AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
GRADE 12
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE 
NOVEMBER 2017 

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 Multiple Choice
1.1.1 C ✓✓
1.1.2 B ✓✓
1.1.3 A ✓✓
1.1.4 A ✓✓
1.1.5 D ✓✓
1.1.6 D ✓✓
1.1.7 C ✓✓
1.1.8 B ✓✓
1.1.9 C ✓✓
1.1.10 C ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20)
1.2 Matching items
1.2.1 D ✓✓
1.2.2 H ✓✓
1.2.3 G ✓✓
1.2.4 E ✓✓
1.2.5 J ✓✓
1.2.6 C ✓✓
1.2.7 A ✓✓
1.2.8 B ✓✓
1.2.9 K ✓✓
1.2.10 F ✓✓ (10 x 2)(20)
1.3 Correct agricultural terms
1.3.1 Fixed capital ✓
1.3.2 Calibration /Calibrate✓
1.3.3 Enterprise budget /Branch budget /Micro budget ✓
1.3.4 Sweet veld ✓
1.3.5 Entrepreneurship ✓
1.3.6 Time register/Time sheet ✓
1.3.7 Expiry date / sell by date / best before date / Expiring ✓
1.3.8 Planning ✓
1.3.9 Standardisation ✓
1.3.10 Invoice ✓ (10 x 1)(10)
TOTAL SECTION A: 50

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PLANNING
2.1 Irrigation
2.1.1 THREE basic requirements of soil for irrigation purposes

  • Adequate infiltration/absorption ✓
  • Internal drainage/soil depth ✓
  • Incline/slope/topography ✓
  • Water holding capacity ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.1.2 THREE methods to control water runoff

  • Develop stable waterways ✓
  • Apply contour ploughing ✓
  • Develop contour ridges/terracing ✓
  • Improve the plant coverage on the soils ✓
  • Improve surface infiltration ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.2 Physical effects of addition organic matter to soil

PHYSICAL ASPECT  ORGANICALLY RICH SOILS  ORGANICALLY POOR SOILS 
Soil temperature  More constant temperature/small effect on temperature ✓  Fluctuating temperature will tend to become more stable ✓
Soil erosion  Less soil erosion/the effect will be small ✓ Soil erosion will decrease drastically with addition of organic material ✓

(4)
2.3 Natural pastures
2.3.1 FOUR reasons for a camp system

  • To make rotational grazing possible ✓
  • To make regrowth possible during resting period ✓
  • To divide livestock in different herds/separate different type of animals ✓
  • To prevent overgrazing due to moving animals between camps ✓
  • Different veld types with the same properties can be grouped together making it easier to manage ✓
  • To adhere to the veld carrying capacity ✓
  • Herd health management ✓
  • To manage breeding systems easier ✓ (Any 4) (4)

2.3.2 FOUR practices that lead to deterioration of veld

  • Over grazing ✓
  • Incorrect burning of veld ✓
  • Poor veld management/ ploughing of veld ✓
  • Too many vehicle movement ✓
  • Poor parasite(termite) control ✓
  • Allowing invader species ✓
  • Ill-considered use of herbicides ✓ (Any 4) (4)

2.4 Define between the sources of capital
2.4.1 Own capital:

  • Money that the farmer has saved or from the farmers’ investments ✓
  • Money obtained from inheritance, grants, sponsorships ✓ (Any 1) (1)

2.4.2 Credit:

  • Money borrowed/loan obtained from a financial institution and paid back with interest ✓
  • Account opened at different agricultural service suppliers or agricultural organisations ✓ (Any 1) (1)

2.4.3 Production capital:
Money obtained from the selling of produced agricultural products ✓ (1)
2.5 Graph on law of diminishing return
2.5.1 The economic characteristic of soil shown in the graph
Law of diminishing returns ✓ (1)
2.5.2 Reason for the graph not starting at a yield of 0 ton/ha

