HISTORY PAPER 1
GRADE 12
SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
MAY/JUNE2017

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION

1. This question paper consists of SECTION A and SECTION B based on the prescribed content framework in the CAPS document.
   SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS
   QUESTION 1: THE COLD WAR: THE ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR
   QUESTION 2: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: CASE STUDY – ANGOLA
   QUESTION 3: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT
   SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS
   QUESTION 4: EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM
   QUESTION 5: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY – THE CONGO AND TANZANIA
   QUESTION 6: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: BLACK POWER MOVEMENT
2. SECTION A consists of THREE source-based questions. Source material that is required to answer these questions will be found in the ADDENDUM.
3. SECTION B consists of THREE essay questions.
4. Answer THREE questions as follows:
   4.1 At least ONE must be a source-based question and at least ONE must be an essay question
   4.2 The THIRD question may be either a source-based question or an essay question.
5. You are advised to spend at least ONE hour per question.
6. When answering questions, you should apply your knowledge, skills and insight.
7. You will be disadvantaged by merely rewriting the sources as answers.
8. Number the answers correctly according to the numbering system used in this question paper.
9. Write clearly and legibly.

SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS
Answer at least ONE question, but not more than TWO questions, in this section. Source material that is required to answer these questions may be found in the ADDENDUM.
QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE SOVIET UNION RESPOND TO THE ECONOMIC SITUATION IN EUROPE AFTER 1946?
Study Sources 1A, 1B, 1C and 1D and answer the questions that follow.
1.1 Use Source 1A.
1.1.1 Explain the term containment in the context of the Cold War. (1 x 2)
1.1.2 State THREE ways in the source that the United States of America could have used to implement the policy of containment. (3 x 1)
1.1.3 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain how the economic reconstruction of countries in Western Europe could have benefitted the economy of the United States of America in the late 1940s. (1 x 2)
1.2 Refer to Source 1B.
1.2.1 State TWO ways in which George Marshall intended assisting people in various European countries. (2 x 1)
1.2.2 Why, according to the source, was it necessary for the United States of America to restore the 'economic health in the world'? (1 x 2)
1.2.3 What, do you think, was implied by the following statement: '… governments, political parties or groups which seek to perpetuate human misery in order to profit politically or otherwise, will encounter the opposition of the United States'? (2 x 2)
1.2.4 Comment on the usefulness of the information in this source to a historian researching how the Marshall Plan was implemented. (2 x 2)
1.3 Study Source 1C.
1.3.1 Why, according to the source, did Stalin fear the economic power of the United States of America? (2 x 1)
1.3.2 Explain, in your own words, Stalin's attitude towards the West:

1. Before the Marshall Plan was implemented (1 x 2)
2. After the Marshall Plan was implemented (1 x 2)

1.3.3 Comment on why Stalin claimed that the Marshall Plan was an 'offensive threat' to the Soviet Union. (2 x 2)
1.3.4 Select any THREE countries in the source which formed coalition governments before the introduction of the Marshall Plan. (3 x 1)
1.4 Study Sources 1B and 1C. Explain how the evidence in Source 1C differs from the information in Source 1B regarding the purpose of the Marshall Plan.
(2 x 2)
1.5 Consult Source 1D.
1.5.1 Explain the messages the cartoonist conveys regarding the Marshall Plan. (2 x 2)
1.5.2 Comment on why you think the cartoonist used 'bread' to symbolise the Marshall Plan. (1 x 2)
1.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining how the United States of America and the Soviet Union responded to the economic situation in Europe after 1946. (8)
[50]

