MARKING GUIDELINE

SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
QUESTION 1
1.1 1.1.1 Location of 25,0°N / Hurricane / Bahamas / Bermuda / Movement in North westerly direction [Any ONE] (1)
1.1.2 Summer (1)
1.1.3 Mature (1)
1.1.4 East to west/westwards/North westerly (1)
1.1.5 6 (1)
1.1.6 Friday (1) 1.1.7 4 (1)
1.1.8 26,5 °C and above (1) (8 x 1) (8)
1.2
1.2.1 Undercut (1)
1.2.2 Slip off (1)
1.2.3 Undercut (1)
1.2.4 Undercut (1)
1.2.5 Slip off (1)
1.2.6 Undercut (1)
1.2.7 Slip off (1) (7 x 1) (7)
1.3
1.3.1 Winter (1)
1.3.2

• A – South Atlantic High (1)
• B – Kalahari/Continental High (1)
• C – South Indian High (1) (3 x 1) (3)

1.3.3

• Found in the interior of the country (1)
• Dominates the land in winter (1)
• Moves southwards in summer (1)
• Moves northwards in winter (1)
• Air circulation in anti-clockwise (1)
• Descending air is weak during summer (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

1.3.4 The movement of the ITCZ southwards causes anticyclones A and C to move south of their positions in sketch Y. (2)
1.3.5 ANYICYCLONE A – South Atlantic High

• In summer these high-pressure ridges along the south west of the country divert moist air onto the land (2) Rainfall is minimal in summer because of the cold and dry ocean that the onshore winds blow over (2)

ANTICLONE C – South Indian High

• It is found away from the land and further south in summer (2) This allows on-shore winds to carry moisture over the east coast
  and into the interior (2) The east coast and interior receive most of its rainfall in summer (2)
  [ANY FOUR – MUST REFER TO BOTH ANTICYCLONES]
  (4 x 2) (8)

1.4 1.4.1 Radiation (1)
1.4.2 Cloudless/clear sky Night time [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.3 Katabatic (1)
1.4.4 At night, air cools as a result of terrestrial radiation and sinks (2) due to gravity (2) (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.5 This cold air sinks to the valley floor (2) If the temperature drops to reach dew point (above 0°C) condensation occurs (2) (2 x 2) (4)
1.4.6

• It will cause visibility problems (2)
• Visibility problems could increase crime rates (2)
• Increased traffic congestion (2)
• It can cause motor vehicle accidents (2)
• Pedestrians/cyclists are at risk of being hit by motor vehicles (2)
• If it mixes with pollutants it can cause smog, that can affect human health (2)
  [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)

1.5 1.5.1

• Surface patterns formed by a river and its tributaries (1)
• The way in which streams are arranged within a drainage basin (1)
  [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.2

• A – Radial (Centrifugal) (1)
• B – Trellis (1) (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.3

• At A, rivers are parallel to one another where as in B rivers flow outward from a high point (2)
• At A, tributaries meet the main river at acute angles where as in B tributaries meet the main river at right angles (2)
  [ANY ONE DIFFERENCE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.4

• Found in folded mountains/steep land resulting in tributaries following a straight path (2)
• Form in a poort/gap with steep sides resulting in tributaries following a straight path (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.5.5

• Massive igneous rocks with a uniform resistance to erosion form the underlying rock structure for the dendritic pattern (2)
• Rectangular drainage patterns form on igneous rocks that have many joints/cracks (2)
• Massive igneous rocks associated with volcanoes or domes form the underlying rock structure for the radial (centrifugal) pattern (2)
• The centripetal pattern has massive igneous rocks underlying it forming a basin (2)
• Parallel drainage patterns form from igneous rocks in areas of major faults (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

1.6.1 A cross (transverse) profile is a cross view of a river from bank to (1) bank [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.6.2 Turbulent (1)
1.6.3

• High rate of erosion (1)
• Valley is narrow and steep (1)
• Stream load is big bedrock
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

1.6.4 

1. 
   2-marks for shape
   2-marks for difference in height
   [THE MARKS MUST BE ALLOCATED FOR THE DIFFERENCES IN HEIGHT AND SHAPE IN BOTH SKETCHES] (2 x 2) (4)
2. The middle course has an open V- shape (2) whereas in the lower course there is a very wide U-shape channel (2) (2 x 2) (4)

1.6.5 The process of erosion (vertical in the upper course and lateral in the middle course) creates sediment (2) This sediment is transported to the mouth of the river where it is deposited (2) (2 x 2) (4)
[75]

