AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
GRADE 12 
NSC EXAMS
PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
NOVEMBER 2018

MEMORANDUM 

SECTION A 
QUESTION 1 
1.1 Multiple-choice questions 
1.1.1 B ✔✔ 
1.1.2 C ✔✔ 
1.1.3 A ✔✔ 
1.1.4 C ✔✔ 
1.1.5 D ✔✔ 
1.1.6 D ✔✔ 
1.1.7 C ✔✔ 
1.1.8 A ✔✔ 
1.1.9 A ✔✔ 
1.1.10 D✔✔ (10 x 2) (20)

1.2 Matching items 
1.2.1 E ✔✔ 
1.2.2 F ✔✔ 
1.2.3 I ✔✔ 
1.2.4 C ✔✔ 
1.2.5 G ✔✔ 
1.2.6 L ✔✔ 
1.2.7 J ✔✔ 
1.2.8 B ✔✔ 
1.2.9 D ✔✔ 
1.2.10 K ✔✔ (10 x 2) (20)

1.3 Agricultural terms 
1.3.1 Insurance ✔ 
1.3.2 Demand ✔ 
1.3.3 Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Disease Act, 1993 (Act 130 of  1993 ✔ 
1.3.4 Game farming/Game farm ✔ 
1.3.5 Infrastructure ✔ (5 x 1) (5)

1.4 Underlined words 
1.4.1 Expenditure / Working capital/Floating capital ✔ 
1.4.2 Debtors ✔ 
1.4.3 Cash /Money ✔ 
1.4.4 Receipts ✔ 
1.4.5 Packaging ✔ (5 x 1) (5)

TOTAL SECTION A: 50

SECTION B 
QUESTION 2: PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PLANNING 
2.1 Slope 
2.1.1 Soil slope  (3) 

2.1.2 Different methods that the farmer can use to prevent soil erosion 

• A – Vegetation strips ✔
• B – Stone banks/Bunding ✔
• C – Contour banks/Ridges ✔ (3)

2.1.3 Correct cultivation method and reason  (1) 

• Method A ✔
  AND
• Reduce the flow of water ✔
• And give the water more time to infiltrate the soil ✔
  OR
• Reduced erosion ✔  (2)
• By reducing the speed that the water flow ✔ (Any 1)

2.2 Pastures 
2.2.1 Complete the table and calculate the number of animals  (4) 

2.2.2 Calculate the maximum number of the animals on the farm

• Max number of animals =2 000 ha
                                         4 LSU/ha✔
  = 500 animals ✔ (2)

2.2.3 Deduce sustainable production, reason and impact 

• No, it is not sustainable✔ or   
• No there are too many animals (113 extra) on the farm ✔ (Any 1)  (1) 

Possible impacts 

• Overgrazing of palatable grasses will take place ✔
• Veld will deteriorate/increase of unpalatable grasses ✔
• Soil erosion will occur ✔ 
• Carrying capacity will decrease✔ (Any 3)  (3) 

2.2.4 Solutions for sustainability 

• Reduce the number of animals/Correct carrying capacity /Correct  stoking rate ✔
• Sell calves at a young age or at weaning ✔
• Make use of artificial pastures/Planting of artificial pastures ✔
• Planting of fodder crops as extra feed ✔
• Make use of a feedlot for the younger animals ✔
• Replace large livestock with small livestock ✔
• Fertilising/irrigation of veld ✔
• Obtain/buy/hire extra veld ✔ (Any 5) (5) 

2.3 Farming systems (methods) 

• Extensive ✔ – large farms with small capital inputs relative to size e.g. labour and fertiliser ✔
• Semi-intensive ✔– combination between extensive and intensive  systems (more management and labour intensive that extensive but less  than intensive)✔
• Intensive ✔– High capital input relative to size of area ✔ (Any 3 x 2) (6) 

2.4 TWO usages of animal traction 

• Transport farm inputs, products and feed/licks ✔
• Spreading of fertilizers and composts ✔
• Cultivation and transport on difficult terrain ✔
• For weeding ✔ (Any 2) (2) 

2.5 FOUR methods to ensure a productive workforce 

• Appreciation and credit given for work done ✔
• Have a sincere interest in the worker as a person ✔
• Transfer responsibility to the worker ✔
• Fair remuneration ✔
• Training ✔
• Communication ✔
• Recreation facilities/Housing ✔ (Any 4) (4)

2.6 Budget
2.6.1 Comparable Statement  

• Cash flow statement ✔
• Income statement ✔ (Any 1) (1) 

2.6.2 Item influenced by change in interest rate and reason 

• Loan ✔
• The higher the interest rate the less the profit will be in the enterprise  and vice versa ✔ (2) 

2.6.3 ONE item influenced by inflation and explain 

• Seed ✔
• Fertilizer ✔ 
• Wages ✔ 
• Pesticide ✔ (Any 1) (1) 
  AND 
• Inflation will increase prices of these items and lower the profit ✔  (1) 

