AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
GRADE 12 
AMENDED SCE PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
MAY/JUNE 2018

MEMORANDUM

SECTION A 
QUESTION 1 
1.1 Multiple choice 
1.1.1 C ✔✔ 
1.1.2 D ✔✔ 
1.1.3 B ✔✔ 
1.1.4 C ✔✔ 
1.1.5 A ✔✔ 
1.1.6 B ✔✔ 
1.1.7 D ✔✔ 
1.1.8 D ✔✔ 
1.1.9 B ✔✔ 
1.1.10 C ✔✔  (10 x 2) (20) 

1.2 Matching items 
1.2.1 G ✔✔ 
1.2.2 D ✔✔ 
1.2.3 L ✔✔ 
1.2.4 K ✔✔ 
1.2.5 C ✔✔ 
1.2.6 J ✔✔ 
1.2.7 A ✔✔ 
1.2.8 E ✔✔ 
1.2.9 H ✔✔ 
1.2.10 F ✔✔  (10 x 2) (20) 

1.3 Underlined words 
1.3.1 Soil data ✔ 
1.3.2 GPS ✔ 
1.3.3 Weakness ✔ 
1.3.4 Administrative ✔ 
1.3.5 Planning ✔ 
1.3.6 Partial ✔ 
1.3.7 Foreman ✔ 
1.3.8 Mechanisation ✔ 
1.3.9 Growth ✔ 
1.3.10 Current ✔  (10 x 1) (10) 

TOTAL SECTION A: 50

SECTION B 
QUESTION 2: PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PLANNING 
2.1 Mechanisation  
2.1.1 FOUR factors for introducing machinery 

• Cost of equipment ✔ 
• Efficiency of equipment ✔ 
• Quality of the equipment ✔ 
• Time saving ✔ 
• Maintenance costs ✔ 
• Social factors ✔ (Any 4) (4) 

2.1.2 FOUR reasons for preferring the use of machinery  

• It simplifies supervision ✔ 
• Increases labour efficiency ✔ 
• Eliminate fatigue ✔ 
• Reduces the need for manual labour/decreases the number of workers ✔ 
• Less expensive over a longer period ✔ 
• Can cultivate larger areas ✔ 
• Quicker to complete the work ✔ 
• Not mostly dependant on weather conditions ✔ (Any 4) (4)

2.2 Deduction between correction method and soil characteristic 

 2.3 THREE factors influencing land use for grazing livestock 

• Palatability of the veld ✔ 
• Topography ✔ 
• Type of vegetation ✔ 
• Ability of soil to erode ✔ 
• Production status of the soil ✔ 
• Availability of water resources ✔ (Any 3) (3)

2.4 Type of capital and finance period 
2.4.1 Monthly veterinarian account 

• Working/floating capital ✔ 
• Short term credit ✔ (2) 

2.4.2 Production loan 

• Floating/working capital ✔ 
• Short term credit ✔ (2) 

2.4.3 Mortgage for land 

• Fixed capital ✔ 
• Long term credit ✔ (2)

2.4.4 Equipment 

• Movable capital ✔ 
• Medium term credit ✔ (2

2.5 Budget  
2.5.1 TWO most important elements of a farm business budget 

• Estimated/expected/probable income ✔ 
• Estimated/expected/probable cost ✔ 
• Distribution of funds over the period of the budget ✔ (Any 2) (2) 

2.5.2 Budget for the farm enterprise of your choice 

1. Heading: 
   • Type of budget for the enterprise (e.g. crop or animal) ✔
   • Indicate timeframe (period) ✔ (2)
2. Content:
   • Each listed item and number ✔ x 4  (4)
   • Unit price and total price ✔ x 4 (4) 

2.6 Soil analysis 
2.6.1 TWO methods to increase field water capacity 

• Add organic matter/compost/plant rests/organic fertiliser to soil ✔ 
• Minimum tillage/no tillage ✔ 
• Soil cover ✔ (Any 2) (2) 

2.6.2 FOUR ways to improve soil reaction 

• Adding dolomite agricultural lime ✔ 
• It contain calcium ✔ 
• Increase the magnesium level in the soil ✔ 
• To increase the pH level to 7 ✔ (4) 

