HISTORY PAPER 1
GRADE 12
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
ADDENDUM
NOVEMBER 2019

QUESTION 1: HOW DID THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA RESPOND TO THE DEPLOYMENT OF SOVIET MISSILES TO CUBA IN THE 1960s?
SOURCE 1A
The source below outlines why Cuba became the focal point of the Cold War between the United States of America and the Soviet Union in the 1960s.
After the revolution against the Cuban dictator, Fulgencio Batista, Fidel Castro came to power on 1 January 1959. At that time, Castro was popular in the United States of America because he was seen as someone that could bring democracy back to Cuba. In April 1959 Prime Minister Castro travelled to the USA to meet US President Dwight Eisenhower. He was refused and only permitted to meet with Vice-President Richard Nixon. Owing to a lack of US support, Castro decided to nationalise American companies, end freedom of press and imprison political opponents.
In 1961, JF Kennedy became president of the United States of America and was informed of the secret activities of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) regarding Cuba. The CIA funded, trained, armed and transported 1 300 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba on 14 April 1961. They landed at the Bay of Pigs and attempted to overthrow Castro. Equipped with Soviet tanks and artillery (weapons), Castro's troops overpowered the exiles within 72 hours of the invasion. At hearing of the failed invasion Kennedy claimed full responsibility and accepted that he was defeated.
The failed invasion of Cuba did not stop the USA putting pressure on Cuba. It ended all trade with Cuba and encouraged other countries to do the same. Castro, on the other hand, was hailed as a great hero ...
After the invasion, Castro turned to Nikita Khrushchev for protection against future US aggression. Thereafter the Soviet Union decided to provide Cuba with nuclear weapons on the condition that the deal would remain secret until the missiles were fully operational. Khrushchev claimed that his motivation for providing Cuba with nuclear weaponry was to safeguard the Cuban revolution against US aggression and to alter the global balance of power in favour of the Soviet Union. [From The Cold War by D Murphy]

SOURCE 1B
The source below indicates how President JF Kennedy responded to the deployment of Soviet missiles to Cuba in 1962.
On 14 October 1962 Richard Heyser took off in a U-2 (American single-jet airplane) from Texas and headed over Cuba to take photographs of alleged Soviet missile sites in Cuba. After analysing the photographs from the Heyser flight, the National Photographic Interpretation Centre found what they thought were more surface-to-air missiles sites. Closer inspection revealed six SS-4 nuclear missiles. They immediately knew it would involve the President. Still in his pyjamas President Kennedy was informed of the Soviet missiles in Cuba. He immediately handpicked a group of trusted government officials to advise him on the crisis. This group was referred to as the Executive Committee of the National Security Council (ExComm).
After several discussions by members of ExComm, the majority of the committee recommended a blockade while the opposing group wanted an air strike of Cuba. On 22 October 1962 Kennedy decided to address the American public, 'This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet military build-up on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere.'
'… I have directed that the following initial steps be taken. First, to halt (stop) this offensive build-up, a strict quarantine (blockade) on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated. Second, I have directed the continued and close surveillance (observation) of Cuba and its military build-up. Third, it shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba … as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States …'

SOURCE 1C
The source below has been taken from the newspaper DAILY SKETCH, published on 23 October 1962. The headline reads 'BLOCKADE! Ultimatum to Kruschev ''Move those missiles'' '.

SOURCE 1D
The source below is a letter that President Nikita Khrushchev wrote to President Kennedy on 27 October 1962.
… You are disturbed over Cuba. You say that this disturbs you because it is 90 miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America. But Turkey adjoins us, our sentries (guards) patrol back and forth and see each other. Do you consider, then, that you have the right to demand security for your own country and the removal of the weapons you call offensive, but do not accord the same right to us? You have placed destructive missile weapons, which you call offensive, in Turkey, literally next to us … This is irreconcilable (contradictory) …
I therefore make these proposals. We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive. We are willing to carry this out and to make this pledge in the United Nations (UN). Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States, for its part, considering the uneasiness and anxiety of the Soviet State, will remove its analogous means (similar missiles) from Turkey. Let us reach agreement as to the period of time needed by you and by us to bring this about. And, after that, persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfilment of the pledges made.
… We will make a statement within the framework of the Security Council to the effect that the Soviet government gives a solemn promise to respect the borders and sovereignty of Turkey, not to interfere in its internal affairs, not to invade Turkey …
The United States government will make a similar statement within the framework of the Security Council regarding Cuba. It will declare that the United States will respect Cuba's borders and its sovereignty …
If you are agreeable to my proposal, Mr President, then we would send our representatives to New York, to the United Nations, and would give them comprehensive instructions in order that an agreement may be reached more quickly …

