AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 2
GRADE 12
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
MEMORANDUM
MAY/JUNE2019

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 B ✓✓
1.1.2 A ✓✓
1.1.3 B ✓✓
1.1.4 C ✓✓
1.1.5 A ✓✓
1.1.6 A ✓✓
1.1.7 C✓✓
1.1.8 B✓✓
1.1.9 D ✓✓
1.1.10 D ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20)
1.2
1.2.1 F ✓✓
1.2.2 G ✓✓
1.2.3 B ✓✓
1.2.4 H ✓✓
1.2.5 A ✓v(5 x 2) (10)
1.3
1.3.1 Surplus/oversupply/overproduction ✓✓
1.3.2 Price fluctuation ✓✓
1.3.3 Genetics ✓✓
1.3.4 Prepotency ✓✓
1.3.5 Recessive gene ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10)
1.4
1.4.1 Equilibrium ✓
1.4.2 Land✓
1.4.3 Phenotype ✓
1.4.4 Internal ✓
1.4.5 Progeny ✓ (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
2.1 Marketing system
2.1.1 Identification of the marketing system
Co-operative✓ (1)
2.1.2 Types of co-operative marketing system

• Services co-operatives ✓
• Financial co-operatives ✓
• Commercial/consumer co-operatives ✓
• Production co-operatives ✓
• Marketing co-operatives ✓
• Purchasing co-operatives ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.1.3 Difference between
Marketing
Long term strategy that involves all activities associated with production, pricing, promoting and distribution ✓(1)
Selling - Exchanging goods for cash ✓ (1)
2.1.4 TWO problems hampering agricultural marketing chain of products

• Perishability/spoilage ✓
• Transportation✓
• Storage ✓
• Poor infrastructure✓
• Accidents✓
• Lack of capital ✓
• Lack of control over production ✓
• Low value in relation to high volume ✓
• Wide distribution of products✓
• Theft✓
• Seasonal changes/fluctuation ✓
• Standardisation✓
• Competition ✓
• Legislation ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.2 Demand of products in relation to price
2.2.1 Identification of the graphs

1. Graph B ✓(1)
2. Graph A ✓ (1)

2.2.2 Justification of the answers

1. Graph B - A change in price resulted in no/little change in demand ✓(1)
2. Graph A - A change in price resulted in a huge change in demand ✓(1)

2.2.3 THREE other factors that may cause elasticity of demand

• Nature of the produce ✓
• Availability of substitute products ✓
• Proportion of consumer's budget spent on the item ✓
• Time period ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.3 Fruit sold at different quantities and prices
2.3.1 Line graph

Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines

• Correct heading ✓
• X-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Quantities) ✓
• Y-axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Price)✓
• Correct units (R and Pockets)✓
• Line graph ✓
• Accuracy ✓ (6)

2.3.2 Deduction of the relationship between the price and the quantity of fruit demanded
The higher the price of the fruit ✓ the lower the quantities of fruit demanded ✓
OR
The lower the price of the fruit ✓ the higher the quantities of fruit demanded ✓ (Any 1) (2)
2.4 Business plan
2.4.1 TWO reasons for drawing up a business plan

• To test the feasibility of the business ✓
• To check the economic viability ✓
• To determine the financial needs ✓
• To secure funding ✓
• To guide operations/outlines roles and responsibilities ✓
• Provides time frames ✓
• Provides information regarding the external/internal business environment✓
• Ensuring effective business management ✓
• To gain knowledge about marketing opportunities/ competitors✓
• To reposition the business to deal with market changes ✓
• To allow a farmer to foresee problems/risk ✓
• Helps to define goals✓
• Provides direction and focus ✓(Any 2) (2)

2.4.2 THREE items included in a format of a good business plan

• Title/cover page ✓
• Summary of enterprise details/address/name ✓
• Summary of business plan/strategy/objectives ✓
• Overview/profile of the business/management team✓
• Production plan ✓
• Management plan/time management plan ✓
• Sales and marketing plan ✓
• Financial plan ✓
• Reasons for success of business ✓
• Human resource plan✓
• Organisational structure ✓
• SWOT analyses ✓
• Potential risks ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.4.3 TWO problems encountered when drawing up a business plan