2.7 Discussion of the negative effect of excess use of herbicides

• It causes environmental pollution ✔
  • Excess herbicides are washed away through irrigation, rain and  ground water movement to rivers and underground water ✔
• It enters the food chain ✔
  • Pesticides are absorbed into plants and people and animals health  can be affected if they eat these plants too soon after application ✔
• Kills micro-organism / beneficial organisms ✔
  • Many soil microbes are killed by excess herbicides that will affect the  health of the soil and would lead to soil degradation ✔ (6) 

2.8 Farming practice for continuously planting the same crop 

• Monoculture/monocropping ✔ 
• Depleting nutrients - Same crop continuously using same soil nutrients ✔
• Insects can build up resistance to pesticides ✔ (3) [50]

QUESTION 3: ENTREPRENEURSHIP, RECORDING, MARKETING,  BUSINESS PLANNING AND ORGANISED AGRICULTURE 
3.1 Source document 
3.1.1 Invoice ✔ (1)
3.1.2 Deposit slip ✔ (1)
3.1.3 Receipt ✔ (1)
3.1.4 Cash slip/till slip ✔ (1)
3.2 Labour records  
3.2.1 Conditions of service 

1. Working hours per week
   • Stipulate the normal working hours for a worker ✔
   • In a 5 day (40 hour) or 6 day (45 hour) per week ✔  
   • Stipulate the maximum overtime per week ✔ (Any 2)  (2)
2. Overtime
   • Limitations on overtime for a 5 day or 6 day week ✔
   • Payment for overtime on normal working days is 1,5 times the  daily salary ✔
   • Payment on Sundays and public holidays is twice/double/2 times the daily salary ✔ (Any 2) (2) 

3.2.2 Daily records of labour 

• Starting time ✔ 
• Departing time / knock-off time ✔ 
• Absentees / leave✔ 
• Reason for absentees ✔ 
• Work done/productivity ✔ 
• Any labour related problems with labourer ✔ 
• Any injuries that happened on the farm at the specific day ✔ (Any 6) (6) 

3.3 Description of agricultural business plan 

• A document for a certain agricultural enterprise or farm ✔ 
• Indicating the basic information on production ✔ 
• And subsequently financial aspects ✔ 
• As part of an economical viable enterprise ✔ 

OR 

• What you want to do ✔ 
• How you want to do it ✔ 
• What you will use to do it ✔ 
• When you want to do it ✔ 
• Where you want to do it. ✔ (4)

3.4 Sources of information for market research 

• (A source can only be used ONCE) 

3.4.1 Sources of primary research 

• Interviews ✔ 
• Questionnaires ✔ 
• Observing competitors ✔ 
• Producer organisations ✔ (4) 

3.4.2 Sources of secondary research 

• Magazines ✔ 
• Newspapers ✔ (2)

3.5 Balance sheet 
3.5.1 Aim of having a Balance sheet 

• To determine the financial status/liquidity/viability of a farming business ✔ 
• At a specific date/time (2) 

3.5.2 Calculate net worth using formula 

• Net worth = total assets – total liabilities ✔ 
                  = R930 000 ✔ – R670 000 ✔ 
                   = R260 000 ✔ (4) 

3.5.3 Viability and meaning 

• The enterprise is viable ✔ 

AND 

• The assets is higher than the liabilities ✔ 
• It has a positive net worth ✔ (Any 1) (2)

3.6 Income and expenditure 
3.6.1 Income and expenditure account 

Rubric 

• 6 correct entries ✔ (6)
• Income total correct calculated ✔(1) CA
• Expenditure total correct calculated ✔(1) CA (8)

3.6.2 Profit or loss (CA from QUESTION 3.6.1) 
(If QUESTION 3.6.1 not answered – no marks) 

• The farmer made a profit✔ 
• Profit/loss = income – expenditure 
                   = R 24 650,00 – R20 880,000 ✔ 
                   = R 3 770,00✔ (3)

3.7 Difference between a cash flow statement and an income statement 
3.7.1 Cash flow statement 

• Indicate the movement of funds through (cash flow in and out) the  businesses account for a specific period ✔ 
• Comparing values to the budget for that month ✔ (2) 

