AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 2
GRADE 12
MEMORANDUM
NOVEMBER 2017
NATIONAL SENIOR CETIFICATE

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 C ✓✓
1.1.2 B ✓✓
1.1.3 C ✓✓
1.1.4 B ✓✓
1.1.5 A✓✓
1.1.6 D✓✓
1.1.7 A ✓✓
1.1.8 A ✓✓
1.1.9 D ✓✓
1.1.10 A/B ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20)
1.2
1.2.1 D ✓✓
1.2.2 G ✓✓
1.2.3 A ✓✓
1.2.4 F ✓✓
1.2.5 H ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10)
1.3
1.3.1 Balance sheet ✓✓
1.3.2 Collateral ✓✓
1.3.3 Heritability ✓✓
1.3.4 Incomplete dominance ✓✓
1.3.5 Monohybrid ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10)
1.4
1.4.1 Research/survey ✓
1.4.2 Labour ✓
1.4.3 Atavism/throwback✓
1.4.4 Genetic engineering/modification/manipulation/GM ✓
1.4.5 Silencing ✓ (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
2.1 Entrepreneurship
2.1.1 Entrepreneurial success factors

1. - Organisational/coordination abilities ✓
2. - Technical/operational knowledge ✓
3. - Innovative/creativeness/vision/insight ✓
4. - Perseverance ✓ (4)

2.1.2 THREE resources required for starting a business

• Financial ✓
• Human ✓
• Physical ✓ (3)

2.2 Development of marketing
2.2.1 TWO functions of marketing

• Packaging ✓
• Storage ✓
• Transportation ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.2.2 Marketing type
Free marketing ✓ (1)
2.2.3 Reason
The farmer will be selling direct to the consumers and wholesalers/ no regulatory measures ✓ (1)
2.2.4 TWO problems of free marketing

• Competition ✓
• High marketing costs/marketing products/time spent expensive ✓
• Limited bargaining power ✓
• Over production/risk due to production decision ✓
• Price fluctuation ✓
• No regulations ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.3 Marketing process
2.3.1 Marketing process illustrated
Marketing/supply-demand chain ✓ (1)
2.3.2 The highest paying consumer
Consumer C ✓ (1)
2.3.3 TWO reasons for paying the high price

• Processing cost ✓
• Transportation cost ✓
• Profit margins/intermediaries ✓
• Storage costs✓ ( Any 2) (2)

2.3.4 TWO factors hampering marketing during transportation

• Perishability/spoilage of the product ✓
• Accidents/physical damages ✓
• Bad roads limiting access to market ✓
• Theft ✓
• Bulkiness in relation to volume ✓
• Distance from the markets/wide distribution ✓
• Costs ✓
• Weather conditions/delays ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.4 Identification of the marketing approach
2.4.1 Niche marketing ✓ (1)
2.4.2 Multi-segment marketing ✓ (1)
2.5 Bar graph on sugar cane production
2.5.1 A bar graph on the supply and demand of sugar cane from 2013 to 2016

Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines

• Correct heading ✓
• X-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Time) ✓
• Y-axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Quantity) ✓
• Correct units (million tons and years) ✓
• Bar graph ✓
• Accuracy ✓ (6)

2.5.2 TWO factors influencing the price of sugar cane

• Supply ✓
• Demand ✓ (2)

2.6 Business plan
2.6.1 Definition of a business plan
It is a document ✓ that describes a business the entrepreneur wants/is intending to start ✓ (2)
2.6.2 TWO reasons for drawing up a business plan

• Test the feasibility and economic viability ✓
• Determination of the financial needs/budgeting ✓
• Guiding daily operations ✓
• To foresee problems/mistakes ✓
• Outlines the roles and responsibilities of people involved ✓
• Provides guideline for decision making ✓
• Identify opportunities ✓
• Provide information on internal/external business environment/ competitors ✓
• It is a plan for capital requirements/secure funding ✓
• Provides analysis of the business and its activities ✓
• Also outlines time frames for completion of the tasks ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.6.3 TWO problems encountered when drawing up a business plan

• Conducting insufficient research/survey ✓
• Provision of too much unnecessary information/leaving gaps/being too vague ✓
• Putting unrealistic assumptions/projections ✓
• Not being able to identify the potential risks/ hiding weaknesses/risks ✓
• Committing budget and cash flow errors ✓
• Use of incorrect format ✓ (Any 2) (2)
  [35]

QUESTION 3 : PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1 Analysis of an advert
3.1.1 Indication of the position for placement in JOB 1
Position of a farm manager/manager ✓ (1)
3.1.2 TWO reasons JOB 1

• Qualification needed for the job ✓
• Analytical and conceptual skills required for the job ✓
• Financial management skills needed for the job ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.1.3 Skills enabling candidate for JOB 1

1. Analytical and conceptual skills ✓ (1)
2. Financial management skill ✓ (1)
3. Interpersonal skill ✓ (1)

3.1.4 Type of temporary labourer for JOB 2
Seasonal ✓ (1)
3.1.5 Reason
Needed to operate a harvester which is done seasonally ✓ (1)
3.2 HIV infections of farm workers over thirteen years
3.2.1 The trend of HIV infections over years
Infections increased from 1998 until reaching peak in 2007 ✓ and decreased from 2007 to 2010 ✓ (2)
3.2.2 Possible measures that might have resulted in trend after 2007

