ENGLISH HOME LANGUAGE PAPER 2
GRADE 12
SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
MEMORANDUM
MAY/JUNE2017 

NOTE TO MARKERS

• These marking guidelines are intended as a guide for markers.
• The marking guidelines will be discussed with the marking panel before marking commences at the marking centre.
• Candidates' responses must be considered on their merits.

INSTRUCTIONS

1. Wherever a candidate has answered more than the required number of questions, mark only the first answer/response. (The candidate may NOT answer the essay and the contextual question on the same genre.)
2. If a candidate has answered all four questions in SECTION A (prescribed poems), mark only the first two.
3. If a candidate has answered two contextual or two essay questions in SECTIONS B and C, mark the first one and ignore the second. If a candidate has answered all six questions (novel) and/or all four questions (drama), mark only the first answer in each section, provided that one contextual and one essay have been answered.
4. If a candidate gives two answers where the first is wrong and the next one correct, mark the first answer and ignore the next.
5. If answers are incorrectly numbered, mark according to the marking guidelines.
6. If a spelling error affects the meaning, mark incorrect. If it does not affect the meaning, mark correct.
7. Essay questions: If the essay is shorter than the required word count, do not penalise, because the candidate has already penalised himself/herself. If the essay is too long, assess on merit and discuss with senior markers.
8. Contextual questions: If the candidate does not use inverted commas when asked to quote, do not penalise.
9. For open-ended questions, no marks should be awarded for YES/NO or I AGREE/DISAGREE. The reason/substantiation/motivation/justification is what should be considered.
10. No marks should be awarded for TRUE/FALSE or FACT/OPINION. The reason/substantiation/motivation/justification is what should be marked.
11. Answers to contextual questions must be assessed holistically in the light of the discussion during the standardisation of the marking guidelines.

SECTION A: POETRY
PRESCRIBED POETRY
QUESTION 1: POETRY – ESSAY QUESTION
'LONDON' – William Blake

• Use the following points, among others, as a guideline to marking this question. Responses might differ, depending on the candidate's sensitivity to and understanding of the poem.
• Refer to page 23 for the rubric to assess this question.

The suffering citizens might be seen as both responsible and not responsible for their oppression and suffering.

• The ruling classes have created limitations, imposing their will on citizens and the city. The words, 'charter'd' and 'ban' have connotations of control and restrictions on movement.
• The 'Infant's cry of fear' suggests that citizens are born into a life of suffering, thus removing the responsibility the citizens would have for the condition in which they find themselves.
• Children working as 'Chimney-sweepers' are vulnerable and exploited by the ruling classes, often dying dreadfully. The Church, whose responsibility it is to protect them, turns a blind eye, hence the reference to the 'blackening Church'.
• The reference to soldiers as 'hapless' indicates that they are victims of a system that uses them as cannon fodder ('Runs in blood down Palace walls'). They are used to defend and protect the monarchy.
• The word, 'marks' indicates that a life of suffering and poverty has had an adverse effect on the physical appearance and the emotional state of the citizens. These 'marks' might be self-imposed or are a consequence of the hardships imposed on them by the state.
• The 'youthful Harlot's' behaviour might be viewed as her only means of survival because of the unequal social conditions of the time. Unwanted children as a consequence of this lifestyle are a 'curse'. The children are born into a life of exploitation, thus perpetuating the suffering and oppression experienced by the downtrodden.
• However, it might be argued that young girls might have made a different lifestyle choice in order to avoid continuing the cycle of exploitation and oppression.
• 'The mind-forg'd manacles' might suggest that people have been indoctrinated into accepting their inferior positions in society. However, it might be argued that the suffering the citizens experience is self-imposed because they accept their circumstances when they ought to question their oppression.
• The tone is bitter/condemnatory/rebellious/angry, which can be viewed as an attack on either the authorities or the apathy of the citizenry, or both.

[Accept mixed responses.]
[A candidate who argues that the suffering citizens are totally responsible for their suffering or not at all responsible for their suffering can receive full marks.]
[10]

