HISTORY
PAPER 1
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2017

1. SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS 
1.1 The following cognitive levels were used to develop source-based  questions: 

1.2 The information below indicates how source-based questions are  assessed: 

• In the marking of source-based questions, credit needs to be given to any  other valid and relevant viewpoints, arguments, evidence or examples.
• In the allocation of marks, emphasis should be placed on how the  requirements of the question have been addressed. 
• In the marking guideline, the requirements of the question (skills that need to  be addressed) as well as the level of the question are indicated in italics. 

1.3 Assessment procedures for source-based questions 

• Use a tick (✔) for each correct answer 
• Pay attention to the mark scheme e.g. (2 x 2) which translates to two reasons  and is given two marks each (✔✔✔✔); (1 x 2) which translates to one reason  and is given two marks (✔✔) 
• If a question carries 4 marks then indicate by placing 4 ticks (✔✔✔✔) 

Paragraph question  
Paragraphs are to be assessed globally (holistically). Both the content and  structure of the paragraph must be taken into account when awarding a mark. The  following steps must be used when assessing a response to a paragraph question: • Read the paragraph and place a bullet (⚫) at each point within the text where  the candidate has used relevant evidence to address the question. 

• Re-read the paragraph to evaluate the extent to which the candidate has  been able to use relevant evidence to write a paragraph. 
• At the end of the paragraph indicate the ticks (✔) that the candidate were  awarded for the paragraph as well as the level (1, 2 or 3), as indicated in the  holistic rubric and a brief comment, e.g. 
  
• Used mostly relevant evidence to write a basic paragraph. 
  Count all the ticks for the source-based question and then write the mark in the  bottom right-hand margin, e.g. 32/50 
• Ensure that the total mark is transferred accurately to the front/back cover of  the answer script. 

2. ESSAY QUESTIONS 
2.1 The essay questions require candidates to:  

• Be able to structure their argument in a logical and coherent manner. They  need to select, organise and connect the relevant information so that they are  able to present a reasonable sequence of facts or an effective argument to  answer the question posed. It is essential that an essay has an introduction, a  coherent and balanced body of evidence and a conclusion. 

2.2 Marking of essay questions 

• Markers must be aware that the content of the answer will be guided by the  textbooks in use at the particular centre. 
• Candidates may have any other relevant introduction and/or conclusion than  those included in a specific essay marking guideline for a specific essay.
• When assessing open-ended source-based questions, learners should be  credited for any other relevant answers. 

2.3 Global assessment of the essay 
The essay will be assessed holistically (globally). This approach requires the  teacher to score the overall product as a whole, without scoring the component  parts separately. This approach encourages the learner to offer an individual  opinion by using selected factual evidence to support an argument. The learner will  not be required to simply regurgitate 'facts' in order to achieve a high mark. This  approach discourages learners from preparing 'model' answers and reproducing  them without taking into account the specific requirements of the question. Holistic  marking of the essay credits learners' opinions supported by evidence. Holistic  assessment, unlike content-based marking, does not penalise language  inadequacies as the emphasis is on the following: 

• The construction of argument 
• The appropriate selection of factual evidence to support such argument
• The learner's interpretation of the question.

2.4 Assessment procedures of the essay 

2.4.1 Keep the synopsis in mind when assessing the essay. 
2.4.2 During the first reading of the essay ticks need to be awarded for a relevant  introduction (indicated by a bullet in the marking guideline/memorandum),  each of the main points/aspects that is properly contextualized (also  indicated by bullets in the marking guideline/memorandum) and a relevant  conclusion (indicated by a bullet in the marking guideline/memorandum) e.g.  in an answer where there are 5 main points there will be 7 ticks. 
2.4.3 The following additional symbols can also be used: 

• • Introduction, main aspects and conclusion not properly contextualised  ^ 
  • Wrong statement _________________
  • Irrelevant statement |
                                     |
                                     |
  • Repetition R
  • Analysis A√
  • Interpretation 1√ 

2.5. The matrix 

2.5.1 Use of the matrix in the marking of essays  
In the marking of essays, the criteria as provided in the matrix should be used.  When assessing the essay note both the content and presentation. At the point of  intersection of the content and presentation based on the seven competency  levels, a mark should be awarded. 

