AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 2
GRADE 12
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
MEMORANDUM
NOVEMBER 2019

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 C ✓✓
1.1.2 D ✓✓
1.1.3 C ✓✓
1.1.4 D ✓✓
1.1.5 B ✓✓
1.1.6 A ✓✓
1.1.7 A ✓✓
1.1.8 B ✓✓
1.1.9 C ✓✓
1.1.10 B ✓✓
(10 x 2) (20)
1.2
1.2.1 H ✓✓
1.2.2 E ✓✓
1.2.3 D ✓✓
1.2.4 A ✓✓
1.2.5 C ✓✓
(5 x 2) (10)
1.3
1.3.1 Niche marketing ✓✓
1.3.2 Planning ✓✓
1.3.3 Biometrics/biostatistics ✓✓
1.3.4 Multiple alleles ✓✓
1.3.5 Transgenic/GMO ✓✓
(5 x 2) (10)
1.4
1.4.1 Entrepreneur/agripreneur ✓
1.4.2 Undercapitalisation ✓
1.4.3 Gene gun ✓
1.4.4 Epistasis ✓
1.4.5 Heritability ✓
(5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
2.1 Business plan
2.1.1 TWO reasons for drawing a business plan

• Test the feasibility/economic viability of the enterprise ✓
• Determine the financial needs of the enterprise ✓
• To secure funding/attract investors✓
• To ensure effective business management ✓
• To foresee problems ✓
• Gain knowledge of marketing opportunities/competitors ✓
• Repositioning of the enterprise/analysis of the business ✓
• Guide daily operations/outlines roles and responsibilities ✓
• Mapping out the objectives/goals of the enterprise ✓
• Provide information on internal/external business environment ✓
• Provide guidelines for decision making ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.1.2 TWO factors to be considered when developing a market

• Consumers/customers ✓
• Competitors ✓
• Market requirements/conditions ✓
• Target markets ✓
• Number of products ✓
• Investors’ wants ✓
• Price ✓
• Promotion✓
• Placement/distribution ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.2 A subsistence farmer producing watermelons and spinach
2.2.1 TWO factors the farmer needs to consider when setting prices

• Costs✓
• Demand ✓
• Supply ✓
• Competition/going rate ✓
• Profit margins ✓
• Quality/grading ✓
• Specific market ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.2.2 TWO ways to promote produce

• Advertisement/branding ✓
• In-store promotion/specials/discounts✓
• Direct mailing ✓
• Trade fares and exhibition ✓
• Personal selling✓
• Online/internet/social media marketing ✓
• Sponsorships ✓
• Posters/flyers/brochures/billboards ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.3 Bar graph on the supply and demand of sugar cane
2.3.1 Bar graph on the supply and demand of sugar cane

CRITERIA/RUBRIC/MARKING GUIDELINES

• Correct heading ✓
• X axis: Correctly calibrated with label (Time/years) ✓
• Y axis: Correctly calibrated with label
  (Quantity/supply and demand) ✓
• Correct units (Million ton)✓
• Bar graph ✓
• Accuracy ✓ (6)

2.3.2 Relationship between the supply and demand of sugar cane from 2015 to 2018

• From 2015 to 2018 sugar cane supply increased✓
• while the demand thereof decreased ✓ (2)

2.4 The entrepreneurial process
Phases of the entrepreneurial processes

1. Identify an opportunity/generate a business idea ✓(1)
2. Plan the business/developing a business plan ✓ (1)
3. Establish/start the business ✓(1)

2.5 Marketing concepts
2.5.1 Marketing functions

1. Packaging ✓(1)
2. Storage ✓(1)
3. Processing/value adding ✓(1)

2.5.2 Advantages of processing agricultural products

• Prevents spoilage/increases shelf-life of products ✓
• The product is available throughout the year ✓
• improves food safety by heating to sufficient temperatures ✓
• Easy to transport ✓
• Convenience ✓
• Adds value to farm products/increases the value of products ✓
• It provides job opportunities ✓
• Reduces wastage of excess produce ✓
• It allows for easier packaging and handling of products ✓
• It is a way of overcoming over-supply of products ✓
• Expanding/extending the market ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.6 Marketing channels
2.6.1 Marketing channels