QUESTION 2: WHY DID FOREIGN POWERS BECOME INVOLVED IN THE ANGOLAN CIVIL WAR BETWEEN 1974 AND 1976?
SOURCE 2A
The extract below focuses on the reasons for the United States of America's involvement in the Angolan Civil War in 1975.
Before Angola attained independence from Portuguese colonial rule the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) gave the National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) a covert (secret) grant of 300 000 US dollars in March 1975. The American perspective of the Angolan conflict had changed. The American defeat in Vietnam in April 1975 had severely damaged its prestige (status) around the world. This left Henry Kissinger, the US Secretary of State and Head of the National Security Council, anxious to find ways of enforcing America's power.
The rise of Soviet influence in Angola and Cuban activity there had caught his [Kissinger's] attention. Warnings about the Soviet role in Angola came from several African leaders, including Mobutu Sese Seko of the Congo and Kenneth Kaunda of Zambia. Henry Kissinger concluded that unless America countered Soviet activities in cases like Angola, then the larger balance of power between the superpowers would be impaired (weakened). He was convinced that the Soviet objectives in Angola were to impose a government of its own choice on the country and to carve (form) out a new sphere of influence. He maintained that if the West allowed that to happen unopposed, then the confidence of pro-Western states, like the Congo and Zambia, would be severely shaken and US prestige around the world would again be adversely (badly) affected.
'Our concern in Angola is not the economic wealth or the naval base. It has to do with the USSR operating 8 000 miles away from home when all the surrounding states are asking for our help,' he [Kissinger] said. 'I don't care about the oil, but I do care about Africa, especially if the Soviets spread their ideology and we don't do anything.'

SOURCE 2B
The cartoon below depicts the United States of America's involvement in the Angolan Civil War. It was drawn by Paul Conrad and published in The Los Angeles Times on 17 December 1975.

SOURCE 2C
The source below focuses on why South Africa decided to get involved in the Angolan Civil War. It is part of an interview that Clarence Rhodes of UPITN-TV (United Press International Television News) conducted with the former South African Prime Minister, BJ Vorster, on 13 February 1976.
Rhodes: This Angolan episode is being seen by some observers as a blunder (mistake) on South Africa's part, that you got involved in it, that you had to withdraw without achieving your objectives. Is that the case?
Prime Minister: When you make this assertion (claim) I take it that what you have in your mind, is that we were involved in the civil war in Angola. I made that very clear when I spoke in Parliament that we were never involved in the civil war as such …
Rhodes: When you say that South Africa was not involved in the civil war in Angola which has heavy Cuban support, would you care to amplify (explain) that, Sir?
Prime Minister: South Africa's intervention in Angola came about, as I tried to explain to you, because they (Cubans) occupied the Calueque Dam site as well as Russia's and Cuba's support of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) …
Rhodes: How seriously do you take this extension of the communist influence in Africa?
Prime Minister: But knowing the communists, knowing the Cubans, there is nobody who can tell you at this stage that they are going home, once they have put the MPLA in the saddle (in power). I think it must be accepted that they are here to stay and I think it must be accepted that just as much as they subverted (undermined) or at least, as much as they are trying to subvert Angola, they will try to subvert other Southern African countries. Because, make no mistake about it … world domination has always been and to this very day is still the aim of the communists.

SOURCE 2D
The source below explains the role that Cuba played in the Angolan Civil War. It is part of an interview that news journalist, Barbara Walters, from the American Broadcasting Cooperation (ABC) conducted with Fidel Castro, leader of Cuba, in Havana on 20 May 1977.
Barbara Walters: What do you see as Cuba's role in Africa?
Castro: The role of Cuba in Africa is mainly of a civilian nature, not of a military one. For a long time, we have been assisting a large number of countries, sending them technical assistance, especially doctors. On certain occasions we sent military advisers, to help organise their armed forces. And we have sent them, at the request of these governments.
When they were at the point of achieving their independence from colonialism an attempt was made to snatch (take) it from them. The US government invested some tens of millions of dollars to organise a movement in the Congo which was handled by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). That is the famous FNLA … South Africa was determined to stop the victory of the MPLA. We had been assisting them for a long time, and we were sending them weapons, and we had sent them some military instructors. We sent our first military unit at a time when the South African troops invaded Angola on 23 October 1975.
They sent their army. So we had to make a decision. Either we would sit idle (inactive), and South Africa would take over Angola, or we would make an effort to help. That was the moment. On 5 November we made the decision to send the first military unit to Angola to fight against the South African troops. That is the reason why we made the decision. If we would not have made that effort, it is most probable that South Africa would have taken over Angola. We would also have Angola in the hands of the South African racists. I don't know what has been published in the United States about it, but I am sure that the American black people know the meaning of discrimination and of apartheid and appreciate the effort we made.