QUESTION 2: POETRY – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
'AUTUMN' – Roy Campbell
2.1 The speaker delights in the stark beauty of the tree branches devoid of their leaves. The reference to Winter as a 'paragon of art' reflects his view that winter is the epitome of beauty. He sees Winter as stripping away the vestiges of the old cycle to make way for new life.
[Award 2 marks for any two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
2.2 The word, 'brim' implies that the harvest has been bountiful and the storage containers are full to over-flowing./It emphasises the fertility of the previous season and the reaping of the rewards of a plentiful and abundant harvest.
[Award 2 marks for any two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
2.3 The image is a description of the actual pine needles as well as the sharp, narrow shafts of light that filter through the trees. It emphasises the sharpness of the light. It is appropriate because it creates an image of brightness and beauty while also suggesting the sharpness/harshness of the season. Autumn is associated with both destructiveness and the rejuvenation of beauty.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
2.4 Agree.
Campbell's poem demonstrates that the continuity of life on earth is dependent on the cyclical nature of the seasons. In order for the new cycle to begin, Winter has to prepare the way by removing everything that would hinder new growth. Geese migrate to warmer climates to survive. New growth is dependent upon the sunlight's being allowed to warm the earth. The sun aids the growth of fruit that can be harvested and stored as produce for use in the colder season. At the end of the autumn harvest, the 'rotting stems' are given a new purpose as fuel for fires in winter.
[A cogent 'Disagree' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
[10]

QUESTION 3: POETRY – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
'FUTILITY' – Wilfred Owen
3.1 'Home' implies a place of comfort and safety./It represents all that is antithetical to war in a foreign land.
[Award 2 marks for any two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
3.2 The sun is given the characteristics of kindness and gentleness. By personifying the sun, the speaker suggests the benevolence of nature and its nurturing qualities.
[Award 2 marks for any two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
3.3 The speaker questions why the sun gave life when it is so easily and pointlessly squandered in war. The rhetorical questions introduce a tone of frustration and anger. This contrasts with the earlier tone of reverence for the sun's powers and a desperate hope to believe the sun can revive his comrade.
[Award full marks only if candidates refer to the contrast in tones.] (3)
3.4 Agree.
The poem reflects the speaker's bitterness and frustration at the pointlessness of creation in the face of war. The potential/value of life has been wasted ('limbs so dear-achieved'). His use of the word, 'this' in line 12 demonstrates his contemptuous and cynical attitude to war. The phrase, 'fields unsown' suggests the unfulfilled potential of the young lives lost in war.
[A cogent 'Disagree' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
[10]

QUESTION 4: POETRY – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
'IN DETENTION' – Chris van Wyk
4.1 The police wish to create the impression that the prisoners' deaths are self-inflicted or accidental./They are responsible for their own deaths; the police are presented as innocent.
[Award 2 marks for any two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
4.2 'He' is impersonal, suggesting that the detainees are not considered important enough to have their identities/individuality recognised. It might also indicate that the police did not want to acknowledge by name those who had died in detention. The repetition of ‘He’ emphasises the large number of detainees who died in detention.
[Award 2 marks for any two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
4.3 The speaker's tone is sarcastic/scornful/ironic/sardonic. It emphasises his cynical awareness of and contempt for the lies spewed by the murderous apartheid police.
Credit candidates who might refer to the tone as impersonal/emotionless.
[Award 1 mark for the identification of the tone and 2 marks for a discussion of its appropriateness.] (3)
4.4 Agree.
The poem demonstrates the obvious absurdity of the reasons given by the police for people's dying in detention. The increasingly ridiculous statements highlight the callousness of the police, who are arrogant and contemptuous of the rule of law. The speaker satirises the complete disregard the police have for the truth. Dark humour is used to mock them and the satire highlights the horror and brutality of the murders in detention.
[A cogent 'Disagree' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR three ideas.] (3)
[10]

UNSEEN POETRY (COMPULSORY)
QUESTION 5: CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
'NIGHTSONG: CITY' – Dennis Brutus
5.1 The word, 'restless' suggests a constant mood of unease because of the dangerous environment. The docks are a hive of activity, even at night, and there is continual movement/busyness.
[Award 2 marks only if the element of danger resulting in unease is identified.] (2)
5.2 The word suggests the staccato-like movement of the police cars as they manoeuvre through the area. This contributes to the image of the police cars’ lurking in the streets. It might refer to the number of police cars in the area. The image is very disparaging of the police since cockroaches are generally regarded with disgust.
[Award 2 marks for any two relevant and distinct points.] (2)
5.3 Violence in the city is compared to a 'bug-infested rag', which implies that it has infused itself into the lives of the people to such an extent that there is no escape. The image suggests the speaker's disgust with the sordid and ugly conditions of life in the city. The city has become infected with the disease of violence.
[Award 3 marks for three ideas OR 3 marks for two ideas well discussed.] (3)
5.4 Agree.
A song tends to be associated with celebration and a 'nightsong' in particular might be associated with a lullaby. However, this poem deals with the sordid underbelly of life in a city. It focuses on issues of violence, fear and poverty. The poem is actually a lament.
[A cogent 'Disagree' response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Award 3 marks for three ideas OR 3 marks for two ideas well discussed.] (3)
[10]
TOTAL SECTION A: 30

SECTION B: NOVEL
ANIMAL FARM – George Orwell
QUESTION 6: ANIMAL FARM – ESSAY QUESTION

Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.