• Provide awareness campaigns/education ✓
• Provision of access to condoms ✓
• Abstain from sex✓
• Access to treatment to sexually transmitted disease ✓
• Support groups ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.2.3 THREE impacts of HIV on the productivity of farm workers

• Workers become sick/production declines/deadlines not met ✓
• Lack of energy to complete tasks ✓
• Absenteeism amongst infected workers/planning becomes difficult ✓
• Loss of skills and experience ✓
• Impacts negatively on healthy workers✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.3 Measure to reduce labour problems
3.3.1 Mechanisation/provision of leave/rest time/ nutritional programmes/additional work force ✓ (1)
3.3.2 Provision of training/re-skilling ✓ (1)
3.4 Scenario on capital
3.4.1 Type of capital from the scenario

• Movable ✓
• Fixed ✓ (Any 1) (1)

3.4.2 Calculation of the amount to be repaid after a year at 11,5%

• R340 000 – R180 000 = R160 000 ✓
• R160 000 x 11,5% = R18 400 ✓
• R160 000 + R 18 400 = R 178 400 ✓ (3)

3.4.3 Total income of the enterprise for THREE months

• Sale of eggs = R12 000 x 4 = R48 000 x 3 = R144 000 ✓
• Total income = R144 000 + R105 000 = R249 000 ✓ (2)

3.4.4 TWO reasons to be able to repay the loan

• The farmer is making a profit/surplus/R70 600 ✓
• The expected income for three months will be R 249 000 ✓
• A loan of R178 400 can be repaid even in 3 months ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.5 Strategic management
3.5.1 TWO reasons for developing a business strategy

• To make business more profitable/more competitive ✓
• To enable the manager to adapt to changes/challenges that might occur in future ✓ (2)

3.5.2 The steps in strategic management

1. - Developing business strategy/planning ✓
2. - Mission ✓
3. - Vision ✓
4. - Goals and objectives ✓ (4)

3.6 Scenario on land as a production factor
3.6.1 Method of increasing land productivity
Zero till /Water management ✓ (1)
3.6.2 ONE adaptation measure used to increase the land productivity
No/zero till ✓ (1)
3.6.3 A method to improve yields in the future
Breeding of drought resistant cultivars/GM/developing hybrids ✓ (1)
[35]

QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
4.1 Illustration of incomplete dominance
4.1.1 Type of dominance
Incomplete dominance ✓ (1)
4.1.2 Motivation on the type of dominance

• The offspring inherited none of the colours of the parents/ ( No parent is dominant) ✓
• The offspring is grey/intermediate/neither black nor white ✓ (2)

4.1.3 Completion of the missing answers
a) WW ✓
b) BB ✓
c) W ✓
e) B ✓
g) BW/WB ✓ (5)
4.2 GMO crop
4.2.1 TWO benefits of GM crops

• More productive/higher yields/improved commercial properties ✓
• Resistant to maize stalk borer/pest hence reduce the use of harmful chemicals ✓ (2)

4.2.2 Genetic modification of maize plants
DNA is extracted from the bacterium (Bacillus thuringiensis) ✓ transferred to a maize plant ✓ and the plant acquires resistance to maize stalk borer ✓ (3)
4.2.3 Negative effect on the environment of GM crops

• Creation of super weeds ✓
• Possibility to create pesticides resistant insects ✓
• Beneficial insects could be killed ✓
• Reduce biodiversity ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.3.1 TWO common ancestors of individuals S and D

• 13 ✓
• 5 ✓
• 7 ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.3.2 Benefits of upgrading to livestock farmers

• A new breed is gradually imported into the herd ✓
• Initial rapid results (50% improvement in first generation) ✓
• Deformities/unwanted characteristics occur less frequent ✓
• Economical way to raise the stock to a pedigree level ✓
• Less expert knowledge required ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.4 Scenario on variation
4.4.1 The genetic phenomenon
Variation ✓ (1)
4.4.2 TWO possible external causes of the phenomenon

• Diseases/pests ✓
• Nutrients/feeding ✓
• Climate/temperature/rainfall ✓
• Environmental/soil ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.3 Schematic representation of line breeding
4.4.3 Importance of this phenomenon

• Assists in selecting parents with the desired characteristics ✓
• Develop new cultivars/crop varieties ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.5 Breeding systems
4.5.1 Suitable animal breeding system
Cross breeding ✓ (1)
4.5.2 Reason
There are two breeds involved/Nguni and Hereford breeds ✓ (1)
4.5.3 Motivation of the breeding system

• Leads to increased heterosis✓
• Hybrid vigour/ better performance✓
• Produces progeny that is hardy✓
• Resistant to diseases ✓
• Progeny produce heavy early weaners ✓
• Increase in the genetic variation ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.5.4 TWO disadvantages of inbreeding

• Leads to inbreeding depression ✓
• Increases the expression of lethal genes✓
• Leads to deformed offspring ✓
• Causes the loss of genetic variation ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6 Estimated Breeding Value (EBV)
4.6.1 TWO characteristics for selection

• Birth weight ✓
• Slaughter weight ✓ (2)

4.6.2 TWO reasons

• Accuracy percentage is higher in both ✓
• Characteristics are highly reliable ✓
• Heritability is also high in both ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6.3 TWO importance of the Estimated Breeding Value

• The prediction of the performance of the progeny for a particular characteristic ✓
• Indicate the characteristic to select for based on performance ✓
• Help to estimate the rate of genetic progress in the breeding programme ✓ (Any 2) (2)
  [35]

TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150