QUESTION 2:
HOW SIGNIFICANT WAS THE BATTLE OF CUITO CUANAVALE FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA?
Study Sources 2A, 2B, 2C and 2D and answer the questions that follow.
2.1 Refer to Source 2A.
2.1.1 According to the evidence in the source, which foreign country did Nelson Mandela travel to after his release from prison in 1990? (1 x 1)
2.1.2 Explain why Nelson Mandela stated that the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale was a 'milestone in the history of the struggle'. (2 x 2)
2.1.3 Define the term siege in the context of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. (1 x 2)
2.1.4 Using the evidence in the source and your own knowledge, explain why 'the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale irreversibly changed the history and political landscape of the Southern African region'. (2 x 2)
2.1.5 List the THREE forces in the source which prevented the apartheid military forces from entering Cuito Cuanavale. (3 x 1)
2.1.6 What role, according to the information in the source, did Umkhonto we Sizwe play during the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale?(1 x 2)
2.2 Consult Source 2B.
2.2.1 Explain the messages the source conveys regarding the relationship between Nelson Mandela and Fidel Castro in 1991. Use the visual clues in the source to support your answer. (2 x 2)
2.2.2 Comment on the usefulness of this source to a historian researching the relationship between the African National Congress and Cuba. (2 x 2)
2.3 Study Source 2C.
2.3.1 Select TWO pieces of evidence from the source that indicates that Cuito Cuanavale was very 'remote' from South Africa and Cuba. (2 x 1)
2.3.2 Explain why you think Ronnie Kasrils was 'most grateful' to Cuba in supporting South Africa after it attained democracy in 1994. (2 x 2)
2.4 Read Source 2D.
2.4.1 Which TWO countries, according to the ANC, defeated the apartheid regime's army at Cuito Cuanavale? (2 x 1)
2.4.2 Why, according to the source, did various presidents of the ANC celebrate the 'Cubans as heroes'? (1 x 2)
2.4.3 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain why Afriforum was opposed to the ANC's version of the outcome of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. (2 x 2)
2.5 Study Sources 2A and 2D. Explain how the evidence in these sources differs regarding the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale. (2 x 2)
2.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining the significance of the Battle of Cuito Cuanavale for Southern Africa. (8)
[50]

QUESTION 3:
HOW DID THE CITIZENS OF LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, RESPOND TO THE DESEGREGATION OF CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL IN THE 1950s?
Study Sources 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D and answer the questions that follow.
3.1 Read Source 3A.
3.1.1 Explain the term segregation in the context of the crisis at Central High School in the 1950s. (1 x 2)
3.1.2 How, according to the information in source, did the Court respond to the racial segregation of children at schools? (1 x 2)
3.1.3 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, explain the Court's conclusion on the effects that segregation had on African American children. (2 x 2)
3.2 Refer to Source 3B.
3.2.1 Who, according to the source, was responsible for formulating a plan regarding the desegregation of schools in Little Rock? (1 x 1)
3.2.2 Why was the original plan on school desegregation not implemented? (1 x 2)
3.2.3 List THREE steps that district officials took to ensure that desegregation was implemented in all schools. (3 x 1)
3.2.4 Explain how the 'transfer provision' contradicted the Supreme Court ruling of 1954 regarding the integration of schools in the USA. (2 x 2)
3.3 Study Source 3C.
3.3.1 Identify the main issue that was addressed in the pamphlet. (1 x 1)
3.3.2 Quote THREE pieces of evidence from the pamphlet that shows the Mothers' League supported the segregation of schools. (3 x 1)
3.3.3 Using the information in the source and your own knowledge, state what you think were implied by the words 'PLEASE VOTE RIGHT!!!'. (2 x 2)
3.4 Consult Source 3D.
3.4.1 Why do you think this photograph was taken? (2 x 2)
3.4.2 Explain why the National Guard decided to prevent Elizabeth Eckford from entering Central High School in 1957. (2 x 2)
3.4.3 Comment on why a historian researching the desegregation of Central High School would find this source useful. (2 x 2)
3.5 Refer to Sources 3C and 3D. Explain in what ways the evidence in Source 3D supports the information in Source 3C regarding the integration of schools in the United States of America. (2 x 2)
3.6 Using the information in the relevant sources and your own knowledge, write a paragraph of about EIGHT lines (about 80 words) explaining how the citizens of Little Rock, Arkansas, responded to the desegregation of Central High School in the 1950s. (8)
[50]

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS
Answer at least ONE question, but not more than TWO questions, in this section.
Your essay should be about THREE pages long.
QUESTION 4: EXTENSION OF THE COLD WAR: CASE STUDY – VIETNAM
The main reason why the United States of America failed to defeat Vietnam between 1963 and 1975 was largely due to the superior military tactics of the Viet Cong.
Explain to what extent you agree with the statement above regarding the war in Vietnam. Use relevant evidence to support your line of argument. [50]

QUESTION 5: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY – THE CONGO AND TANZANIA
Both the Congo and Tanzania struggled to develop strong economies after they attained independence in the 1960s.
Critically discuss this statement with reference to the economic policies that were implemented in the Congo and Tanzania after attaining independence.[50]

QUESTION 6: CIVIL SOCIETY PROTESTS FROM THE 1950s TO THE 1970s: BLACK POWER MOVEMENT
Malcolm X was single-handedly responsible for the birth of the Black Power Movement in the United States of America in the 1960s.
Do you agree with the statement above? Use relevant examples to support your line of argument.[50]

TOTAL:150