• A range of examples should be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 24 for the rubric to assess this question.

Candidates might argue that this statement is not entirely true and discuss how characters are either admirable or seriously flawed or both.

• Old Major's compassion and concern for the well-being of the animals motivates him to share his philosophy of Animalism with them. He wants them to be empowered and to take charge of their own lives. However, he is not insightful enough to foresee Napoleon's abuse of power. The revolution is doomed because he fails to see that corrupt leaders could readily arise.
• His warning to beware of humans is short-sighted as he does not foresee that the animals might be betrayed by their own kind.
• Snowball's intention to uplift the lives of the animals is noble. He uses his superior knowledge to improve conditions on the farm by planning to build the windmill. He develops the Seven Commandments to make it easier for the animals to understand the philosophy on which their independence is based and is courageous in his defence of the farm.
• Snowball is flawed because he gives in to greed and temptation when he condones the taking of milk and apples for the pigs.
• He is naive in believing that he and Napoleon can work together for the good of the farm and lacks the foresight to see through Napoleon's machinations.
• Boxer is dependable and devotes himself to working as hard as he can to make a success of Animal Farm. His loyalty to Animal Farm might be seen as admirable, while his usually unquestioning loyalty to Napoleon has dire consequences for him and the other animals that follow his lead.
• Boxer's lack of intelligence and his gullibility are flaws that lead to his downfall.
• Benjamin's loyalty to Boxer is admirable. However, his cynicism might be considered a flaw as he chooses not to get involved. It may be assumed that his instinct for self-preservation makes him selfish.
• Napoleon might be admired for his ambition and his single-minded pursuit of being sole leader. However, his tyranny and oppression of the other animals make him villainous.
• Squealer's eloquence and persuasiveness might be viewed as desirable qualities, but his misuse of these potentially positive attributes is criminal.
• Moses allows himself to be used as an instrument of oppression by both Jones and Napoleon, making him evil. He is hypocritical and self-serving.
• Mollie is a flawed character as she is vain and selfish. She displays a lack of courage and concern for the other animals, choosing a life of luxury and comfort rather than working for the greater good of the farm.

[Credit mixed responses/valid alternative responses.]
[25]

QUESTION 7: ANIMAL FARM – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
7.1 Snowball is a rival that Napoleon wants to eliminate. Moreover, Napoleon needs a scapegoat to blame for the various things that start going wrong on the farm. He needs to identify an enemy for the other animals to resent and, by comparison, to enhance his own position and reputation. Having an enemy deflects attention from his shortcomings.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
7.2 Napoleon's accusation that Snowball is an evil traitor is inaccurate. He lies about Snowball's being corrupt and a deserter. The reality is that Snowball has the best interests of the animals at heart. He has worked hard to make their lives easier and he is dedicated to their upliftment. He is loyal to the principles of Animalism.
[A response suggesting the accuracy of the characterisation is unlikely, but treat all responses on their merit.]
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
7.3 Napoleon's insistence that the windmill be rebuilt enhances his status as a benevolent leader. The windmill was originally intended to make the animals' lives easier by providing electricity. While the original goal remains and is a motivating factor for its rebuilding, its purpose now is to enhance Napoleon's business plans. Furthermore, its construction provides Napoleon with the opportunity to keep the animals distracted from thinking about the hardships they are experiencing.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
7.4 Napoleon's threats and dictatorial behaviour have created an atmosphere of fear on the farm. He encourages the animals to be suspicious and doubtful of one another. This assists Napoleon in suppressing the animals' questioning of his leadership by heightening their paranoia. The apprehension of Snowball and the rebuilding of the windmill become matters of urgency. This keeps the animals focused, allowing Napoleon to continue his rise to power uncontested.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
7.5 The animals have observed that the pigs have taken on human characteristics, such as walking on their hind legs. The commandments have been reversed and there is no attempt to hide the pigs' exploitation of the animals. Napoleon is celebrating the business alliance he has concluded with Mr Pilkington, which is another indication of his rejection of the original commandments.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
7.6 The symbols and rituals of the revolution are abandoned or altered by Napoleon and the pigs. Napoleon denies knowing the original significance of the symbols, indicating a complete rejection of the original vision the animals had for Animal Farm. He undermines the historical significance of the symbols of the revolution, as well as old Major's contribution. He disassociates himself from the revolution. His abolition of these rituals and symbols is a physical manifestation of the abandoning of the ideals for which the animals originally fought.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
7.7 The name, Animal Farm, was introduced by the animals as a symbol of their freedom from human tyranny. However, Napoleon's toast celebrates reverting to the original name of the farm. It is ironic that the revolutionary leaders have become precisely that which they had fought against and have betrayed the animals' hard-fought freedom. One form of tyranny has simply been replaced by another.
[Award 3 marks only if the irony is well discussed.] (3)
7.8 The novel is successful in its criticism because Orwell exposes the dangers of a totalitarian regime. He does this by describing the abuse of power by a tyrannical despot. The sacrifices made by the other animals are exploited for the well-being of the privileged few. Equality is undermined while propaganda is used to indoctrinate the animals into accepting their suffering and oppression.
[A cogent contrary response is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Award 4 marks for any three ideas well discussed OR any four distinct ideas.] (4)
[25]

