GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 2
GRADE 12 
NSC EXAMS
PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS NOVEMBER 2018

RESOURCE MATERIAL 

1. An extract from topographic map 2930CB PIETERMARITZBURG.
2. Orthophoto map 2930 CB 8 PIETERMARITZBURG.
3. NOTE: The resource material must be collected by schools for their own use. 

INSTRUCTIONS AND INFORMATION 

1. Write your EXAMINATION NUMBER and CENTRE NUMBER in the spaces on  the cover page. 
2. Answer ALL the questions in the spaces provided in this question paper. 
3. You are provided with a 1 : 50 000 topographic map (2930CB  PIETERMARITZBURG) and an orthophoto map (2930 CB 8 PIETERMARITZ BURG) of a part of the mapped area. 
4. You must hand the topographic map and the orthophoto map to the invigilator at  the end of this examination session.
5. You may use the blank page at the end of this question paper for all rough work  and calculations. Do NOT detach this page from the question paper. 
6. Show ALL calculations and use the formulae provided, where applicable. Marks  will be allocated for these. 
7. Indicate the unit of measurement in the final answer of calculations, e.g.  10 km; 2,1 cm. 
8. You may use a non-programmable calculator. 
9. You may use a magnifying glass.
10. The area demarcated in RED on the topographic map represents the area  covered by the orthophoto map.
11. The following English terms and their Afrikaans translations are shown on the  topographic map:
    ENGLISH 
    • Aerodrome 
    • Diggings 
    • Canal 
    • Firebreak 
    • Golf Course 
    • Hiking Trail 
    • Hospital 
    • River   
    • Sewerage Works 
    • Waterworks 

MEMORANDUM 

QUESTION 1: MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS 
1.1 B ✓
1.2 C ✓
1.3 D ✓
1.4 A  ✓
1.5 B  ✓
1.6 C ✓
1.7 C ✓
1.8 D ✓  
1.9 A/C ✓
1.10 D ✓
1.11 B/D ✓
1.12 C ✓
1.13 A ✓
1.14 B ✓
1.15 C ✓ (15 x 1) [15] 

QUESTION 2: MAP CALCULATIONS AND TECHNIQUES 
2.1 A tourist visiting Town Hill in Pietermaritzburg requires specific information  regarding its location. 
2.1.1 State the topographic map index/code of Pietermaritzburg. 

• 2930CB ✓ (1 x 1) (1) 

2.1.2 Determine the grid reference/co-ordinates of Town Hill at point N  in block F7 on the topographic map.  

• 29°35'06''S ✓ 30°21'17''E ✓ /29°35,10'S ✓ 30°21,30'E ✓
  (Latitude: 05'' - 07'') (Latitude: 0,08' - 0,14')
  (Longitude: 16'' - 18'') (Longitude: 0,28' - 0,33') (2 x 1) (2) 

2.1.3 The tourist wants to hike the Voortrekker Wagon Hiking Trail in block F6  using a compass. Calculate the magnetic declination for 2018. Show ALL  calculations. Marks will be awarded for calculations. Clearly indicate the  unit of measurement in your final answer. 

• Difference in years: 2018 – 2016 = 2 ✓ years
  Mean annual change: 9' ✓ W
  Total change: 2 x 9' = 18' ✓W
  Magnetic declination for 2018: 24o45' W + ✓ 18' = 25 o03' W ✓ (5 x 1)  (5) 

[GIVE MARKS FOR CORRECT INFORMATION NEEDED TO  DETERMINE FINAL ANSWER, EVEN IF NOT ACCORDING TO THE  STIPULATED GUIDELINE] 
2.2 Refer to the Voortrekker Wagon Hiking trail in block F6 on the topographic map. 
2.2.1 State the orthophoto map index/code that a tourist will use when hiking the Voortrekker Wagon Hiking Trail. 

• 2930 CB 7 ✓ (1 x 1) (1)

2.2.2Calculate the average gradient between contour line O (height 820 m) and  the trigonometrical station at P on the topographic map. Show ALL  calculations. Marks will be awarded for calculations. 