  • Even if no fertiliser is added to the soil ✓
  • The crop will still produce a yield ✓
  • From the nutrients that is naturally in soils ✓ (3)

2.6 FOUR methods to increase productivity and sustainable production on a specific land

  • Adapt production to scientific methods ✓
  • Make use of technology ✓
  • Irrigate the land ✓
  • Increase nutrient level of the land ✓
  • Choose the type of farming that suits the nature of the soil ✓
  • Obtain information on effective production methods ✓
  • Improve the physical characteristics of the soil✓ (Any 4) (4)

2.7 Labour
2.7.1 THREE functions of a hired employee

  • Physical labour functions ✓
  • Supervisory functions ✓
  • Management functions ✓ (3)

2.7.2 FOUR methods of improving the conditions of health and safety

  • Workplace must be free of dangerous substances ✓
  • Workplace must be organised in such a manner to prevent injuries ✓
  • All dangerous zone must be indicated or marked ✓
  • Provide training to the workers on the correct methods and use of equipment ✓
  • Cover all dangerous moving parts on equipment ✓
  • Indicate where safety equipment is situated ✓
  • Provide a fully equipped first aid kit ✓
  • Train workers on basic first aid ✓
  • Provide contact number in case of emergency ✓ (Any 4) (4)

2.8 Effect of incorrect calibration on degradation

  • Pollution of soil and water sources increases with too high concentration ✓
  • Too high concentration can kill the natural enemies or beneficial insects ✓
  • Too low concentration can increase competition amongst plants and weeds ✓
  • Too high concentration destroys soil microbial population ✓
  • Too high concentration can affect plant growth ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.9 Budget
2.9.1 Identify the type of budget

  • Whole farm budget/animal and crop enterprise budget ✓

Motivation

  • It incorporates the budget of all enterprises on the farm/incorporates the budget for livestock and crops ✓ (2)

2.9.2 TWO reasons for compiling a budget for a farm enterprise

  • Predict the expenses and revenues/predict the possible profit or loss ✓
  • As a financial control measure/prevent over or under spending ✓
  • To indicate areas/time of cost constrains ✓
  • To determine credit needs ✓
  • Use as an aid in management ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.9.3 Calculate of items from the data given in the budget

  1. Total costs of livestock enterprise
    • Total costs = R553 000 ✓ (1)
  2. Total returns of livestock
    • Total returns = R1 016 000 ✓ (1)
  3. Total costs for the crops enterprise
    • Total costs = R128 000 ✓ (1)
  4. Total returns for crop enterprise
    • Total returns = R167 000 ✓ (1)

2.9.4 Net profit or loss

  • Profit/loss = total income – total expenditure
    = R1 016 000 + R167 000 – R553 000 – R128 000 ✓/
    or (R1 016 000 + R167 000) – (R553 000 + R128 000)
    = R502 000 ✓
  • It is a profit ✓

OR

  • Returns = R1 016 000 + R167 000
    = R1 183 000
  • Costs = R553 000 + R128 000
    = R681 000
  • Profit/loss = total income – total expenditure
    = R1 183 000 – R681000 ✓
    = R502 000 ✓
  • It is a profit ✓
    (NB: - Use values of 2.9.3 (a) – (d) for calculation of profit or loss)
    - If cost or return is calculated wrongly only marks for profit or loss if calculated according to cost and return. (3)

[50]

QUESTION 3: ENTREPRENEURSHIP, RECORDING, MARKETING, BUSINESS PLANNING AND ORGANISED AGRICULTURE
3.1 Entrepreneur
3.1.1 Definition of an entrepreneur

  • A person who see an opportunity in the market ✓
  • Take the risk in starting a new business ✓
  • Using the resources available ✓
  • To deliver a product or service ✓ (4)