QUESTION 2
2.1
2.1.1 C/moisture front (1)
2.1.2 G/heat low (1)
2.1.3 H/onshore winds (1)
2.1.4 A/berg wind (1)
2.1.5 F/cut-off low (1)
2.1.6 E/line thunderstorm (1)
2.1.7 D/coastal low (1) (7 x 1) (7)
2.2
2.2.1 C/water table (1)
2.2.2 D/episodic (1)
2.2.3 C/longitudinal (1)
2.2.4 A/rejuvenation (1)
2.2.5 B/antecedent (1)
2.2.6 C/elbow of capture (1)
2.2.7 B/meander (1)
2.2.8 D/watershed (1) (8 x 1) (8)
2.3
2.3.1 Anticlockwise movement of air around a low pressure (1)
2.3.2

1. Cold and warm front sectors are fully developed (1)
   Evidence of a well formed V shape (1)
   Cold and warm sectors are fully developed (1)
   [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
2. The warm front is associated with stratus clouds whereas the cold front is associated with cumulonimbus clouds (2) (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.3

• The occlusion starts at the apex (top) (2)
• Cold air is heavy and dense and moves faster than warm air (2)
• The cold front catches up with the warm front (2)
• An occlusion can either be warm or cold (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.3.4

[ANY THREE] (3 x 1) (3)
2.3.5

• They bring winter rainfall to Cape Town, which fills up dams and rivers (2)
• Rainfall is ideal for farming of winter crops e.g. grapes (2)
• They are associated with the formation of snow on the Cape fold mountains which attracts tourists (2)
• Rainfall enhances the growth of natural vegetation that creates aesthetic appeal for tourists (2)
  [BOTH FARMING AND TOURISTS MUST BE MENTIONED]
  (2 + 2) (4)

2.4
2.4.1 Refers to the study of climate over a small area (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2 Shape and structure of buildings (1) Artificial surfaces (1) Vegetation/trees (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.3 Highest temperatures in the middle surrounded by lower temperatures as we move to the outskirts (1)
2.4.4

• Higher density of buildings trap heat (2)
• Higher density results in a larger surface area to absorb heat (2)
• Tall buildings/skyscrapers act as windbreakers and heat cannot be dispersed (2)
• Tall buildings cause multiple reflections (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.5

• Industrial decentralisation (2)
• Planting more trees in the urban area to absorb carbon dioxide (2)
• Increase eco-friendly buildings (2)
• Use of more eco-friendly energy (2)
• Establish rooftop gardens (2)
• Promote public transport resulting in fewer cars and less carbon emission (2)
• Encourage the use of bicycles/walking as there will be less motor vehicles and less carbon emissions (2)
• Increase the number of water features (2)
• Chimney stacks to be built above inversion layer/filters on chimneys (2)
• Commercial decentralisation to move shoppers/workers (2)
• Use of white reflective paints or surfaces to prevent heat being absorbed (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

2.5.1 Upper (1)
2.5.2

• A – rapids
• B – waterfalls (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.3

1. Formed in inclined strata when layers of soft rock erode quicker than layers of hard rock (2) The bed of the river becomes uneven creating a rough turbulent flow of water (2) (2 x 2) (4)
2. The turbulent water suits them as it will increase the speed of the boat (2) Waterfalls are too dangerous; going over the steep slope could injure/kill them (2) [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.4

1. Attracts tourists (1) Aesthetic appeal/recreational (1) Generates hydroelectricity (1) [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)
2. Force of falling of water creates a plunge pool at the base (2) Undercutting occurs at the base (2) This causes the hard-resistant overhanging layer to collapse (2) [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.6.1 Action taken to reduce/regulate discharge of a river (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2.6.2 Pesticides and herbicides used on farming land can enter our rivers through direct run off or groundwater (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.6.3 Trees decreases the amount of water that runs off directly into our rivers (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.6.4 Flash floods can occur because artificial surfaces encourages greater run off (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.6.5

• Fines for dumping into rivers (2)
• Create bigger buffer zones to prevent industries from being too close (2)
• Frequent testing of water quality to prevent toxic substances from industries harming our ecosystems (2)
• Encourage recycling of industrial waste (2)
• Awareness campaigns and legislation (2)
• Educate industrialists about sustainable practices (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) [75]