• VI = 1057,9 m – 820 m                          VI = 1057.9 m – 820 m 
  = 237,9 m ✓                                            = 237,9 m ✓
  HE = 3,9 ✓ cm x 500                            HE = 3,9 ✓ cm x 50 000
                                                                                    100 
  Range for measurement [3,8 cm – 4 cm]   
   = 1 950 ✓ m                      OR                        = 1 950✓ m
  Range for HE [1 900 m – 2000 m]   
• =237,9  (One mark for ✓  correct   substitution)  =237,9 
    1 950  ✓                                                             1 950
  G =237,9                                                       G =237,9 
      1 950                                                               1 950 
  =  1  / 1 : 8,2 / 1 in 8,2 ✓                       =  1  / 1 : 8,2 / 1 in 8,2 ✓
     8,2                                                        8,2
  Range for final answer [1 : 7.9 – 1 : 8.41]   (5 x 1) (5) 

2.2.3 Describe the curved route followed by the Voortrekker Wagon Hiking Trail  from its start at O to the trigonometrical station at World's View. 

• The trail follows the winding path of the spur ✓
• The trail follows the more gentle route/The trail avoids the very steep  slopes ✓
• It is an easier route to hike along ✓
• It avoids the difficult route of hiking through valleys and over spurs ✓
• The trail follows the low lying area ✓
• The trail goes uphill and it is easier to follow a winding route ✓
• The slope is uneven resulting in a winding route ✓
• It goes generally NW/N ✓
• It passes through a woodland area ✓
• It passes by perennial water/dam ✓
• It passes by the river ✓
• It passes the reservoir ✓
• There are monuments that it passes by ✓
• There is a lookout tower towards the end of the trail ✓
• [Any TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 

2.3 Refer to benchmark 1060.9 at Q in block D4 and spotheight 1106 at R in block  C6 found on the topographic map. The cross-sections below represent the area  between Q and R.
2.3.1 Match cross-sections X and Y with the vertical exaggerations below.

• 25 times: Y ✓
• 6,25 times: X ✓ (2 x 1) (2) 

2.3.2 Explain how the vertical exaggeration of cross-sections would make  interpretation of the landscape easier. 

• The shape of the features on the landscape is more clear when the  vertical exaggeration is increased ✓
• To represent the topography of the landscape ✓
• To emphasize vertical features which are too small to identify relative to  the horizontal scale ✓
• By increasing the vertical exaggeration the topography and gradient can  be seen more clearly ✓
• Specific features are more recognizable/clearer ✓
• Without vertical exaggeration the cross-section would be flat ✓
• A larger exaggeration creates a clearer impression of the landscape ✓
• Height differences between features can be clearly identified ✓
• Y is clearer than X ✓

[Any TWO] (2 x 1) (2) [20]

QUESTION 3: APPLICATION AND INTERPRETATION 
3.1 The bottom of the valley at area M on the topographic map experiences frost  during the early hours of the morning in winter.  
3.1.1 Name the local/tertiary wind that is responsible for the formation of frost. 

• Katabatic/Downslope/Gravitational wind ✓
• Mountain wind ✓

 [Any ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 
3.1.2 Explain how the wind mentioned in QUESTION 3.1.1 causes frost. 

•  The slopes cool down resulting in the air in contact with the slopes cooling  down ✓✓
• The cooler air becomes heavy and dense ✓✓
• Cooler air subsides down the valley slopes ✓✓
• Cooler air accumulates on the valley floor/trapped by inversion layer ✓✓
• The cold subsiding air cools the temperature to below freezing point ✓✓  [Any TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.2 Refer to slope 5 (low-income residential area) and slope 6 (high-income  residential area) on the orthophoto map. 
3.2.1 Explain how aspect of slope influenced the site of the high-income  residential area at 6. 

• Slope 6 is a north/northeast facing slope and experiences the direct rays  of the sun (making it warmer) ✓✓(1 x 2) (2) 

3.2.2 Give ONE reason, evident on the orthophoto map, which influenced the  location of the low-income residential area at slope 5. 