3.1.2 FOUR criteria that should be considered

  • The time it takes for the product to be ready for consumers. ✓
  • The value of the product✓
  • The risk involved ✓
  • The uniqueness of the product✓
  • Whether the business venture matches the personal skills and goals of the entrepreneur ✓
  • Available resources ✓
  • Markets available ✓
  • The profits and returns to be made ✓ (Any 4) (4)

3.2 SWOT analyses and an example

Components  Description 
Strengths ✓ Describe the strengths of a business using an example. ✓
Weaknesses ✓ Describe the weakness of a business using an example. ✓
Opportunities ✓ Describe the opportunities of a business using an example. ✓
Threats ✓ Describe the threats of a business using an example. ✓

(8)
3.3 Product of choice - All activities should relate to product of choice
Rearrange activities with reason (e.g. Milk)

  • Harvesting ✓ and appropriate reason e.g. Cows being milked ✓
  • Storage ✓ and appropriate reason e.g. Milk is stored in cooling tank✓
  • Grading ✓ and appropriate reason e.g. Sample is taken for grading✓
  • Specialised transport ✓ appropriate reason e.g. Cooling truck transport milk to processor✓
  • Processing✓ appropriate reason e.g. Milk processed into various products ✓
  • Packaging ✓ and appropriate reason e.g. After processing milk is bagged, bottled etc. ✓
    (Any 5 in correct order for mentioned product)

Note 

  • The first activity is harvesting
  • Mark according to the product
  • Reason must link to the product
  • Storage position is the most likely to change
  • Specialised transport indicates bulk, cold storage or specialised most likely to change (10)

3.4 TWO pricing objectives which are guiding the pricing decisions

  • To make profit ✓
  • To have more stable prices✓
  • To maintaining sale volumes ✓
  • To increase the market share ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.5 Scenario on marketing costs
3.5.1 TWO main factors determining price

  • Demand ✓
  • Supply ✓ (2)

3.5.2 Calculate profit at Market A

  • Produce=total×risk
    =2 000×70% ✓
    =1 400 ✓
  • Profit=income−expenditure
    =1 400×R40✓−50 km×R12,50×2 =R56 000−R1 250,00 =R54 750✓

    OR (profit calculation)
  • Income=1 400×R40
    =R56 000 ✓
  • Expenditure=50 km×R12,50×2
    =R1 250 ✓
  • Profit=income−expenditure
    =R56 000−R1 250,00 =R54 750✓ (5)

3.5.3 Calculate profit at Market B

  • Profit=income−expenditure
    =2 000×R30✓−70 km×R12,50×2 ✓ =R60 000−R1 750,00
    =R58 250 ✓

    OR

  • Income=2 000×R30
    =R60 000 ✓
  • Expenditure=70 km×2×R12,50
    =R1 750,00✓
  • Profit=income−expenditure
    =R60 000−R1 750,00 =R58 250✓ (3)

3.5.4 Recommendation to farmer

  • Sell produce of week 3 at Market B if not stored/highly perishable ✓
  • If possible store the produce of week 3 to week 4 ✓
  • Sell produce of week 4 and stored produce at Market B to obtain the highest profit ✓

OR

  • Sell produce of week 3 at Market B if not stored/highly perishable ✓
  • Harvest everything in week 4 for a higher profit ✓✓ (3)

3.6 Balance sheet
3.6.1 ITEMS

Current asset  Non-current assets  Current liabilities  Non-current liabilities 
Inventory✓  Property ✓ Creditors ✓ Mortgage bond ✓
Debtors✓ Plants and equipment  ✓    

(6)
3.6.2 Type of a farm record prepared from assets and liabilities
Balance sheet✓(1)
3.6.3 Net worth
Net worth = Total value of assets – Total value of liabilities
= R 2 900 000,00 – R 1 200 000,00✓
= R 1 700 000,00 (2)
[50]

QUESTION 4: HARVESTING, PROCESSING, MANAGEMENT AND AGRITOURISM
4.1 Food legislation
4.1.1 FIVE specifications regarding labelling regulations