PRIDE AND PREJUDICE – Jane Austen
QUESTION 8: PRIDE AND PREJUDICE – ESSAY QUESTION

Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.

• A range of examples should be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 24 for the rubric to assess this question.

Candidates might argue that this statement is not entirely true and discuss how Elizabeth is either admirable or significantly flawed or both.

• Elizabeth's flaws are her outspokenness and her sharp tongue, together with her judgmental nature, her pride and her prejudice. These attributes contribute to the misunderstandings that occur. She naively believes Wickham's version of his life story. She condemns Darcy based on hearsay, without attempting to verify what she has heard and is adamant that her actions are well-founded and reasonable.
• It is her pride and her prejudice that contribute to her rejection of Darcy's initial marriage proposal.
• She prides herself on her ability to judge people, but she is not always correct in her judgement.
• Elizabeth's praiseworthy characteristics far outweigh her flaws: she is very aware of how people around her function and is not insensitive to the frailties of those in her family. She is critical of her mother's ingratiating behaviour.
• She is aware of the passive role that her father plays in the lives of his daughters and attempts to advise him, especially on matters concerning Lydia.
• Her intervention in attempting to maintain control over her sisters shows her sense of responsibility to her family and hence her interference in Lydia's plan to go to Brighton.
• Elizabeth is discerning and wise. On hearing of Lydia's elopement, she demands that her father engage in some damage control because the reputation of her family is very important to her.
• Elizabeth's anger at Darcy's interference in the Jane-Bingley relationship points to her single-minded determination to protect her family.
• Because she lives by her own rules and morality, she will not submit to societal expectations. She sees through the facade of Mr Collins and politely declines his proposal.
• She is forthright in her criticism of Darcy and is not hypocritical, as she is prepared to tell him exactly what she thinks of him.
• She confronts Lady Catherine directly and does not allow status and class to dissuade her from speaking her mind. She is far from intimidated by Lady Catherine. Her attitude to the Bingley sisters also reveals that she is unaffected by their social position. She is aware of social norms, but is prepared to critically appraise them and act accordingly.
• Her wisdom and courage in admitting her failings and doing something about them are admirable. When she realises that she has been wrong, she apologises. She also has the ability to laugh at herself.
  Candidates may cite other examples of Elizabeth's genuine concern and respect for others, such as her relationship with the Gardiners, her acceptance of Charlotte's decision and her later acceptance of Lydia and Wickham.

[Credit mixed responses/valid alternative responses.]
[25]