(a) The first reading of the essay will be to determine to what extent the  main aspects have been covered and to allocate the content level (on  the matrix). 

(b) The second reading of the essay will relate to the level (on the matrix)  of presentation. 

(c) Allocate an overall mark with the use of the matrix.

MARKING MATRIX FOR ESSAY: TOTAL MARKS: 50 

* Guidelines for allocating a mark for Level 1: 

• Question not addressed at all/totally irrelevant content; no attempt to structure the essay = 0 
• Question includes basic and generally irrelevant information; no attempt to structure the essay = 1–6
• Question inadequately addressed and vague; little attempt to structure the essay = 7–13

MEMORANDUM

SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS 
QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE SOVIET  UNION RESPOND TO THE ECONOMIC CRISIS IN EUROPE  AFTER 1945? 
1.1
1.1.1 [Explanation of a historical concept in Source 1A – L1]

• A US policy that attempted to curb/stop communist expansion in  European countries after 1945 
• Any other relevant explanation (any 1 x 2) (2) 

1.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1] 

• It was an economic and social reconstruction plan for Europe 
• To speed up recovery in the countries still suffering the effects  of the Second World War 
• It was the key to political stability in Europe 
• To crush the Soviet influence in Europe (any 2 x 1) (2) 

1.1.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1] 

• Stalin was extremely sceptical of the plan 
• Stalin ordered those under his Eastern Bloc to reject American  aid 
• Created a Soviet plan (COMECON) as a response to the  Marshall Plan. (2 x 1) (2)   

1.1.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2] 

• The Marshall Plan was offered as financial aid to European  countries 
• Truman asked the Congress to facilitate the implementation of  the Marshall Plan in 16 Western European countries 
• Financial aid was given to Greece and Turkey with the purpose  to stop the spread of communism there 
• Aid was given to the 16 Western European countries in the form  of money to be used to buy American imports/goods
  Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4) 

1.1.5 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1] 

• As a response/reaction to the Marshall Plan (1 x 2) (2) 

1.2
1.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1] 

• It was the first time/ unheard of that a victorious nation went to  rebuild the battlefields 
• Bellows claimed it was the first time that a victorious nation  went to reconstitute the economy (2 x 1) (2)

1.2.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1B – L2] 
The USA wanted to: 

• Protect and sustain the system of capitalism 
• Prevent the spread of communism  
• Maintain their independence and preserve democracy  
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4) 

1.2.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1] 

• Bridges 
• Highways 
• Hospitals 
• Airports 
• Schools (any 2 x 1) (2) 

1.3
1.3.1 [Extraction of evidence in Source 1C – L1] 

• United States moved towards the renunciation of the principles  of collaboration 
• Economic resources used as an instrument of political  pressure 
• The USA tried to impose its will on other independent states   (1 x 2) (2) 

1.3.2 [Interpretation of evidence in Source 1C – L2] 

• The USA made countries dependent on it by using its  monopolies 
• The USA could control other countries economy and politics 
• The USA could interfere in these countries international  affairs/internal affairs 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)   

1.3.3 [Evaluate the usefulness of Source 1C – L3] 
Candidates should indicate to what extent the source is  USEFUL and support their answer with relevant evidence. 
USEFUL TO A LARGE EXTENT 

• The source is a speech by the Soviet Foreign Minister during  the implementation of the Marshall Plan  
• The source indicates how a high ranking Soviet interpreted the  purpose of the Marshall Plan 
• The information does reflect the official stance taken by the  Soviet Union on the Marshall Plan 
• Any other relevant response   
  OR