• Next to the road for transport ✓✓
• Access to place of work ✓✓
• outh facing slope has cheaper land✓✓
• In comparison to slope 6 slope 5 is more gentle therefore it is cheaper/ easier to build on ✓✓
• Close to railway line ✓✓  

[Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2)
3.2.3 Suggest how natural vegetation could have influenced the land values of  residential areas 5 or 6. 

• The vegetation creates aesthetic appeal/beauty/scenery at 6 which  increases the land value✓✓
  OR
• Lack of vegetation at 5 reduces the aesthetic appeal and decreases land  values ✓✓
• Vegetation creates cleaner (absorbing carbon) air this area attracts more  residents and increases land values ✓✓
• Vegetation lowers temperature on this north facing slope which is hot  during summer ✓✓

[Any ONE. THE REASONS MUST REFER TO THE RELEVANT  ESIDENTIAL AREA SELECTED] (1 x 2) (2) 
3.3 Refer to Mabane River and the Gordon Falls in block H2 on the topographic  map. Directly upstream of the Gordon Falls the river meanders and directly  downstream of Gordon Falls, the river follows a straight path. Explain the  reasons for the difference in the stream channel patterns of the Mabane River,  as mentioned above.  

• Upstream of the Gordon Falls the wider space between the contour lines shows  the river flows on level ground/slower velocity (speed) making it meander ✓✓
  OR
• Upstream of the Gordon Falls the landscape is flatter/slower velocity (speed) which allows the river to meander ✓✓
• As the water flows over the waterfall it becomes more energetic, due to a  steeper gradient/higher velocity (speed) resulting in a straight course  downstream of the Gordon Falls ✓✓
  OR
• Rejuvenation downstream of the Gordon Falls result in vertical erosion therefore  a narrower river valley results in a straightened pattern ✓✓ (2 x 2) (4)

[ANSWER MUST BE QUALIFIED. FULL EXPLANATION] 
3.4 Is the shopping mall at 7 on the orthophoto map a neighbourhood shopping  centre or a regional shopping centre? Give a reason for your answer. 

• Answer: Regional shopping centre ✓✓
• Reason: Next to national freeway (N3) for accessibility/Near main road (R56) intersection with the N3 ✓✓
• It is on the outskirts of the city resulting in less congestion and   more accessibility ✓✓
• The size of the building is large ✓✓
• Space available for expansion ✓✓
• Close to middle and high income customers ✓✓
• There are many roads linking the shopping mall for accessibility/  larger sphere of influence/range ✓✓
• Potentially many clients/large threshold population ✓✓
• Large parking space ✓✓

 [Any ONE] (1 + 2) (3)
3.5 Are the industries at Willowton at 8 on the orthophoto map market-orientated or  raw material-orientated? Give a reason for your answer. 

• Answer: Market orientated ✓✓
• Reason: It is situated close to market/customers/consumers/suburbs ✓✓
• No evidence of raw material in the vicinity of Willowton ✓✓
• The good transport networks around Willowton creates accessibility to  the markets ✓✓
• The proximity close to the service line ✓✓  [Any ONE] 

 [Any ONE] (1 + 2) (3) 
3.6 The quarry at S in block D4 on the topographic map is situated next to the  residential area of Leonard. Suggest ONE social justice and ONE social  injustice that the people of Leonard could experience due to the quarry. 

• Social justice: The quarry could create employment for people of Leonard,  improving their quality of life ✓✓
• It could create the multiplier effect which will create more  employment✓✓
• Create more services (examples) in the area ✓✓
• People can afford basic needs due to employment ✓✓
• Better infrastructure as new roads will be built✓✓
• Social injustice: Various forms of pollution is generated from quarrying ✓✓
• The health of the people (respiratory illnesses) affected by the  dust (air pollution) from the quarry ✓✓
• The people's hearing could be affected due to the noise   pollution caused by dynamite explosions in the quarry ✓✓
• Water table is polluted (water pollution) reducing quality of  water for people ✓✓  
•  Land values will decrease due to a decrease in the aesthetic  appeal✓✓
• Safety risk for children playing around quarry✓✓
• Vibrations from explosives may damage houses ✓✓
• Expensive to repair infrastructure ✓✓  [Any ONE] (2 x 2)  (4) [25]

QUESTION 4: GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 
4.1 Refer to block D8 on the topographic map. 
4.1.1 Name the type of vector data used in block D8 to indicate the secondary  road. 