QUESTION 3
3.1
3.1.1 Large scale (1)
3.1.2 Dry point (1)
3.1.3 Situation (1)
3.1.4 RDP (1)
3.1.5 Rural depopulation (1)
3.1.6 Village (1)
3.1.7 Situation (1)
3.1.8 Round (1) (8 x 1) (8)
3.2
3.2.1 G (quaternary activities) (1)
3.2.2 A (GNP) (1)
3.2.3 H (protectionism) (1)
3.2.4 D (food insecurity) (1)
3.2.5 F (export) (1)
3.2.6 C (tertiary activities) (1)
3.2.7 B (import) (1) (7 x 1) (7)
3.3
3.3.1

• Redress injustices of the past (1)
• Promote economic growth (1)
• Alleviate poverty (1)
• National reconciliation and stability (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.2

• Land Restitution (1)
• Land Tenure (1)
• Land Redistribution (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

3.3.3

• It is a costly process (2)
• Takes time to resolve disputes (2)
• There are grey areas in land reform policies (2)
• Disagreements between government leaders and traditional leaders (2)
• Willing buyer and seller difficult to negotiate (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.3.4

• The claimant has no interest or knowledge of agriculture (2)
• There has been a lack of training and support (2)
• No access to capital (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.3.5

• Economic growth of rural areas will not be stimulated (2)
• Increased poverty (2)
• The move from subsistence to commercial farming has not taken place (2)
• Less agricultural products for export (2)
• Food insecurity as the land is not being used effectively (2)
  (2 x 2) (4)

3.4.1 When people are abused or treated unfairly (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.2

1. People are living in informal housing (1) Lack of services evident (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
2.                        
   • They are unemployed and cannot pay for services (1)
   • Greed and corruption of municipal officials (1)
   • Lack of participation or say in local government (1)
   • Limited formal education (1)
     [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)
3.                          
   • Can lead to violent protests (1)
   • Increase in crime (1)
   • Xenophobic attacks (1)
   • Spread of disease (1)
   • Increase in poverty (1)
     [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

3.4.3 Air (1)
3.4.4

• Health problems such as asthma and cancer (2)
• Skin ailments (2)
• Increase in eye diseases (2)
• Discomfort and lethargy (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.4.5

• Government legislation coupled with fines to reduce emissions (2)
• Industrial decentralisation (2)
• Promote clean sources of energy (ACCEPT EXAMPLES) (2)
• Relocate communities (2)
• Create awareness campaigns (2)
• Install filters/scrubbers in factories (2)
• Frequent testing of air quality (2)
• Create greenbelts (2)
• Industries should have tall stacks/chimneys (2)
• Protests/petitions to pressurise government to take judicious action against defaulting industries (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.5
3.5.1 A person who has an unregistered business and does not pay tax (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2 Relentless rise of unemployment (1) Casualisation of labour (1) (2 x 1) (2)
3.5.3

• They are frequently harassed by local authorities (2)
• No proper access to trading facilities (2)
• Banks are reluctant to grant loans (2)
• No job security (2)
• Unsafe working conditions (2)
• Unhealthy working environment (2)
• They are victims of crime (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.4

• Introduce licensing to the sector (2)
• Specific areas like taxi ranks should be set aside for them (2)
• Partnerships with the formal sector should be forged (2)
• Facilitate training and learnership programmes (2)
• Provide storage facilities/refrigeration (2)
• Provide easier access to bank loans (2)
• Enforce policing of the area (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.5

• The formal sector contracts workers from the informal sector as they save on costs (2)
• The informal traders purchases goods from the formal sector which is then sold in their informal businesses (2) (2 x 2) (4)

3.6.1 South Western Cape (1)
3.6.2 Creating jobs (1) Promoting exports (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.3 Oil and gas sector (1)
3.6.4

• The harbour can be used for the export and import of raw materials and goods (2)
• The harbour serves as a stopping place for oil rigs which require maintenance (2)
• Harbour is strategically located to serve gas and oil sector (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.6.5

• Low levels of skilled labour (2)
• Skilled labourers tend to move to Cape Town (2)
• Harbour needs more advanced container loading facilities (2)
• Land is mostly privately owned hence very expensive for future expansion of the IDZ (2)
• There is limited bulk electricity supply (2)
• Water in the bay is polluted with heavy metal particles that affects the mariculture industry (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) [75]