USEFUL TO A LESSER EXTENT  

• The source could be seen as being biased against the USA  because it was an opinion of the Soviet Foreign Minister 
• The source had a negative opinion of the Marshall Plan 
• The source also makes some assumptions of the USA's  purpose for the future which was not substantiated 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4) 

1.4 [Comparison of information in Sources 1B and 1C – L3] 

• Source 1B is a response from an American government official giving  a positive feedback on the purpose of the Marshall Plan while Source 1C  is the response from a Soviet government official which gives a negative  summary of the Marshall Plan 
• Source 1B indicates that European countries could decide for themselves  how they were going to use the Marshall Plan while Source 1C states  that the USA will impose its will on the participating European countries 
• Source 1B does not make any mention of how the Marshall Plan will be  used to split Europe into two camps and that it showed hostility towards  the Soviet Union but Source 1C mentions that the Marshall Plan was an  attempt to split Europe into two camps one of which would be hostile  towards the interests of the Soviet Union 
• Any other relevant comparison (any 2 x 2) (4)   

1.5
1.5.1 [Interpretation of information in Source 1D – L2] 

• The Marshall Plan was economically successful/well resourced (tractors being used/smiling driver on the tractor) and the  Marshal Stalin plan was poorly resourced 
• Eastern European countries (satellite states) doubted the  COMECON (Marshal Stalin plan) (Stalin trying to convince  countries/person to use his economic plan – people seem  unwilling) 
• Eastern European countries could notice how the Western  Countries benefitted from the Marshall Plan as only a border  separated these countries (a person can be seen looking over  a small fence) 
• The COMECON's (Marshal Stalin plan) assistance was seen  as far less than that of the Marshall Plan (tractor against an old  plough) 
• The COMECON (Marshal Stalin plan) would fall directly under  Soviet control (plough signifies communism) 
• The Marshal Stalin plan placed a burden on satellite states as  depicted by a heavy yoke (pulling while sweating) 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)    

1.5.2 [Interpretation of evidence in Source 1D – L2] 

• The Marshall Plan and COMECON (Marshal Stalin plan) were  both economic plans to assist European countries after the  Second World War 
• The Marshall Plan is a more modern and efficient system with  enough finance and machinery to sustain itself while the  COMECON (Marshal Stalin plan) lacked the finances and  efficient machinery 
• Both the USA and the Soviet Union attempted to assist  European countries, however the Soviet Union's help is  portrayed as backward and financially unsustainable 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of evidence from relevant sources – L3] 
In responding to this question, the candidate is required to refer to both  perspectives. Candidates could include the following aspects in their  responses: 
USA  

• Introduced the Marshall Plan which was part of the policy of containment  to prevent European countries from falling in the Soviet sphere of  influence(Sources 1A and 1B) 
• Designed an economic policy to help countries in Europe to rebuild their  infrastructure and their own economies (Sources 1A and 1B) 
• Increased exports to Europe and benefited from the counterpart fund  (Source 1B) 
• Made the Marshall Plan available to all countries that needed help  (Source 1A) 
• Ensured that the Marshall Plan remained financially stronger than the  COMECON (Marshal Stalin plan) (Source 1D) 
• Any other relevant response 

SOVIET UNION 

• Stalin became sceptical and negative towards the Marshall Plan (Sources 1A en 1C) 
• Eastern Bloc countries were ordered to reject the Marshall Plan (Source  1A)  
• The Marshall Plan was rejected because it violated the principles of the  United Nations (Source 1C) 
• Regarded the Marshall Plan as a tool of the USA to impose its will onto  countries leading to economic and political control (Source 1C) 
• Interpreted the Marshall Plan as means to form an anti-Soviet bloc  (Sources 1A en 1C) 
• Countered the Marshall plan by creating the COMECON for Eastern Bloc  countries (Source 1A) 
• Any other relevant response 

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark: 

(8) 
[50]