3.7.2 Income statement 

• Is the record of financial transactions ✔ 
• Indicating the profit or loss for and an enterprise/farm for that period ✔ 
• Determine the credibility of farming enterprise ✔ 
• determine income source of enterprise and expenditure made ✔ 
• Indicate the amount of money spent on items ✔ (Any 3) (3) 

3.8 Climate records in decision making process 

• Determine the farming enterprise ✔ 
• Determine corrective measures ✔ 
• When to plant ✔ 
• Which adjustments are suitable ✔ (Any 2) (2) [50]

QUESTION 4: HARVESTING, PROCESSING, MANAGEMENT AND  AGRITOURISM 
4.1 Storage 
4.1.1 Effects of moisture and high temperature on stored plant products • Some of the products may start to germinate ✔ 

• Encourages product to rot ✔ 
• Moulding may occur ✔ 
• Breeding of some post-harvest pests ✔ 
• Deterioration in quality/shelf life/nutritional value ✔ (Any 4) (4) 

4.1.2 Methods to minimize damage on stored plant products 

• Fumigation ✔ 
• Increase ventilation with fans/blowers ✔ 
• Store product in the correct manner according the product ✔ 
• Packaging of the product before storage ✔ 
• Prevent wetness ✔ 
• Take measured control against rodents ✔ (Any 3) (3)

4.2 Identify correct preserving method 
4.2.1 Blanching ✔ (1)
4.2.2 Sterilisation ✔ (1)
4.2.3 Radiation ✔ (1)
4.2.4 Pasteurization ✔ (1)
4.2.5 Filtration ✔ (1) 
4.3 Legal requirements for people working at a processing plant 

• Wear protective clothing ✔ 
• Provide First Aid kit ✔ 
• Training (induction) of staff on safety rules applicable in the processing  plant ✔ 
• Training of staff on correct handling/operation of machinery ✔ 
• Regularly health test for diseases than can be transmitted by food ✔
• Constant consciences on safety practises ✔ 
• Good hygienic practices ✔ (Any 5) (5)

4.4 Requirements of suitable wrapping material for perishable foods

• Clean ✔ 
• Strong ✔ 
• Should seal effectively ✔ 
• Non-toxic ✔ 
• Transparent ✔ 
• Resistant to mechanical and temperature damage ✔ (Any 5) (5) 

4.5 Discuss FOUR motivation techniques 

• Making them shareholders of the farm business ✔
  • They will feel they are part of the business ✔
• Create joint ventures with the workers ✔
  • Discuss any work issues that involves changes at labour level
• Involve them in the economic planning of the farm activity ✔
  • Understanding economics will help preventing any losses ✔
• Involve them in the physical planning of the farm activity ✔
  • Workers feel they are needed and can give some inputs in the  planning ✔
• Delegate some responsibilities/Encourage shared supervision ✔
  • Good work will pay off in the long run/ worker feel that advance in the  working place ✔
    (Any 4 + correct description) (8) 

4.6 Marketing channels 
(Each channel can ONLY be used ONCE.)  (6) 

4.7 Reasons to use two different venues to market farm products

• To increase sales volume by selling more produce / To have a bigger  market share ✔ 
• Lower prices at one market can be softened by higher prices at the other  market ✔ 
• If one market sales are lower the other market sales can be higher ✔
• Easier access to the product by consumers in different markets can result in higher sales ✔ 
• Socio - economic environment can differ, leading to different prices ✔
• Income/profit can be manipulated by manipulating amount sent to each  market ✔ (Any 4) (4)

4.8 A flow chart indicating SIX chronological steps of decision making.

Rubric 

• Each one at correct place/order ✔ 
• One mark for the correct version of a flow chart ✔ 
• For one is out of order, penalise and continue to mark the rest (7) 

4.9 Types of Agritourism 

• Product routes ✔ 
• Game farm / farming trips / game farm visits / game watching ✔ 
• Farm stays ✔ 
• Eco tourism ✔ 
• Adventurous activities ✔ 
• Educational activities ✔ 
• Leisure activities ✔ 
• Farm activities ✔ (Any 3) (3) [50] 

TOTAL SECTION B: 150 
GRAND TOTAL: 200