QUESTION 9: PRIDE AND PREJUDICE – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
9.1 It is unusual for women to be the owners of property. The law of entailment makes it impossible for women to inherit property, as is the case with the Bennet girls. Women are therefore under constant pressure to marry in order to secure their futures. An unmarried woman has reduced status and very little means to support herself.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
9.2 Lady Catherine's claim that one's physical appearance distinguishes a person of high birth from a commoner indicates that she is a social snob. She is also biased in that she views her daughter as a beauty when she is not. Her arrogance and sense of superiority are evident in her condescending attitude toward anyone of a lower rank.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
9.3 Lady Catherine is Mr Collins's patroness. She has set him up in a vicarage with a comfortable house and guaranteed income. This accounts for his obsequious behaviour toward her. In addition, he feels self-important because he has ties with a woman of such stature, thus raising his own status. She becomes his passport to the society of the nobility.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
9.4 Mr Bennet is a discerning judge of character and is fully aware of Mr Collins's sycophantic nature. He sarcastically questions Mr Collins's use of flattery and is rewarded with a response that intensifies his poor opinion of Mr Collins. He recognises Mr Collins's insincerity and ulterior motives. He is therefore not surprised to learn that Mr Collins tailors his comments to suit the audience and the occasion.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
9.5 Elizabeth had rejected Darcy's marriage proposal and had been vociferous in presenting her reasons for her dislike of him. These included her belief that he was conceited and self-centred. She blamed him for his arrogant treatment of Wickham and for preventing Wickham from inheriting his rightful share of Darcy's father's estate. On later learning the truth and the role that Darcy played in securing the marriage between Wickham and Lydia, she is embarrassed by her behaviour.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
9.6 At the beginning of the novel, Darcy is disparaging of Elizabeth, her family and her social position. He is proud and intolerant, remaining aloof from those of lower social standing. It is atypical that a man of his social position should admit his failings. Darcy's admission here shows the extent to which he has overcome his prejudice and become more approachable.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
9.7 Lady Catherine had insisted that Elizabeth should terminate her relationship with Darcy, which would have made her [Lady Catherine] happy. However, her interference has the opposite effect in that she is instrumental in bringing them together. Elizabeth's defiance attracts Darcy even more and results in his second proposal. It is ironic that Lady Catherine's efforts to keep Elizabeth and Darcy apart have actually resulted in their union. This would not please her.
[Award 3 marks only if the irony is well discussed.] (3)
9.8 Elizabeth and Darcy engage in a frank and spirited conversation. By speaking her mind freely and intelligently, Elizabeth impresses Darcy because she reveals herself to be a woman of substance and an independent thinker. In Austen's society, courting couples usually display a sense of decorum. Women are expected to be submissive and compliant. This is because they have been taught to be demure and accommodating if they hope to find a suitable husband. Declarations of love and intelligent discussions about feelings are generally avoided.
[Award 4 marks for any three ideas well discussed OR any four distinct ideas.] (4)
[25]

THE GREAT GATSBY – F Scott Fitzgerald
QUESTION 10: THE GREAT GATSBY – ESSAY QUESTION

Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.

• A range of examples should be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 24 for the rubric to assess this question.

Candidates might argue that this statement is not valid and discuss how Gatsby's flaws outweigh his admirable qualities, or they may offer a mixed response.

• Gatsby might seem to have achieved the American Dream, as he has successfully acquired great wealth and re-invented himself. But Gatsby is involved in organised crime, which contradicts the expectations inherent in the original American Dream.
• Although Gatsby at first aspires to the achievement of happiness through hard work and ability, as his boyhood 'Schedule' shows, his meeting with Dan Cody teaches him to be ruthless, even criminal, in his pursuit of success.
• Later, his association with Wolfshiem results in his becoming a big-time criminal.
• His bribing of the police officer and his making a shady business proposition to Nick are an indication of his questionable morals and his tackiness.
• His dream of winning Daisy is obsessive, as well as immature. His inability to change or adapt his dream as he grows older might be considered a flaw. However, some might consider the tragic purity of his love to be admirable.
• Gatsby has not been honest with Daisy, allowing her to believe that he comes from the same background as she does.
• Over the years, he has created an idealistic image of Daisy as perfect. The real Daisy, however, proves to be unworthy of his devotion.
• His unrealistic expectations are clearly illustrated by his belief that he can turn back time and re-create the past. He wants Daisy to deny her life with Tom. This, despite the fact that he is destroying a marriage and contributing to the break-up of a family.
• Gatsby is insensitive to that which lies outside his obsession, showing no concern for Myrtle's death as he is fully focused on Daisy's well-being.
• He is steadfast in his devotion to Daisy and is even prepared to take the blame for Myrtle's death to protect her.
• Despite his flaws, Gatsby at least has a dream. Amid people who drift aimlessly and lead purposeless lives, he stands out in his single-minded pursuit of his dream.
• He has an 'extraordinary gift for hope', as Nick observes, and is 'worth the whole damn bunch put together'.
• His generosity – replacing the dress of a partygoer with a more expensive one; his purchase of a house for his father – is admirable.
• Candidates might refer to his ostentatious lifestyle as being a lure to capture Daisy. This might be considered tacky or an indication of his admirable determination to achieve his dream.