QUESTION 2: WHAT WERE THE CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF CUBA'S  INVOLVEMENT IN THE BATTLE OF CUITO CUANAVALE  BETWEEN 1987 AND 1988? 
2.1
2.1.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2A – L1]  
The Angolan army suffered a humiliating defeat at the Lomba river a  at the hands of the SADF (any 1 x 2) (2)   

2.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2A – L1] 

• SADF units were stationed deep inside Angola 
• General Malan visited troops inside Angola 
• SADF drew up military plans for two new operations, Hooper  and Parker (any 2 x 1) (2)   

2.1.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2] 

• South Africa was no longer just offering assistance to the UNITA  forces  
• South Africa had admitted publically that SADF troops were  fighting in Angola (and not only in Namibia) 
• South Africa took a leading role in attempting to defeat FAPLA  in the Angolan civil war 
• Any other relevant answer (any 1 x 2) (2) 

2.1.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2A – L2] 

• Angolan troops were under attack from UNITA and SADF forces 
• The 'fight and talk' strategy suggested by Soviet military  advisors had failed 
• Cuba had assisted the MPLA government of Angola in the past 
• Castro had often expressed his commitment to internationalism 
• Any other relevant answer (any 2 x 2) (4) 

2.2
2.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1] 

• Thousands of SADF troops have been deployed to fight FAPLA  troops in Angola 
• SADF carried out an important operation in south-eastern  Angola 
• It was an unequal battle (any 2 x 1) (2) 

2.2.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1]  

• Meticulous planning 
• A total of 50 000 Cuban troops had been committed to Angola 
• Cuban troops gained control of the skies there for the first time  in twelve years 
• 998 tanks were sent by the Cubans 
• More than 600 armoured vehicles 
• 1 600 artillery, mortars and anti-aircraft defence weapons  
• Determination to achieve victory 
• Combining boldness and heroism (any 3 x 1) (3)

2.2.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2B – L2] 

• Fidel Castro was responsible for directing, although not  physically with them, the Cuban army at Cuito Cuanavale; their  victory showed that Fidel Castro was a great military strategist  
• Fidel Castro was the leader of Cuba and responsible for the  decision to send in troops to Angola and the victory at Cuito  Cuanavale reflected well upon his leadership decisions 
• Raul Castro wanted to show that the positive consequences of  Cuban internationalism (involvement in Angola) proved that  Fidel Castro was a great statesman 
• Any other relevant answer (any 1 x 2) (2) 

2.2.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2B – L2] 

• Despite heavy bombardment by the SADF, South Africans failed  to capture Cuito Cuanavale (were defeated)
• Cuba's involvement at Cuito Cuanavale secured victory for the  Angolans (FAPLA/ MPLA)  
• The failure of the SADF to take Cuito Cuanavale had long-term  consequences, for example, the SADF military was humiliated,  and there was greater will to negotiate a settlement which led to  the withdrawal of the SADF and Cuban troops from Angola. 
• Cuito Cuanavale was a strategically important victory for the  Cubans/Angolans against the SADF/UNITA forces (successfully  defended) 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)   

2.3 [Comparison of information in Sources 2A and 2B – L3] 

• In Source 2A the SADF is shown as having regained a superior position  in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale before the Cubans arrived and in Source  2B Castro supported this view and shows how much military assistance  was needed from Cuba to defeat the SADF 
• In Source 2A, Dos Santos called upon Cuba for help knowing that they  would provide support and Source 2B shows the willingness and degree  of Cuban support for the Angolan government as part of Cuba's  commitment to internationalism 
• Any other relevant answer (2 x 2) (4) 

2.4
2.4.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2] 

• Cuban and Angolan soldiers worked together to secure a victory  at Cuito Cuanavale (shown holding up Angola together)  
• Cuba's and Angola's military victory upheld the sovereignty,  independence of the MPLA government (soldiers holding up a  map of Angola) 
• It implies that Cubans fought as equals alongside the Angolan  troops (brothers in arms). They are the same size, wore the  same uniforms and carried the same guns 
• Any other relevant answer (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2] 

