Marking guideline
The following marking guideline has been developed to standardise marking across the Province.
Marking

• ALL selected questions MUST be marked, irrespective of whether it is correct or incorrect.
• Candidates are expected to make a choice of THREE questions to answer. If all questions are answered, only the first three questions are marked.
• A clear neat tick must be used: 
  • If ONE mark is allocated, ONE tick must be used. 
  • If TWO marks are allocated, TWO ticks must be used. 
  • The tick must be placed at the FACT that a mark is being allocated for.
  • Ticks must be kept SMALL, as various layers of moderation may take place.
• Incorrect answers must be marked with a clear, neat cross. ˣ
  • Use MORE that one cross across a paragraph/discussion style questions to indicate that all facts have been considered.
  • Do NOT draw a line through an incorrect answer.
  • Do NOT underline the incorrect facts
• Where the maximum marks have allocated in the first few sentences of a paragraph, place an M over the remainder of the text to indicate that the maximum marks have been achieved.

For the following action words, ONE word answers are acceptable: give, list, name, state, identify etc.
For the following action words, a FULL sentence must be written: describe, explain, evaluate, analyse, suggest, differentiate, distinguish, define, discuss, why how The following action words need to be read within its context to determine whether a ONE word answer or FULL sentence is required: provide, what, tabulate
Totalling and transferring of marks

• Each sub-question must be totalled:
  • Each question has sub-sections, therefore six sub-totals per question required
  • Sub-section totals to be written in the right-hand margin at the end of the sub- section and underlined
  • Sub-total must be written legibly
• Total sub-totals and transfer total to the top left-hand margin next to the question number
• Transfer total to cover of ANSWER BOOK.

Moderation
Marking on each level of moderation is done in the same way as the initial marking. All guidelines for marking must be adhered to.
If a mark for a sub-question is changed after moderation, the moderator must strike through the marker’s mark and write down the new mark. 12 16

QUESTIONS

SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 B (1)
1.1.2 A (1)
1.1.3 B (1)
1.1.4 A (1)
1.1.5 B (1)
1.1.6 A (1)
1.1.7 A (1) (7 x 1) (7)
1.2
1.2.1 F (drainage basin) (1)
1.2.2 I (water table) (1)
1.2.3 G (catchment) (1)
1.2.4 B (episodic) (1)
1.2.5 C (trellis) (1)
1.2.6 D (rectangular) (1)
1.2.7 H (exotic) (1)
1.2.8 E (abstraction) (8 x 1) (8)
1.3
1.3.1 Mature stage (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2 High waves/flooding/storm surge (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.3 There is more friction on the land which decreases wind speed (1) Moisture supply is reduced (1) (2 x 1) (2)
1.3.4

• Cumulonimbus clouds form which results in torrential rain, hail, lightning and thunder (2)
• There is a steep pressure gradient that cause winds of hurricane strength (2)
• Air pressure at the centre drops to below 1 000 mb (2)
   [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.3.5

1. Abnormally high waves caused by strong winds (1) (1 x 1) [CONCEPT] (1)
2. This forward movement in the same direction as the rotation would increase the intensity of the wind speed and thus cause abnormally high waves (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.              
   • Damage to property because of flooding (2)
   • Loss of life (2)
   • Will affect all outdoor recreation activities (e.g. swimming) (2)
   • Infrastructure would be destroyed (2)
   • Aesthetic beauty of country would be damaged (2)
   • Contamination of water/water borne diseases (2)
   • It will cause coastal erosion (2)
     [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4
1.4.1 Zone between two air masses with different moisture content (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.2

• They cover a greater/widespread area (1)
• Formation of cumulonimbus clouds along the moisture front/in a line (1) (2 x 1) (2)

1.4.3

• Air on the eastern side is more unstable (2)
• Warm moist air from the east (more moisture) reaches the interior (2)
  OR
• Air on the western side is more stable (2)
• Air that feeds in from the west is cold and dry (2)