[Credit mixed responses/valid alternative responses.]
[25]

QUESTION 11: THE GREAT GATSBY – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
11.1 Gatsby is overwhelmed that he has reunited with Daisy. He is not concentrating on what Nick is saying because he is distracted by thoughts of being with her. He is overcome by emotion and not as much in control of his thoughts as he usually is.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
11.2 Gatsby's house is a symbol of his wealth and success. It represents his dream of being part of Daisy's world. He wants to make it clear to Daisy that he will be able to provide her with the luxurious lifestyle to which she is accustomed. The size of the house and its ostentation will prove to her that he is worthy of her.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
11.3 Gatsby sees nothing wrong with making a shady business proposition as payment for a favour. In his world of lax moral codes, this is the norm. However, Nick, who comes from a background which espouses solid, traditional morals, finds Gatsby's offer offensive. His reluctance in responding to Gatsby's proposition shows that he is above being corrupted and is wary of anything morally questionable.
[Award 3 marks only if both Gatsby and Nick are discussed.] (3)
11.4 Gatsby's parties epitomise the decadence and waste that characterise Fitzgerald's America. The partygoers are portrayed as superficial, frivolous, purposeless and morally careless. Individuals from various social levels are opportunistic, using the parties to build networks that are beneficial to them.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
11.5 Tom's suspicions about Gatsby's business dealings have been confirmed. In addition, Tom has just discovered that Gatsby is having an affair with his wife. Tom wants to discredit Gatsby and ensure that Daisy stays with him.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
11.6 Tom is contemptuous of Gatsby and voices strong disapproval of his being a bootlegger. However, Tom is a hypocrite as, despite Prohibition, he also buys and consumes alcohol, presumably acquired from a bootlegger. Furthermore, Tom defends the involvement of his friend, Walter Chase, who was part of the same bootlegging business. It is ironic that Tom is critical of Gatsby while he benefits from Gatsby's criminal activity.
[Award 3 marks only if the irony is well discussed.] (3)
11.7 Whenever Daisy is faced with a situation which she finds uncomfortable, her general reaction is to retreat. She dislikes confrontation as it means that she has to take action. In this extract she finds the argument between Tom and Gatsby intolerable. The reality of Gatsby's criminal involvement is too much to face, therefore she withdraws into herself.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
11.8 In this extract, it is evident that Daisy has chosen Tom over Gatsby, yet Gatsby refuses to accept the situation.
He naively believes that making a lot of money will win Daisy back. The dubious means by which he acquires this wealth destroys his chances of a future with Daisy. His dream is based on an illusion because he has created an idealistic image of Daisy. The real Daisy, however, will fall far short of his vision. He assumes that the past five years can be erased. Gatsby has allowed Daisy to believe that he comes from the same background as she does. His dream is doomed because he will never be accepted into the society of old money, and Daisy is not prepared to give up that status. It is evident that his dream is unattainable from the beginning because it is unrealistic, impractical and lacks integrity.
[Award 4 marks for any three ideas well discussed OR any four distinct ideas.] (4)
[25]
TOTAL SECTION B: 25

SECTION C: DRAMA
OTHELLO – William Shakespeare
QUESTION 12: OTHELLO – ESSAY QUESTION

Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.

• A range of examples should be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 24 for the rubric to assess this question.

Disagree:

• Othello has reached the position of general through sheer hard work, skill and determination despite the odds against him. He is a brilliant soldier and is highly respected.
• He has spent the greater part of his life in the army and as such his unfamiliarity with civilian life provides Iago with the opportunity to manipulate him.
• Iago uses Othello's trusting nature, vulnerability and insecurities to sow seeds of doubt in Othello's mind. Iago's strong manipulative character corrupts Othello's better nature, making Othello a victim.
• As an honourable man, Othello expects others to subscribe to the same values as those to which he does.
• Since he relies increasingly on Iago, Othello becomes isolated and is manipulated by the circumstantial evidence of the handkerchief.
• Cassio's suspicious behaviour unwittingly lends credibility to Iago's innuendos and convinces Othello that his wife is unfaithful.
• Perhaps, since he believes in the concept of military justice, Othello's decision to kill Desdemona might be anticipated.

Agree:

• Othello's flaw is that he is too trusting and allows himself to be manipulated. He is a poor judge of character and so embroiled in his personal anguish that he allows it to cloud his judgement.
• Othello becomes increasingly irrational as he is consumed by his jealousy. He is unable to think clearly.
• His abusive behaviour toward Desdemona and his vulgar language when speaking to or about her cannot be condoned.
• Othello's pride will not allow him to be disgraced; he feels the need to punish those who have tarnished his reputation.
• Othello's failure to listen to Desdemona is a serious flaw, with fatal consequences. His only evidence for Desdemona's supposed infidelity is flimsy.
• When Othello is convinced that Desdemona is unfaithful, he becomes blind to reason. He plots Cassio's death and murders Desdemona. Desdemona's death is tragic and undeserved.