QUESTION 4
4.1
4.1.1 CBD (1)
4.1.2 Suburbs (1)
4.1.3 Zone of decay (1)
4.1.4 CBD (1)
4.1.5 Suburbs (1)
4.1.6 Rural-urban fringe (1)
4.1.7 Zone of decay (1) (7 x 1) (7)
4.2
4.2.1 F (Raw material) (1)
4.2.2 I (Platinum) (1)
4.2.3 G (Market) (1)
4.2.4 C (Coal) (1)
4.2.5 H (Bridge) (1)
4.2.6 A (Gold)
4.2.7 B (Footloose) (1)
4.2.8 E (Ubiquitous) (1) (8 x 1) (8)
4.3
4.3.1 Movement of people from rural areas to urban areas (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.3.2 Climatic disasters (1)
4.3.3 Health care (1) Education (1) Food outlets (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
4.3.4

• Shops close (2)
• Production decreases as there are fewer young/adult labourers (2)
• Only older people and children left behind who are not as
  productive (2) ‘Brain drain’ as educated/skilled people leave (2)
• Fewer investments in the area (2) Infrastructure not maintained (2)
  [ANY TWO] (1 x 2) (2)

4.3.5

• Create jobs through decentralisation (2)
• Provision of basic services such as water, housing, health etc. (2)
• Improving roads and transport facilities (2)
• Effecting land reform policy (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.3.6

• There would be shortage of housing forcing urban immigrants to move into informal settlements (2)
• ‘Bright lights’ is replaced by crime and other social evils (2)
• There is a lack of planning in urban areas resulting in traffic congestion and urban sprawl (2)
• There is a lack of service provision hence a lack of water and electricity (2)
• There is a lack of jobs forcing urban immigrants into the informal sector (2)
• Urban immigrants are forced to move into decayed parts of the city which are unhealthy and crime-ridden (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

4.4
4.4.1 Refers to the formless expansion of urban areas (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.2

• Increased ownership of motor vehicles (1)
• Lack of planning (1)
• Shortage of housing (1)
• Rapid population increase (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

4.4.3

• Private ownership of motor vehicles has allowed people to live a distance away from their workplace (2)
• Increased population numbers has led to vacant land outside the city being utilised for the building of houses (2) (2 x 2) (4)

4.4.4

• Increases the heat island effect (2)
• Increases air pollution (2)
• Increases noise pollution (2)
• Destroys habitats
• Disrupts ecosystems (2)
• Decreases biodiversity (2)
• Increases greenhouse gases (2)
• Increases run off and soil erosion (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.4.5

• They can be developed on the boundaries of urban areas to prevent the expansion of cities (2)
• They can be developed or intermingled with other land use zones in urban areas to prevent the uncontrolled expansion of the city (2) (2 x 2) (4)

4.5 4.5.1 A farmer that produces crops for selling and making a profit (1)
4.5.2 It produces most of the country’s food (1)
4.5.3

• Genetically modified seeds pollute the environment (2)
• Poisons from pesticides and chemical fertilisers run off into our rivers and harms aquatic ecosystems (2)
• Irrigation depletes our available water resources that affects ecosystems and biodiversity (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.5.4 

1. Farming on a small piece of land that can be either commercial or subsistence (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2.                      
   • New seeds have to be purchased and planted every year (1)
   • They are monopolised by multinational companies who control the prices (1) (2 x 1) (2)
3.                          
   • They reduce poverty (2)
   • They provide employment (2)
   • Earn foreign exchange through exports (2)
   • They promote food security (2)
   • They contribute in the form of taxes (2)
     [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
4.                    
   • They can facilitate easier access to finance and credit facilities (2)
   • They can improve infrastructure to and from markets (2)
   • They can provide training to improve their skills (2)
   • The government can speed up the process of land reform (2)
     [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.6
4.6.1 Eastern Cape (1)
4.6.2 Automotive (1)
4.6.3 Port and harbour facilities (1)
4.6.4                     

• This has led to the development of link industries (2)
• This caused a multiplier effect with regards to industries (2)
• (Examples of link industries or multiplier effect can be given)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.5

• There is a lack of raw materials mined in the area (2)
• Electricity is expensive as the region is located a distance away from the coalfields (2)
• Production of other sustainable sources of energy is limited (2)
• The region suffers from periodic droughts (2)
• Lack of skilled labour (2)
• Constant labour strikes (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.6

• The presence of the PE harbour has facilitated the import and export of raw materials and goods (2)
• The deep-water port at Ngqura and the development of the IDZ there has encouraged more foreign investment (2)
• The region has an excellent road and rail network that links it to the rest of the country for transport of bulky goods internally (2)
• There is an international airport located there for rapid movement of skills and perishable goods (2)
• It has encouraged investment in the area (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) [75]

GRAND TOTAL: 225