• The memorial celebrates male, military power and strength. It  suggests that it is these men who were responsible for the  survival of Angola (strong men in uniforms and with guns,  holding up the map of Angola) 
• The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was remembered as an  important battle in the history of Angola 
• It shows that the Angolan and Cuban soldiers worked together  for a common purpose 
• There is no recognition of the women and children who fought  alongside the men in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale, nor of the  women who played a supporting role in the Cuban and  Angolan military 
• There is no acknowledgement of the Angolan civilians who lost  their lives in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4) 

2.5 2.5.1 [Explanation of a historical concept from Source 2D – L1]

• To gain independence from colonial rule 
• To follow your rules and laws as enshrined in your respective  country's constitution  
• Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2) 

2.5.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2D – L1] 

• It was victory for the whole of Africa 
• It enabled Namibia to win independence 
• Broke the myth of invincibility of the apartheid army 
• Inspired the dispossessed and marginalised South Africans 
• Resulted in the unbanning of South African liberation  movements 
• A milestone in the history of liberation 
• A turning point in the struggle to free Africa (any 3 x 1) (3) 

2.5.3 [Evaluating the usefulness of evidence in Source 2D – L3]  

• The source is taken from a speech delivered by former  president Nelson Mandela 
• The results which Mandela refers to can be supported/  corroborated from other evidence 
• The source confirms that Cuban troops played a significant  role in the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale  
• Evidence in the source suggests that there were far-reaching  consequences of Cuba's involvement in the Battle of Cuito  Cuanavale 
• Any other relevant answer (any 2 x 2) (4)

2.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of evidence from relevant sources – L3] 
Candidates could include some of the following aspects in their response: 
Causes 

• The SADF won a decisive victory at the Lomba River and Angolan  sovereignty was threatened (Source 2A) 
• The SADF had established a strong foothold and positioned its troops  deep inside Angola 
• Dos Santos asked Cuba for assistance when Russian plans failed  (Source 2A) 
• Cuba was committed to internationalism (Source 2B)  
• Cuba had supported the MPLA government in the Angolan civil war since  the mid-1970s (own knowledge)  

Consequences 

• The SADF was defeated due to the military presence and strength of  Cuba 
• It enabled Namibia to win independence (Source 2D) 
• The SADF defeat broke the myth of invincibility of the apartheid army  (Source 2D) 
• The liberation movements within South Africa were inspired by Cuban  strength and commitment to internationalism (Source 2D) 
• Cuban soldiers fought and died alongside their Angolan comrades  (Source 2C) 
• The Cubans sent a large number of military personnel and equipment to  fight in Angola (Source 2B) 
• Any other relevant answer 

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark: 

(8)
[50]

QUESTION 3: WHAT IMPACT DID THE CLOSURE OF HIGH SCHOOLS HAVE  ON THE COMMUNITY OF LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, IN 1958?  
3.1
3.1.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3A – L1]  

1. Deep concern for proper education of their children (1 x 1) (1) 
2. Interruption of proper educational processes (1 x 1) (1) 

3.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3A – L1] 

• It was because the last hope of the relief from an intolerable  situation has been exhausted  
• To prevent the integration of schools (2 x 1) (2) 

3.1.3 [Explanation of a historical concept from Source 3A – L1] 

• A process that allowed African American learners to attend the  same schools with white American learners e.g. Central High  School in Little Rock 
• Process where learners of different races would attend the  same school together 
• Racial mixing of learners (African Americans and White  Americans) at schools 
• Any other relevant response (any 1 x 2) (2)   

3.1.4 [Interpretation of evidence in Source 3A – L2]  
Integration of schools would:  

• Lead to violence/bloodshed in schools in Little Rock 
• Lead to destruction of the schooling system 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)   

3.1.5 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3A – L1]  