[CANDIDATES CAN REFER TO EITHER THE EASTERN OR WESTERN SIDE.] (2 x 2) (4)
1.4.4

• A weakened Kalahari High Pressure Cell facilitates vertical rising of air above the interior (2)
• This encourages increased convergence of air masses from well- developed high pressure cells (2)
• The South Indian high is found away from the land and further south in summer (2)
• This allows warmer moist air to diverge from the South Indian high pressure cell towards the interior (2)
• In summer, the South Atlantic high pressure extends along the south-east coast of the country (2)
• Cold and dry air diverges from the South Atlantic high pressure cell to meet the warm moist air mass from the South Indian high pressure cell in the interior of the country (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2)  (8)

1.5
1.5.1

• When a river starts to erode again (1)
• The erosive power, speed and carrying capacity of the river is renewed (1)
  [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)

1.5.2

• Abandoned terrace (1)
• Incised meanders (1) Waterfall / Knickpoint (1)
• Sea level has dropped (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

1.5.3

• Uplift of land through tectonic forces in the Earth’s crust causes renewed erosion (2)
• The sea level drops which allows more downward erosion (2)
• Increased volume of water enlarges the erosion capacity of the stream (2)
• A significant increase in rainfall over a prolonged period increases the erosive potential of the river (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5.4

• Found in folded mountains/steep land (2)
• Soil is too shallow for agriculture hence of no use to farmers (2)
• Excessive soil erosion has taken place making the soil infertile (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.5.5

• Valleys within in valleys would make the land steeper and more difficult for farmers to cultivate (2)
• This would promote soil erosion and discourage the use of machinery (2)
• Terraces that are too high would hamper a farmer’s access to water in the river (2)
• Narrow terraces would limit the amount of land to cultivate (2)
• Faster flowing water at the knickpoint (waterfall) makes it inaccessible for irrigation (2)
• Entrenched/incised meanders have steep/deep valleys that limits a farmer’s access to water (2)
• Steep slopes make the construction/erection of infrastructure difficult and expensive (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.6
1.6.1 River discharge refers to the total volume of water passing through a given point in a river (1)
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.6.2

• A – laminar (1)
• B – turbulent (1) (2 x 1) (2)

1.6.3

• A – water flows smoothly in thin layers (1)
• B – water flows in tumbling circular movements (1) (2 x 1) (2)

1.6.4

• It would be easier to access for irrigation purposes (2)
• This type of flow is normally associated with gentle relief where most farming takes place (2)
• It encourages the deposition of fertile soil (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

1.6.5

• Turbulent flow occurs in the upper course of the river because the river has a rough and uneven bed (2)
• This would result in downward cutting and a steep valley (2)
• Higher discharge is prevalent in the middle course due to tributaries joining the river (2)
• Laminar flow occurs because of a smoother river bed (2)
• Lateral erosion causes a v-shaped valley with gentle slopes in the middle course (2)
• Discharge is at its highest in the lower course (2)
• Laminar flow dominates due to a flat river bed and greater volume of water (2)
• Deposition results in a wide and gently sloping valley to form (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

[75]

QUESTION 2
2.1
2.1.1 F/coastal low (1)
2.1.2 H/DALR (1)
2.1.3 A/polar front (1)
2.1.4 E/cyclone (1)
2.1.5 I/anticyclone (1)
2.1.6 C/microclimate (1)
2.1.7 D/hurricane (1)
2.1.8 B/aspect (1) (8 x 1) (8)
2.2
2.2.1 upper (1)
2.2.2 lower (1)
2.2.3 middle (1)
2.2.4 upper (1)
2.2.5 middle (1)
2.2.6 upper (1)
2.2.7 lower (1) (7 x 1) (7)
2.3
2.3.1 The boundary of an advancing mass of cold air, in particular the leading edge of a cold mass of cold air behind the warm sector (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.2

• Forms when frictional drag during the wave stage of a mid-latitude cyclone causes warm air to be uplifted by cold air thus creating clear boundaries between the two masses of air (2)
• Forms when cold air forces warm air to rise (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.3.3 ‘... the cold front makes its way from the west coast to the east coast.’ (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.4 Rapid rising air along the steep pressure gradient of the cold front causes cumulonimbus clouds and heavy rain (2) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.5 HEAVY RAINFALL