[Credit mixed responses/valid alternative responses.]
[25]

QUESTION 13: OTHELLO – CONTEXTUAL QUESTION
13.1 Roderigo is frustrated/indignant/resentful because he thinks that Iago has known about the relationship between Othello and Desdemona but has failed to share this knowledge with him. Roderigo is infatuated with Desdemona and Iago has promised to win her for him. He is aggrieved because he provides Iago with money, hoping that Iago will secure a meeting between him and Desdemona.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
13.2 In this extract, we are aware of Iago's jealousy. His grievance is directed at Cassio for being Othello's man of choice and at Othello for not giving him the position that he believes is his due. Iago's resentment will serve as the catalyst for the web of deceit that he will weave in order to destroy both Othello and Cassio. Roderigo is important as Iago's catspaw, i.e. dupe who is used by the villain.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
13.3 ' 'Sblood' is a blasphemous oath that conveys Iago's intense emotion and his supposed commitment to Roderigo. Iago's first exclamation reinforces the sense of his frustration that Roderigo does not appear to believe him. He claims that he has not even dreamt of the possibility of a relationship between Desdemona and Othello and gives Roderigo permission to hate him if he has proven to have done so. Iago's choice of language is intended to reassure Roderigo of his trustworthiness.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
13.4 Iago accuses Othello of being proud; however, it is he who is proud and filled with rage that his worth has been overlooked by Othello. He feels peeved that Othello has disregarded him when he is directly in line for the position of lieutenant./It is ironic that he accuses Othello of selecting Cassio for his own purposes when in fact it is Iago who has hidden motives for all his actions.
[Award 3 marks only if irony is well discussed.] (3)
13.5 Iago intends to use the handkerchief as the 'ocular proof' of Desdemona's infidelity. Furthermore, by planting the handkerchief in Cassio's room, Iago strengthens the impression that Cassio is Desdemona's lover. The sentimental value of the handkerchief intensifies Othello's jealousy.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
13.6 Othello feels as if he is being tortured and is in immense agony at the thought that Desdemona has been unfaithful to him. The image vividly expresses the intensity of his anguish. Although the pain is emotional, it is as if it is dreadfully physical as well. His mind is in turmoil and his imagination runs wild with thoughts of Desdemona's alleged behaviour.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
13.7 Iago creates the impression that he is concerned about Othello and wants to comfort him. He presents himself as a good friend who is caring and sympathetic toward Othello's distressed state. He actually says very little because he wants Othello to continue ranting in order to exacerbate his [Othello's] suffering and to intensify his anger toward Desdemona.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
13.8 No.
Othello's dramatic speech is an insult to Desdemona, who has been tried in his mind and found to be guilty of infidelity. Desdemona has done nothing wrong. She continues to be a devoted and loving wife to Othello. She absolves him of all blame even on her death bed, demonstrating the intensity of her love for and devotion to him.
OR
Yes.
The insecure Othello who continues to feel like an outsider in Venetian society despite his marriage to Desdemona is vulnerable. He finds it difficult to believe that the beautiful and highly sought-after Desdemona should choose him for her husband. This innate fear and insecurity are what Iago capitalises on to convince Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful. Othello is trusting and has no reason to doubt Iago's credibility.
[Credit mixed responses/valid alternative responses.]
[Award 4 marks for any three ideas well discussed OR any four distinct ideas.] (4)
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THE CRUCIBLE – Arthur Miller
QUESTION 14: THE CRUCIBLE – ESSAY QUESTION

Below is the basis for answering this essay. Use the following as a guideline only. However, also allow for answers that are different, original and show evidence of critical thought and interpretation.

• A range of examples should be used by the candidates to support their arguments.
• Refer to page 24 for the rubric to assess this question.

Disagree:

• Proctor is an honest, hard-working, upstanding member of the community. He has gained the respect of many of the villagers.
• Although Proctor's affair with Abigail has earned his wife's distrust, he has done everything he can to make amends.
• Proctor is a victim of Abigail's jealousy and desire for revenge, as well as the girls' desire to protect themselves against accusations of witchcraft. Abigail and the girls' manipulation of the court officials creates an environment in which innocent people like Proctor are undeservedly punished.
• People such as the Putnams take advantage of the hysteria and superstition that prevail in the village. Because Proctor exposes their ulterior motives, he becomes their scapegoat.
• Mary's failure to tell the court the truth about the dancing increases Proctor's frustration and he denounces the court, resulting in his arrest.
• Proctor's sense of justice causes him to speak up for those who are accused.
• Proctor has spoken out openly against Parris and has not attended church regularly. He becomes the subject of Parris's vindictiveness.
• Proctor's execution is a result of the court officials' being too proud to admit that their judgment has been flawed.
• Proctor's protection of his 'name' results in his refusal to make a false confession and leads to his execution.
• Puritanism, the theocratic system, hysteria, paranoia, intolerance and perversion of religion contribute in varying degrees to Proctor's demise.