QUESTION 3: WHAT ROLE DID FRED HAMPTON PLAY IN MOBILISING AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN THE 1960s?
SOURCE 3A
The source below focuses on why Fred Hampton joined the Black Panther Party. It is taken from an article titled 'The FBI and Chicago Police Conspired to Murder Fred Hampton'.
Fred Hampton was born in suburban Illinois on 30 August 1948. He was a leader in academics, athletics and public speaking. He finished high school with honours and entered Triton Junior College to study law and saw the injustices that African Americans experienced in the 1960s. As a natural leader, Hampton organised a youth group within the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) to improve recreational facilities and the quality of education at African American schools.
Meanwhile, the Black Panther Party, which was established just a few years prior (before) with the goal of documenting police abuse against African American citizens, caught Fred Hampton's eye.
Hampton was attracted to the militancy and discipline in the Black Panther Party which he joined in 1968. But he was also won over by their efforts to open free health clinics and a number of free social programmes that were aimed at helping African American communities that were forgotten or ignored by the state and federal government. 'If it's criminal to feed children and the hungry, if it's criminal to start a programme where the only requirement that people have to involve themselves in this programme is to be hungry, then we are going to continue to be criminal,' Hampton said in a 1968 interview.
However, the work of the Black Panthers was based on a revolutionary philosophy (idea) which promoted a shift away from capitalism towards socialism as a means to create a new society based upon racial and economic equality.
Fred Hampton stated, 'There have been many attacks made upon the Black Panther Party, so we feel it's best to be an armed propaganda unit. But the basic thing is to educate people about the philosophy of Black Power.'

SOURCE 3B
The source below is part of a speech that Fred Hampton delivered at Olivet Church in 1969. It focuses on how the Black Panther Party was able to identify and address challenges that working class African Americans faced.
'So what did we do? We as members of the Black Panther Party ensured that people had an education. Basically people learn by observation and participation. And that's what we're trying to do. That's what we got to do in this community. These are the basic things that you got to do anytime you intend to have yourself a successful revolution.
A lot of people get the word revolution mixed up and they think revolution is a bad word. Revolution is nothing but like having a sore on your body and then you put something on that sore to cure that infection. And I'm telling you that we're living in an infectious society right now. I'm telling you that we're living in a sick society. And anybody that endorses integrating into this sick society before it's cleaned up is a man who's committing a crime against the people. We got to face some facts. That the masses (working class) are poor, that the masses belong to what you call the lower class, and when I talk about the masses, I'm talking about the white masses, I'm talking about the black masses, and the brown masses, and the yellow masses, too. We've got to face the fact that some people say you fight fire best with fire, but we say you put fire out best with water. We say you don't fight racism with racism. We're going to fight racism with solidarity. We say you don't fight capitalism with black capitalism; you fight capitalism with socialism.
We're going to organise, mobilise and dedicate ourselves to revolutionary political power and teach ourselves the specific needs of resisting the power structure of capitalism …
... I might not be back. I might be in jail. I might be anywhere. But when I leave, you'll remember what I said, with the last words on my lips, that I am a revolutionary.'

SOURCE 3C
The source below explains how Fred Hampton, the national deputy chairman of the Black Panther Party, was murdered by the Federal Bureau of Intelligence (FBI) and Chicago Police on 4 December 1969.
Fred Hampton was successful in bringing about a merger (union) of the Black Panther Party and various political organisations around Chicago, including former gang members of the African American, Italian, Latino and white communities. This attracted the attention of not only the FBI, but also the Chicago police, the Cook County State's Attorney Office, and more. The contradiction though was that the FBI's own paid informant, a criminal, William O'Neal, was hired to spy on Hampton. He later became Hampton's bodyguard and reported to J Edgar Hoover (Chief of the FBI) that the primary role the Black Panthers played in Chicago was simply to feed hungry school children. … Hoover instructed the informant to 'find' anything that indicated that the Black Panthers wanted to stir violence and hate … The informant provided information as to where illegal guns were stored in the apartment as well as a drawing of Hampton's bedroom. The FBI then supplied the Chicago Cook County State's Attorney, Edward Hanrahan, with this information so that the police could undertake the execution of Hampton. The night before the murder, that same informant slipped secobarbital (powerful sleeping drug) into Hampton's drink so that he wouldn't wake up during the raid. The police and the FBI were going to be certain that Fred Hampton was dead. The police fired about a 100 rounds of ammunition into Fred Hampton's apartment. He was seriously wounded in the shoulder … a barely conscious Hampton was dragged into the hall of the apartment by a couple of officers who fired two shots at point-blank range, killing him.

SOURCE 3D
The poster of Fred Hampton below was produced by the Chicago Film Group after he was murdered in 1969.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following:
http://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/interview-south-african-prime-minister-mr-b-j-vorster- Mr-clarence-rhodes-upitn-tv-13-february
https://allthatsinteresting.com/fred-hampton
https://americanrhetoric.com/speeches/jfkcubanmissilecrisis.html
https://foreignpolicy.com/1977/09/15/an-interview-with-fidel-castro/
https://me.me/i/fred-hampton-you-can-kill-the-revolutionary-but-you-can-7960021
https://microsites.jfklibrary.org/cmc/oct27/doc4.html
https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item108397.html.
https://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/fhamptonspeech.html.
https://www.intpressnews.com/state-surveillance-and-killing-the-political-opposition-fred-hampton-and-the-state-of-amricas-extrajudicial-killings/42357/
https://www.reddit.com/r/PropagandaPosters/comments/4s28pc/if_you_liked_ vietnam_youll_ love_ this_one_angola/
Meredith, M. 2011. The State Of Africa (Jonathan Ball Publishers, Jeppestown)
Murphy, D. 2003. The Cold War (Harpercollins Pub Ltd, California)