• Line ✓  (1 x 1) (1)

4.1.2 Explain the relevance of using vector data on the topographic map.

• Standardising data is easier because you can use a reference/key to refer  to features on a map ✓✓
• The use of vector data on a topographic map makes map interpretation  more user friendly ✓✓
• To obtain data/information in one glance (quicker) ✓✓
• Topographic maps are electronic versions of reality and symbols, like  lines, point and polygons are used to represent real spatial features ✓✓
• The use of vector data on a topographical map makes it easy to do data  layering ✓✓
• Vector data provides true shapes and distances of spatial features ✓✓[Any ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

4.2 Refer to the topographic map and orthophoto map.  
4.2.1 Is scale an example of attribute or spatial data? 

• Attribute data ✓ (1 x 1) (1) 

4.2.2 Explain the relevance of scale when facing a geographical query/problem,  e.g. a possible veld fire in block D8 on the topographic map. 

• Scale allows you to determine the actual extent of the veld fire ✓✓
• Scale allows you to determine the actual area effected by the veld fire  ✓✓
• Scale will allow rescue workers to determine the actual distance they  have to travel in order to assist ✓✓
• Determine the number of water tanks to be used ✓✓
• Larger scale allows to see more detail✓✓
• To determine the positioning of the fire breaks/buffering ✓✓
• Determine the number of fire fighters to be deployed ✓✓
• Can determine the distance to the nearest water source/dam✓✓
• Can determine the gradient which the rescue workers will face so they  can prepare themselves✓✓
• Can determine the distance between the fire and building structures✓✓
• Planning of possible evacuation routes ✓✓ (2)[Any ONE] (1 x 2) 

4.2.3 How can the scale of the topographic map and orthophoto map be  manipulated in order to make data integration of these two maps easier? 

• Adjust the scale of the topographic map to make it the same (enlarge the  scale) as the orthophoto map ✓✓
• Adjust the scale of the orthophoto map to make it the same (reduce the  scale) as the topographic map ✓✓
• Adjust the scale of the orthophoto map and the topographic map to a  common scale ✓✓ (2) [Any ONE] (1 x 2) 

4.3 Refer to the topographic map and orthophoto map. The statistics below refer to  selected suburbs in Pietermaritzburg and the percentage (%) increase in crime  levels from 2015 to 2016. 

[Adapted from SAPS crime statistics 2015–16 by Theuns Kruger, Graphic 24] 
4.3.1 Name ONE way in which the data above could have been collected. 

• Information from police station ✓
• Surveys/Questionnaires/interviews/fieldwork ✓
• National crime stats ✓
• Statistics SA/Census ✓
• Internet ✓  (1) [Any ONE] (1 x 1)

4.3.2 Is the information in the table above primary data or secondary data? 

• Secondary data ✓ (1 x 1) (1) 

4.3.3 Which type of crime has shown the highest percentage increase in these  suburbs? 

• Car hijacking ✓ (1 x 1) (1)

4.3.4 Explain why it is important for the well-being of the community of  Pietermaritzburg to analyse these statistics. 

• It can assist with identifying the frequency of crime ✓✓
• It can help police with regard to the deployment of officers ✓✓
• Identify crime hotspots ✓✓
• Implement strategies/possible solutions such as a neighbourhood  watch/crime protection forums ✓✓
• Deployment of police✓✓
• Develop precautionary measures/security to improve safety (accept  examples) ✓✓  
• It can help insurance companies to correctly validate their crime related  insurance policies ✓✓
• To help prospective property buyers to identify crime hotspots ✓✓
•   Important to analyse statistics to put contingency plans in place ✓✓
• Identification of patterns and trends to catch perpetrators ✓✓
• Crime preventions can focus on the more prevalent (common) type of  crimes ✓✓
• To determine which time of day crime is the highest and lowest ✓✓ [Any TWO] (2 x 2) (4) [15] 

TOTAL: 75