2.6.4 Item affected by labour legislation 

• Wages ✔ (1)

2.7 Choice of farming methods 
2.7.1 Profitability 

• Higher profitability will make it more likely that a farmer will choose that  particular method ✔
• Future market trends must also be considered in determination of  profitability ✔ (2) 

2.7.2 Markets 

• Distance to the markets must be considered due to costs to the market✔
• Value adding of product reduces risk of deterioration due to distance ✔
• Size of market can have a big influence on profitability due to prizes and  selling volumes ✔
• Export markets can have higher costs but also higher income than local  markets ✔ (Any 2) (2) 

2.7.3 Policies 

• Legislation can make it impossible to use certain methods ✔
• Policies can limit the use of the different resources ✔ (2) 

2.8 Credit as high-risk action 

• Sudden changes in interest rate can have a negative effect on the  liability of the farm or make repayments difficult ✔
• Different climate or market factors can have a negative effect on the  number of products sold or the price of the products that will negatively  affect the profitability of the farm ✔ (2) [50]

QUESTION 3: ENTREPRENEURSHIP, RECORDING, MARKETING, BUSINESS  PLANNING AND ORGANISED AGRICULTURE 
3.1 Business plan 
3.1.1 Marketing plan ✔ (1)
3.1.2 Production plan ✔ (1)
3.1.3 Human resources plan/Labour plan ✔ (1)
3.1.4 SWOT analysis ✔ (1) 
3.2 Advantages of business plan 

• Provides clear strategies and goals ✔
• Guides the business towards goal and objectives ✔
• Ensures effective business management ✔
• Helps to reposition the business ✔
• Facilitates risk management ✔
• Helps to compile set of priorities e.g. marketing plan ✔
• Helps the farmer to determine competitive advantages ✔
• Makes early detections of possible problems ✔
• Helps in allocating funds according to priority ✔
• Identifies beneficiary opportunities ✔
• Helps to improve communication within the business ✔
• Creates timetable to assist business in implementing✔ (Any 5) (5) 

3.3.1 Factors that contribute to a successful manager 

• Knowledge of the enterprise ✔
• Contacts/Networking ✔
• Financial skills ✔
• Managerial skills ✔/Leadership ✔
• Human relation skills ✔
• Business skills ✔ (Any 3) (3)

3.3.2 Phases of the entrepreneurial process 

Rubric 

• For each correct linkage one mark (3 x 1)
• Correct type of flowchart one mark (4) 

3.4 Requirements for a good business record 

• Clear and simple/easy ✔
• Specific/accurate ✔
• Realistic ✔
• Relevant ✔
• Complete ✔
• Addresses specific needs of the farm ✔
• Up to date ✔ (Any 3) (3) 

3.5 Importance of a Balance Sheet 

• It gives the farmer a clear picture of business financial position✔
• Shows whether the business is well managed ✔
• It shows the financial position of the farm at a specific date ✔ (3) 

3.6 Distinguish between diversification and specialisation an example 
3.6.1 Diversification 

• Diversification is when a farmer has various production units that  contribute to the total income of the farm ✔
• Example: any two or more enterprises (dairy + beef; sheep + goat;  maize + sunflower etc.) ✔ (2) 

3.6.2 Specialisation 

• Specialisation is when a farmer focuses on one commodity by adapting the farming methods to producing that single product ✔
• Example: only ONE enterprise (maize; wool; dairy; meat; etc.) ✔ (2)

3.7 Product organisations 
3.7.1 Name and discuss role of product organisations 

• Business information services: ✔ – responsible for collecting and  distributing production and market information to all role players ✔
• Market development and product promotion: ✔ – development of  domestic and foreign markets through integrated promotion campaigns  in collaboration with industry players ✔
• Research, development and technology transfer: ✔ – facilitates and  manages research programmes for the benefit of all role players ✔ (3 x 2) (6) 

3.7.2 Disadvantages of product organisations 

• Limits the initiative of farmers ✔
• Marketing and negotiations are limited ✔
• Membership fees must be paid ✔ 
• Can lose control over his product✔
• Too many organisations can have a negative effect✔ (Any 2) (2) 

3.8 Modern methods of advertising 

• Online/online advertisement/webpages ✔
• Internet based services/Social media ✔
• Sponsorships at conventions/functions ✔
• Direct mail ✔
• Billboards ✔
• SMS ✔
• Company/product cell phone application (app) ✔ (Any 4) (4)