• Insufficient research ✓
• Too generic ✓
• Gaps/incomplete/too much information/vague ✓
• Insufficient technical details✓
• Unrealistic assumptions/projections ✓
• Incomplete plan/financials ✓
• Not highlighting potential competition✓
• Hiding weaknesses and risks ✓
• Using the incorrect format✓
• Errors/not authentic ✓(Any 2) (2)

2.5 Entrepreneurship
2.5.1 Identification of the THREE phases of the entrepreneurial process

• Identifying an opportunity ✓
• Research on what is needed/resource mobilisation ✓
• Production and profit making✓ (3)

2.5.2 THREE personal characteristics of a successful entrepreneur

• Innovation/creativity ✓
• Confidence ✓
• Identify opportunity ✓
• Drive/passion/need for achievement ✓
• Perseverance ✓
• Leadership ✓
• Commitment ✓
• Hardworking ✓
• Motivation ✓
• Flexible ✓
• Market driven ✓
• Knowledgeable ✓
• Risk taker ✓
• Sound technical/operational knowledge ✓
• Interpersonal relations ✓
• Punctuality ✓ (Any 3) (3)

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QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1 Land
3.1.1 Identification of the economic characteristic of land
Law of diminishing return ✓ (1)
3.1.2 The implication of the economic characteristic of land
When land reaches its maximum point of production ✓ it cannot produce beyond its production potential ✓ (2)
3.1.3 TWO ways a farmer can improve productivity of land

• Improve soil fertility ✓
• Water management ✓
• Change in cropping practices and farming systems ✓
• Restoring land potential ✓
• Farm land more efficient/consolidation of uneconomic units ✓
• Adapt to scientific methods/technology ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.1.4 THREE functions of land as a factor in agricultural production

• Source of raw materials ✓
• Provides space ✓
• Food security ✓
• Source of minerals ✓
• Can be used as a collateral ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.2 Labour
3.2.1 TWO types of labourers employed on farms

• Permanent/full time ✓(1)
• Temporary/part time ✓(1)

3.2.2 TWO main reasons for the loss of farm labour

• Poor working conditions ✓
• Long working hours ✓
• Exposure to harsh conditions ✓
• Lack of career opportunities/education and training ✓
• Physically demanding ✓
• Poor wages ✓
• Poor living conditions ✓
• Industrial competition ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.2.3 TWO ways in which farmers retain their labourers

Related Items

• Provision of better working conditions ✓
• Reasonable working hours ✓
• Provision of career opportunities/promotion ✓
• Better/living wages ✓
• Provision of education/training/skills development ✓
• Provision of proper housing ✓
• Health schemes/benefits✓
• Bonuses ✓
• Recognition for good work done ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.3 Labour legislation
3.3.1 Skills Development Act (97 of 1998)✓ (1)
3.3.2 Occupational Health and Safety Act (85 of 1993) ✓ (1)
3.3.3 Compensation for Occupational Injuries and Diseases Act (130 of 1993) ✓ (1)
3.4 Financial record of an enterprise
3.4.1 Identification of the record
Enterprise budget/budget ✓ (1)
3.4.2 Reason
Showing estimates of the expected income and expenditure of the enterprise ✓(1)
3.4.3 Calculation of the net income for this enterprise (with formula)
Net income = Income – Expenditure ✓
= R77 500 – (R143 564 ✓) ✓
= – R 66 064✓ (4)
3.4.4 Identification of the problem the enterprise could experience
Loss/deficit/financial problems  (1)
3.4.5 TWO possible ways to make the enterprise viable

• Reduce the costs ✓
• Change to an enterprise with a lower running costs ✓
• Sell at a higher price/better marketing ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.5 Risk in a farming business
3.5.1 THREE types of risk in the farming industry

• Technical/production✓
• Financial ✓
• Market and price ✓
• Political/policy risks ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.5.2 Skill the manager needs in identifying the risks

• Conceptual✓
• Analytical✓ (Any 1) (1)