1. Farm gate marketing ✓(1)
2. Stock sales ✓(1)
3. Internet marketing ✓(1)

2.6.2 TWO disadvantages of a free marketing system

• Prices fluctuate✓
• Market costs are high/takes place on small scale✓
• Producer is responsible for marketing/nobody to produce✓
• Limited bargaining power✓
• High risk as many things can go wrong✓
• Cartels formed and consumers are exploited/price fixing✓
• Agents lead to smaller profits✓
• Competition ✓
• Over production can lead to big surpluses✓
• Foreign countries dump over produced produce ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.7 Equilibrium price for an agricultural product
2.7.1 Identification of the lines

1. Demand ✓(1)
2. Supply ✓(1)

2.7.2 Definition of the concept equilibrium price
When the price✓ of a product settles at the point where the demand is equal to supply ✓ (2)
2.7.3 TWO factors affecting the demand

• Consumer income/sociological factors ✓
• The number of consumers ✓
• The tastes and preferences of consumers ✓
• Competing/substitute goods ✓
• Complementary goods ✓
• The usefulness of the product✓
• The range of products available to consumers✓
• Season ✓
• Quality of the product ✓
• Advertising ✓ (Any 2) (2)

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QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1 Illustration of the different skills of a farmer and farm worker
3.1.1 Identification of the production factor represented by the graph
Management ✓ (1)
3.1.2 TWO other management skills important for a successful farmer

• General business management skills ✓
• Interpersonal/communication ✓
• Decision-making✓
• Production/operational ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.1.3 Comparison of the skills C and D of farmer and farm worker

(4)
3.2 Income statement
3.2.1 Identification of the document
Income statement/cash analysis book/statement ✓ (1)
3.2.2 Identification of TWO examples of:

1. Fixed cost items
   
   • Rent ✓
   • Insurance ✓
2. Variable cost items
   
   • Manure ✓
   • Transport ✓
   • Fuel ✓
   • Electricity ✓
   • Pesticides ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.2.3 Calculation of the total income of tomatoes

• Total Income = R2 800+R2 940+R2 140 ✓
• = R7 880 ✓ (2)

3.2.4 TWO reasons for keeping financial records

• Allows the farmer to manage capital✓
• To draw up a budget ✓
• To plan for the future of the enterprise ✓
• To analyse past/future performance of the enterprise ✓
• To apply for loans ✓
• Provide information for tax purposes ✓
• Provide proof of payment ✓
• Monitors cash flow ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.3 Capital
3.3.1 The type of credit
Short term loan/credit ✓ (1)
3.3.2 Calculation of the interest

• Interest = 11,5 x R195 000 ✓
                  100
• = R22 425 ✓ (2)

3.3.3 Determination of profitability of farming enterprise

• R195 000 + R22 425 = R217 425 ✓
• R240 000 – 217 425 = R22 575 ✓
• The business is profitable/viable ✓(3)

3.3.4 Sustainability of the enterprise
It is sustainable ✓ (1)
3.3.5 Reason
The farmer will manage to repay the loan and its interest and still remain with profit/R22 575 ✓ (1)
3.4 Labour
3.4.1 Identification of the production factor
Labour ✓ (1)
3.4.2 Differences between casual and seasonal farm worker
Casual worker - Employed to perform a non-repetitive work ✓
Seasonal worker - Employed to perform a repetitive work/employed during peak period ✓ (1)
3.4.3 THREE problems associated with farm workers

• Farm workers are scarce ✓
• Lack of training/skills/educational opportunities ✓
• Farm worker migration✓
• Competitions with other industries ✓
• Low wages✓
• Lack of opportunities/promotion ✓
• Dreadful diseases/HIV/AIDS/TB ✓
• Poor labour management ✓
• Social problems ✓
• Poor working conditions/safety ✓
• Labour unrests/strikes ✓
• Lack of benefits ✓
• Workers not working regularly ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.5 Land
3.5.1 Explanation of the Law of diminishing returns as an economic characteristic of land

