often repeating rhythmic and melodic features  and backing the vocal lines 
  • Harder driving beat than kwela music  

Any 5 correct facts = 5 marks 

[5]

QUESTION 14 
Origins 

  • Traditional music of the Zulu, Xhosa, and Sotho people 
  • Early American jazz 
  • Ragtime and Blues  
  • Ticky-draai (Cape folk-dance) 

Any 2 correct facts = 2 marks

Style characteristics 

  • Cyclic chord structure using I – IV – I 64 – V  
  • Basic, simple primary triads 
  • Small instrumental ensemble including piano and shaker 
  • Simple pedal organ, guitar, banjo and drum (self-made) or percussion (shakers) 
  • Moderate to fast ragtime-based rhythms 

Any 2 correct facts = 2 marks

Artist/Group 

  • Jazz Mechanics, Merry Blackbirds, Manhattan Brothers, Mahotella Queens [5] 

Any 1 correct artist/group = 1 mark (Any other correct answer = 1 mark)

QUESTION 15  
Abdullah Ibrahim 

Characteristics of his music: 

  • Instrumentation: Piano, bass, drums, saxophone, trumpet, trombone, etc. 
  • Rhythm and beat: Blending African, Ghoema and Swing elements  
  • Harmony: Standard Classical chord progression blended with jazz features (e.g.  blues)  
  • Melody: Folk-like and hymn-like melodies  
  • Texture: Mainly homophonic with elements of call and response 
  • Mood: Wide variety 
  • Improvisation: Extensive for all instruments blending various styles 
  •  Very personal piano playing style featuring: tremolo chords, pedal points and  cluster chords 

Any 5 correct facts = 5 marks

Origins and influences: 

  • Multicultural: Influences from Cape Town 
    • Kaapse Klopse/Cape Minstrels carnival
    • Slave folk songs 
    • Cape Malay and Khoi-San songs 
    • Traditional Xhosa rhythms 
    •  Church music, marching and brass bands 
    • Ghoema beat 
    • Banjo and guitar and saxophone from the Kaapse Klopse/Cape Minstrels
  • Broader South African styles o Marabi music 
    • Kwela music 
    • Mbaqanga
  • Elements of American jazz 
    • Thelonious Monk (Piano style) o Duke Ellington (Swing)
    • James Johnson (Stride piano) 

Any 5 correct facts = 5 marks

Albums/songs: 

  • Township One More Time 
  • Mannenberg 
  • Soweto  
  • Echoes from Africa  
  • Ekaya  

Any 2 correct albums/songs = 2 marks (Any other correct answers = 2 marks)

OR 

Robbie Jansen 
Characteristics of his music: 

  • Instrumentation: Lead-saxophone, piano, bass, drums, trumpet, trombone, etc. 
  • Rhythm and beat: Blending African, ghoema and swing elements 
  • Harmony: 
    • classical hymn-like harmonic features blended with jazz features (e.g. blues) 
    • use of primary chords lingering longer on them unlike Afro-Jazz which  moves faster to the next chord 
    • amaXhosa harmonies
  • Melody: Folk-like melodies 
    •  Khoi-san melodies interweaved with Malaysian and Indonesian melismatic  styles
    • Reed-like quality of Khoisan flute evident 
    • Saxophone melody produced in a nasal tone with vibrato at the end of  phrases
  • Texture: Mainly homophonic with elements of call and response/overlapping 
  • Mood: Wide range
  • Improvisation: Extensive for all instruments blending various styles  

Any 5 correct facts = 5 marks

Origins and influences: 

  • Multicultural: Influences from Cape Town 
    • Kaapse Klopse/Cape Minstrels carnival
    • Slave folk songs 
    • Cape Malay and Khoi-San songs
    • Traditional Xhosa rhythms 
    • Church music, marching and brass bands
    • Ghoema beat
  • Broader South African styles
    • Marabi music
    • Kwela music
    • Mbaqanga
  • Elements of American jazz and influences
    • American saxophone players
    • Dizzy Gillespie
    • Big Band 
    • Salvation Army marching bands
    • Funk and Salsa 

Any 5 correct facts = 5 marks

Albums/songs: 

  • Hoija Tjie Bonga 
  • Tsakwe 
  • Sommer Goema 
  • The Cape Doctor 
  • Nomad Jez 

Any 2 correct albums/songs = 2 marks (Any other correct answers = 2 marks)

OR 

Winston Mankunku Ngozi 
Characteristics of his music: 