Agree:

• Proctor's affair and his continuing flirtation with Abigail cannot be condoned. He is responsible for giving her false hope and contributing to her desire to seek revenge.
• His pride and his desire to protect his reputation lead him to remain silent about the affair. He also knows that the girls are lying but he cannot expose them without implicating himself. This contributes to the hysteria in the village and ultimately to his demise.
• Proctor can be accused of foolish stubbornness. His self-sacrifice is unnecessary. If he had signed the confession, he could have remained alive and helped the village restore justice and reason.

[Credit mixed responses/valid alternative responses.]
[25]

QUESTION 15: THE CRUCIBLE – CONTEXTUAL
15.1 Parris is afraid because his daughter and his niece have been implicated in activities that are allegedly demonic. He fears that his reputation as the minister in Salem will be tarnished and that his position will be compromised.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
15.2 Tituba is a black slave and therefore at the very bottom of the social hierarchy. Society does not expect that Hale be kind to her. She would expect to be spurned, so Hale's compassion and respectful treatment are surprising. Furthermore, she has been implicated in witchcraft and judged by everyone else and would be expecting the same treatment from Hale.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
15.3 Hale is proud of his 'scientific knowledge' of witchcraft and is excited to put this knowledge on display. His pride obscures his reason. His arrogant attitude contributes to his being unable to think logically, and he perceives the signs of witchcraft everywhere. He sees himself as the villagers' saviour and relishes the power and status this affords him. He considers himself magnanimous in his treatment of Tituba.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
15.4 The fact that Hale empowers Tituba persuades the other young, unmarried girls who have no status in Salem to accuse others of witchcraft as a means of gaining power for themselves. The girls realise that they can escape punishment for their misdeeds. They suddenly become important and have the opportunity to wield influence in the village. Their newly discovered power unleashes their desire for revenge/retribution. They will do anything to protect their new status.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
15.5 Danforth's eyes are narrowing because he realises he is not going to get what he wants from Proctor. Without Proctor's confession, it will be more difficult to persuade the other condemned prisoners to 'confess' and thus ensure their freedom. His facial expression reflects his displeasure and annoyance at Proctor's defiance. He is scrutinising Proctor's response and might be trying to intimidate him into submission/providing the answers for which he is hoping.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
15.6 The victims are given the opportunity to confess to witchcraft. This confession would save their lives. The irony is that Danforth claims not to have the authority to pardon Proctor, yet he does have the power.
OR
A further irony is that, despite the claim that he will not reward a lie, Danforth does actually pressure Proctor to lie. In fact, he has already rewarded the girls’ lies.
[Award 3 marks only if irony is well discussed.] (3)
15.7 Rebecca is a highly respected member of Salem village. She is wise, benevolent and virtuous. She is a role model and stands for what is right. Danforth is determined to find incontrovertible proof of her guilt before her execution in order to safeguard the position of the court. A confession from such a person would also seem to justify the court's actions.
[Award 3 marks for any two ideas well discussed OR any three distinct ideas.] (3)
15.8 Yes.
Proctor is being asked to betray his conscience. His being able to see through the unrighteousness of the people around him adds to his intense hatred, anger and frustration. He does not want the legacy of his good name destroyed. He feels forced into making an untenable decision, choosing his name over his life and happiness.
[A cogent 'No' answer is unlikely. However, treat all responses on their merits.]
[Credit mixed responses/valid alternative responses.]
[Award 4 marks for any three ideas well discussed OR any four distinct ideas.] (4)
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TOTAL SECTION C: 25
GRAND TOTAL: 80

SECTION A: Assessment rubric for literary essay: Poetry (10)

• A creative response must be awarded 0 for Content and 0 for Language and Structure.

SECTION B AND C: Assessment rubric for literary essay – Novel and Drama: (25)

• There must not be more than two categories' variation between the Structure and Language mark and the Content mark.
• A creative response must be awarded 0 for Content and 0 for Language and Structure.