  • Trade mark ✓
  • Description of the product content ✓
  • Pictorial representation of the contents or serving suggestions ✓
  • Contact details of the manufacturer of the product ✓
  • List of ingredients ✓
  • The nutritional information ✓
  • Quantity of produce ✓
  • Possible allergies not related to product ✓ (Any 5) (5)

4.1.2 FOUR important aspects of the National Health Act, 2003 (Act 61 of 2003)

  • Minimum requirements for processing premises ✓
  • Transportation and handling of food ✓
  • Control and prevention of notifiable diseases (food poisoning) ✓
  • Regulations concerning inspections and investigations ✓ (4)

4.2 Distinguish between fermentation and decomposition
4.2.1 Fermentation

  • A process facilitated by man to produce value added products ✓
  • Good microbes are activated/added ✓ (2)

4.2.2 Decomposition

  • A process of food spoilage (food decay) ✓
  • Unwanted microbes activated ✓(2)

4.3 THREE examples of food processed through filtration

  • Wine ✓
  • Beer ✓
  • Fruit juices ✓
  • Gelatine ✓
  • Vinegar ✓
  • Oils✓ (Any 3) (3)

4.4 Name and describe THREE factors influencing processing

  • Perishability (shelf life)✓– the more perishable the product the quicker processing must take place ✓
  • Mass or raw products✓– higher masses need more sophisticated equipment for processing ✓
  • Distance from markets✓– the longer distance products must travel, the more preserved the product must be ✓
  • Infrastructure✓– infrastructure on the farm will determine possibility of processing and/or type of processing ✓
  • Cost of processing facilities✓– capital available for processing unit or credit needed to supplement available capital ✓
  • Cost of processing method✓– additional costs and the corresponding profit to the higher input ✓ (Any 3 x 2) (6)

4.5 A typical agricultural organogram structure
4.5
Rubric

  • If all four is mentioned in the correct order – 2 marks ✓✓
  • All four mentioned in the correct order, directions and levels clearly visible with blocks but without line or arrows – 3 marks ✓✓✓
  • Correct organogram/ correct order, direction and levels with arrows/lines – 4 marks ✓✓✓✓ (4)

4.6 Control as a managerial principle
4.6.1 Definition
Supervision of activities✓ according to present schedule/planning✓ (2)
4.6.2 Method

  • Regular inspections ✓
  • To make sure activities are being undertaken as planned ✓ (2)

4.6.3 Quality assurance
Compare to a set of standards ✓ (1)
4.7 FOUR reasons for planning

  • Important in decision making ✓
  • Important to quantify future risks and uncertainties such as changes in:
    • patterns the resources ✓
    • technological and biological relationship ✓
    • prices of inputs ✓
  • Risks and uncertainties ✓ (Any 4) (4)

4.8 THREE factors of decision making

  • The speed with which the decisions are made ✓
  • The degree of accuracy with which the decisions are taken ✓
  • The acceptability of the decisions for those who are affected by them ✓ (3)

4.9 Name and describe TWO aspects of organisation

  • Organising the business ✓
    • Management activities like administration and financial aspects ✓
  • Organising the farming activities ✓
    • Correct combination (mix) ✓
    • and application of resources ✓ (5)

4.10 FIVE activities of agritourism

  • Place of interest for agricultural exposure ✓
  • An agricultural or association enterprise farm ✓
  • Point of sale of products /self-harvesting of products✓
  • Working holiday✓
  • Farm accommodation ✓
  • Game drives/off road routes ✓
  • Product routes ✓
  • Hunting / Fishing/ Bird watching ✓
  • Hiking trials ✓ (Any 5) (5)

4.11 TWO roles of a farmer in agritourism.

  • To promote the enterprise and its product ✓
  • To motivate youth and women not to abandon country side ✓
  • Preserving nature✓ (Any 2) (2)

[50]
TOTAL SECTION B:150
GRAND TOTAL:200

Last modified on Friday, 30 July 2021 09:27