  • Instrumentation: Lead-saxophone, piano, bass, drums, saxophone, trumpet,  trombone, etc. 
  • Rhythm and beat: Blending African, ghoema and swing elements 
  • Harmony: 
    • Classical hymn-like harmonic features blended with jazz features (e.g. blues)
    • amaXhosa harmonies
  • Melody: Folk-like
    • Khoi-Khoi and San melodies intertwined with Malaysian and Indonesian  melismatic styles
  • Texture: Mainly homophonic with elements of call and response/overlapping 
  • Mood: Wide range 
  • Improvisation: Extensive for all instruments blending various styles  

Any 5 correct facts = 5 marks

Origins and influences: 

  • Multicultural: Influences from Cape Town 
    • Kaapse Klopse/Cape Minstrels carnival
    • Slave folk songs 
    •  Cape Malay and Khoi-san songs
    • Traditional Xhosa rhythms 
    • Church, marching and brass bands 
    • Pentatonic mission hymns 
    • Ghoema beat
  • Broader South African styles 
    • Marabi music
    • Kwela music
    • Mbaqanga 
  • Elements of American jazz
    • John Coltrane (saxophone style)
    • Horace Silver
    • Big Band 

Any 5 correct facts = 5 marks

Albums/songs: 

  • Abantwana be Africa 
  • Crossroads 
  • Ya Khal 'iNkomo 
  • Molo Africa 
  • Dudula 

Any 2 correct albums/songs = 2 marks

The essay will be marked according to the following criteria: 

CRITERIA 

MARK ALLOCATION

Music characteristics 

1 mark for each correct fact X 5 

5

Origins and influences 

1 mark for each correct fact X 5 

5

Albums/Songs 

1 mark for correct fact X 2 

2

Logical presentation  and structure of the  essay

Excellent 
An introduction, conclusion, with a substantial  argument in the body of essay evident.
 = 3 marks

3

Good 
An introduction, conclusion, with a reasonable  argument in the body of essay evident. 
 = 2 marks

Average   

An introduction, conclusion, with an  insignificant argument in the body of essay  

evident. 
= 1½ mark

Below average 
An introduction, conclusion with a weak  argument in the body of essay evident. 
= 1 mark

Weak 
A single paragraph. A poor attempt at an  essay. = ½ mark

Not acceptable 
Only facts in bullet form. = 0 marks

TOTAL  

15

TOTAL SECTION D: 40 

OR

SECTION E: INDIGENOUS AFRICAN MUSIC (IAM) 
QUESTION 16 
16.1 

16.1.1 Isicathamiya 

Isicathamiya or any other correct style = 1 mark

16.1.2 Isihlabo or Intela 

1 mark          

16.2 

16.2.1  

B             

16.2.2

D

16.2.3

A

16.2.4

E

 16.2.5

C

 

1 mark each = 5 marks 

(5) 
16.3

  • Curing rituals inspired by the divine, always accompanied by singing and  drumming 
  • The drum is used early morning and evenings to pray to the ancestors 
  • Sacred diviner’s instruments are played with a specific rhythm/motif 
  • Music could accompany sacred dances that induce a trance to aid  communication with the ancestors  
  • The spiritual presence is evoked by the drum beats/clapping and singing 

Any 3 correct facts = 3 marks 

(3) 

[10] 

QUESTION 17 
17.1 Local influences 

  • Sangoma music learnt from Phillip Tabane’s mother adds to the spirituality  of Malombo music 
  • Use of the sacred Malombo drums and pipes  
  • Use of local materials (the Baobab tree) in the making of Malombo drums 
  •  Haunting melodies and rhythms from the Bapedi and Vhavenda 
  • African polyrhythms 

International influences 

  • American jazz style improvisation  
  • Uses 12-bar blues structure 
  • Western instrumentation (drumkit, bass guitar, electric guitar, transverse  flute) 
  • Echoes/Influences of Wes Montgomery, the iconic American jazz guitarist, in  the use of the hollow-bodied electric guitar and in the guitar playing style.
  • Artist/group: Philip Tabane, Malombo Jazz Makers [5]

Local influences: Any 2 correct facts = 2 marks 
International influences: Any 2 correct facts = 2 marks
Artist/group: Any 1 correct fact = 1 mark

QUESTION 18 

  • A dance music combining traditional and western music 
  • Mixes American jazz, mbube, kwela and marabi music 
  • Backed by electric bass and drums 
  • Sometimes the organ or electronic organ is used 
  • Originally predominantly male singers, but mixed nowadays  
  • The songs often begin with a brief introduction featuring the guitar 
  • Uses a 4 chord sequence: I – IV – I 64 – V  
  • Call and response is used in the vocal passages and between vocals and  instruments 
  • Bass lines play an important role, often repeating rhythmic and melodic features  and backing the vocal lines 
  • Harder driving beat than kwela music [5] 