• With an increase in a specific input the output will be proportionally higher ✓
• until it reaches a stage of maximum output ✓
• thereafter output will decline even with a higher input ✓ (3)

3.5.2 TWO functions of Land

• Land provides space/area ✓
• Land supplies raw materials ✓
• Land supplies minerals ✓
• Land supplies food/food security ✓
• Use as collateral/security ✓ (Any 2) (2)

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QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
4.1 A pure-breed black cow is crossed with a pure-breed red bull
4.1.1 Indication of the dominant colour
Black ✓ (1)
4.1.2 Justification of the answer in QUESTION 4.1.1
All the F1 offspring have black colour/black dominant over red ✓ (1)
4.1.3 Determination of the

1. Genotype of a cow - BB ✓(1)
2. Genotype of the offspring - Bb ✓(1)

4.2 Dihybrid crossing
4.2.1 Identification of the type of crossing
Dihybrid crossing✓ (1)
4.2.2 Reason for the answer in QUESTION 4.2.1
This crossing involves two different characteristics/texture and colour ✓(1)
4.2.3 Determination of any TWO possible phenotypes of the F1

• Green rough✓
• Green smooth✓
• Yellow rough ✓
• Yellow smooth ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.2.4 Calculation of the percentage of offspring with yellow and smooth fruits

•  1   x 100 ✓
  16
• = 6,25% ✓ (2)

4.3 Differences in the characteristics between members of the same species
4.3.1 Term for the phenomenon in the statement
Variation✓ (1)
4.3.2 TWO environmental factors that can have an effect on variation

• Nutrition/diet/feeding✓
• Climate (light intensity/temperature/rainfall) ✓
• Diseases/pests ✓
• Topography/altitude ✓
• Soil factors ✓
• Management/shelter/exercise and space✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.3.3 TWO types of selection

• Artificial selection ✓
• Natural selection ✓ (2)

4.4 Breeding systems
4.4.1 The breeding system
Crossbreeding ✓ (1)
4.4.2 Reason for the answer in QUESTION 4.4.2
Different/unrelated breeds of the same species are crossed/beef breed crossed with dairy breed ✓(1)
4.4.3 TWO advantage of cross breeding

• Increases genetic variation ✓
• Produce heterosis/hybrid vigor/improved performance ✓ (2)

4.4.4 TWO disadvantages of inbreeding

• Loss of genetic variation ✓
• Leads to inbreeding depression ✓
• Increases the expression of lethal genes/deformities/unwanted genes ✓
• Increases homozygosity ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.5 A homozygous brown ewe (A) and a homozygous white ram (a)
4.5.1 Punnet square to illustrate the F2 generation

MARKING CRITERIA

• Correct male gametes ✓
• Correct female gametes ✓
• Correct offspring✓
• Punnet square with gametes and offspring ✓ (4)

4.5.2 Indication of genotypic ratio and a number of offspring

1. 1:1/2:2 ✓(1)
2. 0 ✓ (1)

4.6 Polygenic inheritance
4.6.1 Determination of the genotype of the highest maize plant
AABBDD ✓ (1)
4.6.2 Calculation of the length of the longest maize plant

• 40+5+5+5+5+5+5cm [40+(5x6)cm = 30cm] ✓
• = 70cm ✓ (2)

4.6.3 TWO genotypes of maize plant that will be 55cm long

• AABbdd/ ✓
• AaBbDd✓
• AaBBdd ✓
• aaBBDd✓
• aaBbDD ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.7 THREE techniques used to modify animals genetically

• Retroviral vectors ✓
• Micro-injection ✓
• Embryonic stem cells✓
• Agrobacterium tumefaciens/bacterial carriers ✓
• Viral carriers ✓
• Gene gun ✓
• Electroporation✓
• Micro-injection✓
• Biolistics✓
• Calcium phosphate precipitation✓
• Gene silencing ✓
• Gene splicing ✓
• Lipofection ✓ (Any 3) (3)

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TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150