• Fills rivers and dams (2)
• Provides water for farming, domestic and industrial use (2)
• Good winter rainfall is ideal for the growth of winter crops e.g. grapes (2)
• Encourages the growth of natural vegetation that enhances the aesthetic beauty of a place (2)
• Flooding can damage property and crops (2)
• Heavy rain prevents commercial and subsistence fishermen from going out to sea (2)

SNOW

• Can attract tourists (2)
• Hospitality industry benefits from tourists (2)
• Snow can damage crops and kill livestock (2)
• Can hamper communication/infrastructural networks (2)
  [CANDIDATE MUST REFER TO BOTH RAINFALL AND SNOW]
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2)       (8)

2.4
2.4.1 Temperature (heat)/humidity/evaporation (1) [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2

• It shows higher temperatures over the urban area surrounded by lower temperatures in the rural areas (2)
• There is no evidence of an accumulation of pollutants over the city (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.3

• Vehicles increase the production of pollutants that absorb heat (2)
• Appliances like stoves, air conditioners, fridges etc. generate heat (2)
• Industries produce heat (2)
• Businesses like restaurants generate heat (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.4

• There are more condensation nuclei/hygroscopic nuclei in a city (2)
• Hygroscopic nuclei are essential for condensation to take place (2) (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.5

• Causes heat stress (2)
• Causes fatigue and dehydration (2)
• Death among the elderly who are more vulnerable towards higher temperatures (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.5
2.5.1

• Flat terrain (1)/
• sand and silt associated with deposition (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.2

• A – meander (1)
• B – oxbow lake (1) (2 x 1) (2)

2.5.3

• There is a decrease in flow velocity because of the flat land (2)
• An increase in lateral erosion will cause the river to meander (2)
• Repeated undercutting at the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.4

• Erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank causes the meander neck to become narrower, resulting in a meander loop (2)
• Flooding of the river causes the water to cut through the neck of the meander loop (2)
• The cut off meander loop forms the oxbow lake (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.5

• The oxbow lake is a source of water to farmers (2)
• If it dries up to form a meander scar, it will reduce the amount of water available to farmers (2) (2 x 2) (4)

2.6
2.6.1

• Relationship between the length of streams in a drainage basin and the size of the drainage basin/total length of streams in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the drainage basin (1)
• Number of streams in a drainage basin (1)
  [ANY ONE – CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)

2.6.2

• A – high (1)
  B – low (1) (2 x 1) (2)

2.6.3

• Removal of vegetation will increase the drainage density as the water is not trapped in the vegetation and there will be less infiltration (2)
• There will be more surface run-off and thus more streams (2) (2 x 2) (4)

2.6.4

• Low rainfall will result in low density as fewer streams flow (2)
• Gentle gradient increases infiltration resulting in lower density (2)
• Permeable rocks allow more infiltration and thus fewer surface streams develop (2)
• Porous rocks encourage infiltration and therefore density will be lower (2)
• Dry soils absorb water therefore stream run-off is reduced and drainage density is low (2)
• Dense vegetation cover causes greater infiltration and lower drainage density (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

[75]

QUESTION 3
3.1
3.1.1 Situation (1)
3.1.2 Restitution (1)
3.1.3 rural (1)
3.1.4 Large scale (1)
3.1.5 ‘Brain drain’ (1)
3.1.6 Site (1)
3.1.7 star shaped (1)
3.1.8 Aids (1) (8 x 1) (8)
3.2 3.2.1 B/oil and gas (1)
3.2.2 C/bridge (1)
3.2.3 A/minerals (1)
3.2.4 C/raw material (1)
3.2.5 B/GEAR (1)
3.2.6 B/North West (1)
3.2.7 C/international exports (1) (7 x 1) (1)
3.3
3.3.1 The buildings deteriorated and are not maintained (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.2

• Landlords do not maintain buildings (1)
• Illegal occupation of buildings (1)
• Overcrowding of properties (1)
• Poor service delivery (1)
• Sub-letting (1)
• Future zone of expansion of the CBD (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

3.3.3

• Most of the buildings are owned by private people and hence local authorities have no jurisdiction over them (2)
• Landlords/landowners are waiting to sell properties when invasion and succession of the CBD occurs and thus have no interest in renovating them (2)[ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.3.4 The front of the buildings could be preserved to maintain the heritage of an area while the rest of it could be rebuilt/refurbished (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.3.5