Any 5 correct facts = 5 marks

QUESTION 19 
Characteristics 

Harmony 

  • TTBB (SATB)/choral 
  • Close-harmonies 
  • Simple and cyclic harmonies 
  • Deep bass voice singing 

Vocal style 

  • Call and response 
  • Tenor leader’s role: leader of the group and composer, keeping the group together,  often sings in falsetto range 
  • Crepitation and ululation – adds excitement to the music and enhances the rhythm,  encourages audience participation 

Texture 

  • Homophonic 
  • Call and response between leader and group 

Melody 

  • Improvisational 
  • Can include praise poetry 
  • Small vocal range 
  • A capella singing 

Dance movement  

  • Soft, cat-like movement (ukucothoza) – tap-toeing (dancing technique) 
  • Tenor leader introduces the dance - call and response as part of the movement 
  • Choreographed and well-rehearsed

Social context 

  • Promoted cleanliness and dignity of the mineworker 
  • Music occured in organised dance hall competitions 

Any 3 correct facts = 3 marks

International Status 

  • Isicathamiya gained popularity with the recording of Graceland by Paul Simon 
  •  Ladysmith Black Mambaso performed the song Diamonds on the Soles of her Shoes  with Paul Simon 
  • Invited to perform in America in New York in 1985 
  • Won first Grammy for Best Tradition Folk in 1988 
  • Continues to win Grammys and other music awards up until present day 
  • Recorded and featured with international artists [5] 

Any 2 correct facts = 2 marks 

QUESTION 20 
Origins 

  • Deep rural IsiZulu musical tradition 
  • Originally sung by men only, but later by the broader community 
  • Use of umakhweyane (traditional string instrument) 
  • Men would walk great distances and playing the guitar kept them company 
  • Maskandi may have been termed after the Afrikaans word “musikant” (to mean  musician) 
  • In urban areas Maskandi musicians started using more instruments e.g. drums,  electric guitar and keyboards 
  • Developed from Izibongo (traditional IsiZulu poetry) 

Any 4 facts = 4 marks

Style characteristics 

  • Accompaniment by guitar played in a picked and/or strumming style (ukupika/ukunanza  and ukuvamba) 
  • Ukupika – a finger-picking style
    • In ukupika, the thumb plays Amadoda (lower strings)
    • The other fingers on the right hand (mainly the index finger) play a melody on  Amantombazane (upper strings) 
  • Ukuvamba – strumming chords percussively 
  • Acoustic steel string guitar used.  
  • Guitar tuning not the same as the traditional Western tuning – complex and varied 
  • Always starts with Isihlabo – rapidly spoken sections of IsiZulu praise poetry – each  accompanied by the signature instrumental playing style of the composer/performer
  • There are various styles of Maskandi e.g. Isibhaca 
  • Traditional community-based music which became commercialised
  • A key feature is the Ukubonga (praise poetry), which appears in the middle of the  song 
  • Lyrics strictly in IsiZulu  
  • Call and response between the leader and the backing singers and/or band 
  • Includes dance – choreography is traditional IsiZulu 

Any 6 facts for 6 marks

Any artist and song 

  • iHashi Elimhlope: Nkiyankiya 
  • Phuzekhemisi: Phuzekhemisi-Imbizo 

Any one artist and corresponding song = 2 marks

The essay will be marked according to the following criteria: 

CRITERIA 

MARK ALLOCATION

Origins 

1 mark for each correct fact X 4 

4

Style characteristics 

1 mark for each correct fact X 6 

6

Artist and song 

1 mark for each correct fact X 2 

2

Logical presentation and  structure of the essay

Excellent 
An introduction, conclusion, with a  substantial argument in the body of essay  

evident. 
= 3 marks

3

Good 
An introduction, conclusion, with a  reasonable argument in the body of essay  

evident. 
= 2 marks

Average 
An introduction, conclusion, with an insignificant argument in the body of essay  

evident. 
= 1½ marks

Below average 
An introduction, conclusion with a weak  argument in the body of essay evident. 
= 1 mark

Weak 
A single paragraph. A poor attempt at an  essay. 
= ½ mark

Not acceptable 
Only facts in bullet form. = 0 marks

TOTAL 

15 

[15] 
TOTAL SECTION E: 40
GRAND TOTAL: 120

Last modified on Monday, 16 August 2021 07:18