3.5.3 TWO strategies to reduce the impact of risk

• Insuring against risks ✓
• Risk sharing ✓
• Diversification ✓
• Processing/value adding ✓
• Flexibility ✓
• Future contracts/hedging ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.5.4 THREE main principles for successful management

• Planning ✓
• Implementation ✓
• Organisation ✓
• Coordination ✓
• Decision making ✓
• Control ✓ (Any 3) (3)

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QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
4.1 Representation of the genotypes for different generations
4.1.1 Parent with red phenotype
Female ✓(1)
REASON
The parent with R for red colour/indicated by RR ✓(1)
4.1.2 Identification of the ratio’s and phenotype

1. 3 red : 1 black/3:1 ✓(1)
2. 1:2:1 ✓(1)
3. Red ✓(1)

4.2Di -hybrid crossing
4.2.1 Traits that are being investigated

• Hair colour ✓(1)
• Length of hair ✓ (1)

4.2.2 Genotype of a bull
bb ✓ ll ✓ (2)
4.3 Scenario on variation
4.3.1 Identification of the

1. Genetic factor of variation - Genotype✓1)
2. Environmental factor of variation - Feeding/nutrition ✓ (1)

4.3.2 Relationship between feed restriction and average weight gain The higher the level of feed restrictions✓
the lower the average weight gain ✓
OR
The lower the level of feed restrictions ✓
the higher the average weight gain ✓ (Any 1) (2)
4.3.3 Hypothesis of this investigation
There is no effect of genotype and feeding✓on growth performance ✓
OR
Genotype and feeding ✓ reduce growth performance ✓
OR
Genotype and feeding ✓ increase growth performance ✓ (Any 1) (2)
4.4 Breeding systems applied in cattle farming
4.4.1 Identification of the breeding systems

1. Crossbreeding ✓(1)
2. Inbreeding ✓(1)

4.4.2 Breeding system that promotes heterosis
A ✓(1)
4.4.3 TWO disadvantages of inbreeding

• Loss of vigour/performance/inbreeding depression ✓
• Loss of fertility ✓
• Genetic variation declines ✓
• Increase the lethal genes which can result in death ✓
• Reduced vitality ✓
• Fixation of undesired genes ✓
• Expert knowledge required ✓
• Less resistance to diseases ✓
• Poor adaptation to the environment ✓
• Undesirable characteristics can be bred into the offspring ✓
• Deformed animals ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.4.4 Letter of the breeding system
C ✓ (1)
4.5 Selection
4.5.1 Definition of selection
Process of choosing/identifying specific individuals ✓ for their desired characteristics/traits ✓ (2)
4.5.2 Type of selection in nature
Natural ✓ (1)
4.5.3 THREE characteristics selected for in animal production

• Growth✓
• Health/disease resistance✓
• Fertility✓
• Body conformation ✓
• Production types ✓
• Breeding standards ✓ (Any 3) (3)

4.5.4 Aspects to be improved through selection

1. Choosing animals with superior characteristics for breeding ✓(1)
2. Choosing animals that can adapt/produce in a specific area ✓(1)

4.6 Genetic modification
4.6.1 TWO techniques used in the genetic modification process

• Micro-injection✓
• Gene gun/Biolistics ✓
• Bacterial carriers/Agro-bacterium tumefaciens ✓
• Electroporation ✓
• Recombinant DNA ✓
• Calcium phosphate precipitation✓
• Gene silencing ✓
• Gene splicing ✓
• Lipofection ✓
• Viral carriers ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6.2 TWO disadvantages of genetically modified plants

• Health concerns/allergies✓
• Not enough research has been done✓
• Expensive ✓
• Super weeds develop/reduced effectiveness of pesticides ✓
• Religious/ethical beliefs ✓
• Reduced biodiversity ✓
• Gene transfer to non-target species✓
• Possibility of mutations ✓(Any 2) (2)

4.6.3 TWO advantages of genetically modifying plants

• Resistance to herbicides/insects/pests ✓
• Resistance to harsh environmental conditions✓
• Plants have a lower water requirement ✓
• Improved quality/taste/flavour/nutritional value ✓
• Shelf life ✓
• Increased yields ✓ (Any 2) (2)

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TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150