• Increases property values (2)
• Environment becomes more pleasant and aesthetically pleasing to attract more investors in the area (2)
• To prevent loss of money from the city’s coffers through disinvestment from the area (2)
• To make the area safer and more secure to attract more tourists who would bring more revenue to the area (2)
• Preserves the heritage of buildings which attracts tourists (2) It encourages different forms of entrepreneurship (2)
• A variety of entertainment facilities generates income to the area (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

3.4
3.4.1 Is the process of the increasing percentage of the population living in urban areas rather than rural areas (1)[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.2 4 billion (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.3

• Larger workforce with diverse skills (1)
• Easier access to mass transport (1)
• Public services to cultural institutions (1)
• Internet service to grocery and take-out delivery (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.4.4

• Rural-urban migration increases the urban population (2)
• More births than deaths in an urban area would result in a natural increase of the population (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.4.5

• Increased urban populations would create a greater demand for formal housing (2)
• Shortage of formal housing would leave people with no alternative but to live in informal housing (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.4.6

• High density of informal settlements would cause infectious diseases to be easily spread amongst people (2)
• Lack of basic services (e.g. potable water) would create unhygienic conditions for the disease to spread (2)
• Human behaviour (social ills) would encourage contact and increase the spread of a virus (2)
• Lack of medical facilities/personnel would prevent a timeous response to the treatment of diseases (2)
• No access to community halls in case of quarantine measures (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2)  (4)

3.4.7

• An increase in the urban population would mean that there would not be enough jobs for everyone (2)
• Unemployment would deepen poverty levels (2)
• Informal trading would deprive government/municipal coffers (2)
• Municipalities would not have the budgets to keep up with the demand for services/examples (2)
• Non-payment of services would lead to municipal shortfalls (2) Urban blight discourages investors (2)
• Tourism is affected (2)
• Increases reparations on infrastructure due to increased usage by more people (2)
• Increase in pollution causes pressure on public health facilities (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.5
3.5.1 Decreases (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.5.2

• Labour costs/safety (1)
• Energy costs (1) (2 x 1) (2)

3.5.3

• Reduction in gold reserves/ore (2)
• Gold is a non-renewable resource (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.5.4

• Digital technology is expensive and will add to production costs (2)
• Unskilled labourers may break/damage equipment (2)
• Digital technology requires skilled labour that would require competitive market salaries (2)
• Technical glitches with equipment would hamper production (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

3.5.5

• Strike action for better wages and benefits (2)
• Factional fighting between locals and migrant miners (2)
• HIV and Aids causes high absenteeism (2)
• HIV and Aids pandemic results in a loss of skilled labourers (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.5.6

• Workers should be given shares/profit sharing to provide an incentive to increase production (2)
• Improve salary adjustments to be in sync with the CPI (2)
• Create more collective bargaining councils to improve incentives and working conditions for miners (2)
• Improve benefits of workers (medical aid, housing etc.) (2) Improve safety in mines (examples) (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.6
3.6.1 KwaZulu-Natal/KZN (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.2 Palm oil refinery (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.6.3

• Employment opportunities (1)
• Skills uplifted/Fourth industrial revolution skills (1)
• Multiplier effect (1)
• Access to better infrastructure (1)
• Poverty reduced (1)
• Standard of living improves (1)
• Access to more services (1)
• Social responsibility programs (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.4

• Deep port harbour would encourage imports and exports (2)
• Raw materials necessary for the production process are accessible (2)
• Coalfields provide cheap electricity for the refinery (2)
• Large amounts of cheap flat land available for industries/refinery (2)
• Flat land has resulted in the development of an extensive transport network (2)
• Access to large water supply as the region is in the wetter eastern half of the country (2)
• Location on the eastern half of the country gives it accessibility to international markets (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.6.5

• Local economy is dominated by a few low value-adding large firms (2)
• Small firm sector is undeveloped (2)
• Local economy is subject to boom-bust cycles that are associated with the construction of mega-projects (2)
• There are still infrastructural deficiencies in container-handling, water supply, road connections, toxic waste dump and policing (2)
• Local bureaucracy hampers industrial development (2)
• There is a need for economic diversification (2)
• A need to create an entrepreneurial environment for small business (2)
• Development of a new skills base for unskilled labourers (2)
• Strengthening of rural-urban linkages (2)
• Minimal involvement of women in production and SDI development (2)
• High levels of pollution deter investors to the SDI (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