• The federal government had no authority to require any state  to operate public schools 
• The federal government had no authority to tell the state  government for what purposes it levied taxes and how taxes  were used  
• The federal courts said only that an agency of the state cannot  maintain segregated school (any 2 x 1) (2)   

3.1.6 [Evaluating the usefulness of Source 3A – L3] 

• This source contains the official speech made by Governor  Faubus 
• It was the action taken after Governor Faubus signed the Bills  of Extraordinary Session of the General Assembly 
• High Schools in Little Rock were closed during the 1958-1959  academic year; that information can be corroborated with  information from other sources  
• Information about the closure of high schools in Little Rock can  be found in the Little Rock historical archives 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.2
3.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3B – L1]  

1. White learners: 2 915 (1 x 1) (1) 
2. Black learners: 750 (1 x 1)  (1) 

3.2.2 [Interpretation of evidence in Source 3B – L2] 

• The opening of private schools for black learners could be seen  as going against the demand for equal access to education for  all Americans 
• Black private schools could have perpetuated segregated  system of education 
• Few black families could have afforded private education for  their children 
• Supreme Court ruling of 1954 had ruled against segregated  education 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)   

3.3
3.3.1 [Interpretation of evidence in Source 3C – L2] 

• To show how televised lessons were conducted during the Lost  Year 
• To show that learners were expected to learn without educators  guidance/support 
• To show the effects of Faubus' action regarding the closure of  all high schools 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.3.2 [Interpretation of evidence in Source 3C – L2] 
Candidates should indicate SUPPORT or DO NOT SUPPORT  and support their answer with relevant evidence. 
SUPPORT 

• No formal assessment was given to learners 
• No teachers to guide learners 
• Learners seem disinterested 
• No records of learners who actually listened to lessons 
• Any other relevant response 
  OR 

DO NOT SUPPORT 

• Shows learners listening to a televised lesson 
• Shows an image of learning taking place 
• Learners taking notes 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.4 [Comparison of information in Sources 3B and 3C - L3] 

• Source 3B refers to displaced learners while Source 3C shows learners watching a televised lesson  
• Source 3B refers to alternative schooling while Source 3C shows learners taking notes in a living room  
• Source 3B refers to the Lost Year while Source 3C shows learners during  the Lost Year 
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)   

3.5
3.5.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3D – L1] 

• To condemn the school closing action 
• To support the reopening of schools (2 x 1) (2) 

3.5.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3D – L1] 

• To recall the segregationist board members 
• They contacted registered voters and visited people door to  door to create enough support to recall the three  segregationist board members and retain the three moderate  ones (any 1 x 2) (2)   

3.5.3 [Analysis of evidence in Source 3D – L2] 

• Schools in Little Rock were ultimately desegregated  
• The Federal government had successfully implemented  integration of the schools 
• The American constitution was upheld 
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis of evidence from relevant sources – L3] 
Candidates could include the following aspects in their response: 

• Governor Faubus used state machinery to close schools (own  knowledge) 
• Governor Faubus influenced white parents against school desegregation  (own knowledge) 
• Schooling was interrupted by Governor Faubus' actions (Source 3A) 
• The effects of school desegregation on learners and parents (Source 3B) 
• 2915 white learners were displaced while 750 black learners were  displaced (Source 3B) 
• 93% of white learners were able to find alternative schooling while 50% of  black learners could not find alternative schooling (Source 3B) 
• Many learners lost out on schooling (own knowledge) 
• Several groups were organised either to support the closure of schools or  to keep them open (3B) 
• Learners watched televised lessons (Source 3C) 
• Televised lessons not effective as learners were not monitored (own  knowledge) 
• WEC and STOP worked together for the reopening of all schools  (Source 3D) 
• Parents attitude towards desegregation shifted towards limited  desegregation (Source 3D) 
• Relations between some white and black parents improved (own  knowledge) 
• Any other relevant response  

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark:   

(8) 
[50]

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS 
QUESTION 4: EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM 
[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical  and interpretative skills] 
SYNOPSIS  
Candidates are expected to evaluate whether the United States of America lost the  war due to the opposition within the country or because of its military failure on the  battlefields of Vietnam. Candidates should identify the different forms of opposition to  the war in Vietnam and weigh these factors against the impact of the military strategies  that were used on the battlefields of Vietnam.  
MAIN ASPECTS  
Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:  

• Introduction: Candidates are expected to contextualise the question, establish a  clear line of argument and indicate how they will answer the question. 