3.9 Factors that influence quantity of product consumer wants 

• The lower the price of a product, the higher the demand for it will be or the higher the price of the product the lower the demand will be for that  product. ✔
• If consumers prefer a particular product to competing products, the  demand for the product that people prefer will be high ✔
• If consumers prefer a particular product, the more they tend to buy at  higher prices ✔
• The more consumers there are, the greater the demand for a specific  product ✔
• The higher the income of consumers the higher the demand for a  product ✔
• If the price of a product that competes with other is noticeably lower, the  demand for a certain product will be lower as consumers prefer to buy  cheaper products ✔
• The bigger the range of products available, the smaller the demand for a  particular product✔
• Bigger range will increase the total demand for a product ✔ (Any 5) (5)

3.10 Relationship between income and cost 
3.10.1 Label different graphs 

• Graph A – Fixed cost ✔
• Graph B – Total cost ✔
• Graph C – Variable cost ✔ (3) 

3.10.2 Name for the point marked D 

• Break-even point ✔ (1) 

3.10.3 Economic importance of point D 

• Point D indicate the number of products that must be sold so that the  income is equal to the expenditure ✔
• Before the point marked D, the business will be operating at a loss ✔
• After the point marked D, the business will be operating at a profit ✔ (3) [50]

QUESTION 4: HARVESTING, PROCESSING, MANAGEMENT AND AGRITOURISM 
4.1 Factors to consider when doing pre-harvest planning 

• Readiness of crop ✔
• Harvest equipment serviced ✔
• Availability of harvest equipment 
• Availability of contractor ✔ 
• Enough harvest containers ✔
• Clean storage area ✔
• Available transport ✔
• Availability of labourers ✔
• Availability of restroom facilities ✔ 
• Availability of drinking water ✔ (Any 5) (5) 

4.2 Describe handling of agricultural products  

• Correct disposal of waste – so that it does not contaminate produce ✔
• Health of workers – to avoid transmitting diseases through products ✔
• General hygiene – must be of high standard to minimise contamination of products ✔
• Correct handling of produce – to reduce spoilage of produce ✔
• Correct packaging and transport to maintain quality of produce ✔ (5)

4.3 Storage methods for newly harvested agricultural products  
4.3.1 Fruits or vegetables ✔ (1)
4.3.2 Meat ✔ (1)
4.3.3 Grain/CerealsRraw oil seeds ✔ (1)
4.3.4 Milk ✔ (1) 
4.4 FIVE advantages of bulk storage 

• The area exposed to air is less per mass ✔ 
• Pest is less due to deeper layers and exclusion of air ✔
• Bulk handling is cheaper ✔
• Bulk handling is easier ✔
• It is faster to handle ✔
• Less labour is required ✔ (Any 5) (5) 

4.5 Favourable growth conditions under which micro-organisms can thrive

• The correct food product ✔
• Moisture ✔
• Suitable temperature ✔ 
• Suitable pH ✔ 
• Air/oxygen ✔ (Any 4) (4)

4.6 Packaging 
4.6.1 Packaging material – polystyrene 

•  It is suitable for meat products ✔ 

Reason  

• It can be easily cleaned ✔
• Does not absorb odours ✔
• Light weight ✔
• Hygienic ✔
• Non-toxic ✔
• Impervious to gases and odours ✔ 
• Withstand moisture ✔ (Any 2) (3) 

4.6.2 Packaging material – card board 

• It is not suitable for meat products ✔ 

Reason  

• Does not withstand moisture ✔
• Not easy to clean ✔ 
• Not impervious to gases and odours ✔
• Can be heavy/Not light weight ✔ (Any 2) (3)

4.7 Marketing channels 
4.7.1 Contract marketing ✔ (1)
4.7.2 Internet marketing ✔ (1)
4.7.3 Auctions ✔ (1)
4.7.4 Fresh produce markets ✔ (1)
4.8 Advantages of planning and co-ordination 
4.8.1 Advantages of planning 

• Ensures that the farm runs smoothly and purposefully ✔
• Helps to anticipate change so adjustments can be made timeously ✔
• Helps to establish the goals and standards needed for control ✔ (3) 

4.8.2 Advantages of coordination 

• Duplication is eliminated ✔
• Better cooperation amongst the workers ✔ 
• Organisation in the workplace becomes easier and more functional ✔ (3) 

4.9 Effect of motivation through encouragement and delegation

• Workers feel more appreciated ✔
• Builds self-confidence ✔ 
• Workers feel part of management ✔ 
• Leads to higher productivity ✔ (4)

4.10.1 Agritourism 
4.10.1 Type of enterprise 

• Agritourism (1) 

4.10.2 Agritourism 
Rubric: 
The flyer must have the following information: 

• Location of the farm ✔
• Contact details of the farm ✔
• Facilities available e.g. overnight accommodation ✔
• Possible activities and experiences e.g. mountain climbing✔ / hunting✔ / bird viewing ✔/ fishing ✔/ canoeing ✔ (any 2 activities, maximum 2  marks)
• Design/Layout should not be more than half an A4-page ✔ (6) [50] 

TOTAL SECTION B: 150 
GRAND TOTAL: 200