ELABORATION 
Reasons for USA's involvement in Vietnam 

• Stop the spread of communism in Asia 
• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution (1964) 
• The Domino Theory 

Opposition within the United States of America (USA Politics)  

• Anti-war demonstrations  
• Opposition to conscription (e.g.: Mohammed Ali, university learners) 
• The role of the media 
• Veteran anti-war protest 

Military failure on the battlefields 

• Conscription of young inexperienced soldiers/guerillas in Vietnam were highly  experienced from struggle wars against colonial powers  
• USA's mass aerial bombing 'Operation Rolling Thunder' from 1965 (conventional  warfare)/guerilla tactics presented no visible targets for bombing; Ho Chi Minh Trail  kept supplies from North Vietnam moving into South Vietnam 
• 'Operation Ranch Hand' (use of chemicals to destroy forests (Agent Orange) and  crops (Agent Blue)/Effects of napalm on the Vietnamese turned them against the  USA and supported the guerrillas; guerrillas won support of farmers  
• The TET offensive (January 1968) (The US controlled towns and cities ambushed  by guerrillas) 
• The US army used search and destroy methods (My Lai massacre) to destroy  villages supported by Vietcong/killing of women and children turned locals against  the US to support the guerrillas; media published pictures that won sympathy for  Vietnam  
• President Nixon's Vietnamisation policy/including WHAM (Winning the hearts and  minds of the Vietnamese) was an attempt by the USA to withdraw from war and  'save face' 
• The USA withdrew all troops by 1973 and North Vietnam took control of Saigon  in 1975 
• Any other relevant response  

Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion.

[50]

QUESTION 5: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY – THE  CONGO AND TANZANIA 
[Plan and construct an argument based on evidence using analytical and  interpretative skills] 
SYNOPSIS 
In writing this essay, candidates must critically discuss the aims, implementation and  effects of policies of Zairianisation (the Congo) and Ujamaa (villagisation) (Tanzania) and how they failed to 'Africanise' their economies of the Congo and Tanzania after  attaining independence in the 1960s. Candidates should also indicate why both  countries failed to achieve full economic independence, and provide relevant evidence  to support their line of argument. 
MAIN ASPECTS 
Candidates should include the following aspects in their response: 

• Introduction: Candidates should contextualise the question and show how Mobutu  Sese Seko and Julius Nyerere of newly independent Congo and Tanzania  respectively hoped to 'Africanise' their economies. Candidates should establish  their line of argument in response to the question.  

ELABORATION 
Africanisation in the Congo: Zairianisation 
Aims 

• To replace foreigners with Congolese nationals in key positions
• To take Congo's means of producing wealth into African hands by nationalising  land, mines and industry  
• To diversify the economy and develop an industrial and manufacturing sector 

Implementation 

• Replaced experienced and skilled foreigners with inexperienced locals 
• Nationalisation of farmlands, industry and mining 

Effects 

• Lack of skilled Congolese technicians and managers made it difficult for industry to  operate without foreign support.  
• As a result the government was forced to re-privatise industry and mines
• Reversal of Zairianisation (retrocession) 
• Failure to diversify the economy resulted in the Congo's on-going dependence on  trading raw materials for manufactured goods as well as foreign aid and  investment  
• Foreign powers (USA and France) were unwilling to lose control of the rich mineral  reserves in the Congo and continued economic support to the Congo
• The Congo failed to 'Africanise' economy and continued to rely heavily on aid and  investment from its western allies such as the USA and France (neo-colonialism)
• Any other relevant answer

Africanisation in Tanzania: Ujamaa (Villagisation) 
Aims 

• African Socialism 
• To replace foreigners with Tanzanian nationals in key positions and develop African  leadership among its citizens through the Leadership Code 
• To take Tanzania's means of production by nationalising industry and land 
• Established 'collective' farms through the policy of Ujamaa to promote self sufficiency  
• Nyerere wanted to avoid neo-colonialism so initially refused to take aid or  assistance from foreign countries 

Implementation 

• Removed villagers and peasants from their original land to collective villages  (ujamaa) 
• Villagers opposed to the policy were forcefully removed 

Effects 

• Villagers resisted forced removals associated with the policy of Ujamaa 
• Economy ceased to grow. Low production resulted in Tanzania suffering severe  shortages of food and manufactured goods  
• Growing dependence on foreign aid and loans after oil crisis of 1970s became  more prevalent 
• Tanzania was forced to take World Bank loans which led to debt and a dependency  syndrome 
• Tanzania remained one of the least developed countries in Africa 
• Nyerere admitted that poverty could not be eliminated in Tanzania with existing  world balance of economic power 
• Any other relevant answer 

Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion

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QUESTION 6: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s:  BLACK POWER MOVEMENT 
[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical  and interpretative skills] 
SYNOPSIS 
Candidates are expected to refer to conditions of the African Americans before the  1960s and explain to what extent the ideas and actions of Malcolm X, Stokely  Carmichael and the Black Panther Party gave African Americans a new sense of  identity in the United States of America during the 1960s. 
MAIN ASPECTS 
Candidates should include the following aspects in their response: 

• Introduction: Candidates should take a line of argument by indicating to what  extent the ideas and actions of Malcolm X, Stokely Carmichael and the Black  Panther Party gave African Americans a new sense of identity in the United States  of America during the 1960s and indicate how they will answer the question.  

ELABORATION 
The situation in the USA before the 1960s 

• Lack of political organisation for African Americans 
• Lack of a strong cultural identity among African Americans 
• Lack of a sense of pride due to socio-economic circumstances (Lived in ghettos  and slum areas/poor housing/under-resourced facilities) 
• Any other relevant response 

Ideas and actions of:  
Malcolm X 

• An influential speaker and a dedicated human rights activist 
• Believed in black separation, self-determination (black nationalism) and he  advocated self-respect and self-discipline 
• Promoted the concept of 'Black Pride' (self- esteem/self- respect/self - help) 
• Encouraged African Americans to stand up against white American authorities in  pursuit of freedom, justice and equality by whatever means possible 
• Supported the use of violence as a means of self defence against those who  attacked African Americans 
• Any other relevant response

Stokely Carmichael 

• Believed that non-violence was a strategy that was not working because of on going violence that was used by some white Americans against African Americans
• Advocated the principles of Black Power (do things for yourself; control politics in  their communities; take pride in own culture and defend themselves against racial  oppression and manipulation) 
• Advocated the exclusion of white 'liberals' as a philosophy for African Americans
• In 1966 he popularised the Black Power slogan 'Black is Beautiful' 
• Promoted African clothing/Afro hairstyles/music/literature/heritage as symbols of  Black Pride 
• Joined the Black Panther Party (for Self-Defence) which put into action the  Black Power/Black Pride philosophy 
• Any other relevant response 

Black Panther Party:  
Putting the ideas of the Black Power Movement into action 

• Initiated and supported community based programmes/feeding schemes/anti poverty centres; focused on socio-economic conditions of African Americans and  also operated community survival programmes 
• Ten (10) point plan served as the Black Panther manifesto that covered its social,  political and economic goals for the upliftment for African American community 
• The Black Panther Party got involved in street patrols; monitored police activities  and defended themselves against police brutality; by carrying guns (militant  approach) to stop the on-going police brutality and harassment of young black men 
• Any other relevant response 

Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion.

[50]
TOTAL: 150