[75]

QUESTION 4
4.1
4.1.1 C/hierarchy (1)
4.1.2 B/Central business district (CBD) (1)
4.1.3 D/radial (1)
4.1.4 C/multiple nuclei (1)
4.1.5 A/threshold population (1)
4.1.6 B/Specialised (1)
4.1.7 D/planned regional (1) (7 x 1) (7)
4.2
4.2.1 trade (1)
4.2.2 food insecurity (1)
4.2.3 favourable (1)
4.2.4 GNP (1)
4.2.5 Sugar cane (1)
4.2.6 Primary (1)
4.2.7 Free trade (1)
4.2.8 beneficiation (1) (8 x 1) (8)
4.3
4.3.1

• Decrease in the number of people living in rural areas (1)
   [CONCEPT] (1 x 1)  (1)

4.3.2

• No buildings/farmhouses (1)
• No crops/livestock (1)
• ‘... otherwise we will remain here alone’
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

4.3.3 Scarecrow is supposed to protect crops from birds, yet there are no crops cultivated to protect (2) (1 x 2) (2)
4.3.4

• Housing (1)
• Electricity (1)
• Water (1)
• Schools (1)
• Hospitals (1)
• Roads (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

4.3.5

• Only older people and children left behind (2)
• ‘Brain drain’ as educated/skilled people leave (2)
• Family units are broken up (2)
• More susceptible to crime (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.3.6

• Land has been redistributed to people with no knowledge of agriculture, thus land becomes unproductive and people leave (2)
• There is no training and support for new owners so there is little chance for productivity on farms and the creation of jobs (2)
• New owners of redistributed land may lack capital to develop farms thus fewer jobs available (2)
• Re-distributed land not cultivated at all (2)
• Redistribution may not stimulate economic growth; thus, people leave (2)
• There is no change from subsistence to commercial farming, hence lower output means less jobs are created (2)
• Disagreements prevail between traditional leaders and new recipients that renders land unproductive (2)
• Nepotism and corruption with regards to how land is redistributed could decrease agricultural production forcing people to leave (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.4
4.4.1

• An area in an urban settlement with one main function (1)
  [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)

4.4.2 Industrial (Heavy industry) (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.3

• Flat land/space for expansion (1)
• Away from residential areas (1)
• Transport (1)
• Water (1)
• Power facilities (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

4.4.4

• Air pollution can affect the health of people (2)
• Noise pollution disrupts the quality of life of people (2)
• Waste disposal can cause water pollution (2)
• Contamination of ground water (2)
• Increase of acid rain (2)
• Destruction of bio-diversity (2)
• Ecosystems destroyed (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.4.5

• An efficient road transport network is needed for easy access by labourers, raw materials etc. (2)
• Railway network for transport of bulky raw materials and goods (2)
• Harbour for the export and import of goods and raw materials (2)
• Deep port harbour to facilitate the trade of bulkier goods and raw materials (2)
• A high quality of municipal services (water) for cooling of machinery in industries (2)
• An adequate supply of power to facilitate use of machinery (2)
• Good telecommunications network (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

4.5
4.5.1 6,14 million (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2

• ‘... is one of the highest rates in the world; (1)
• 6,10 million people out of work (1)
• South Africa has a job crisis (1)
• Unemployment rate is 27,1% (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

4.5.3

• Provides jobs (1)
• Allows people with no formal education/skills to work (1)
• Important space for entrepreneurs (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

4.5.4

• They are frequently harassed by local authorities (2)
• A lack of access to proper trading facilities (2)
• No storage facilities for their goods (2)
• They do not have skills or formal education (2)
• They cannot obtain credit/loans from banks (2)
• Forced to borrow from money lenders at high interest rates (2)
• High transport costs to access markets (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.5.5

• Reduces profits of formal sector as they sell cheaper goods (2)
• Formal sector will thus make a smaller contribution to the economy through taxes (2)
• Formal sector businesses may have to close (2) Loss of jobs in the formal sector (2)
• This increases the amount of people who now turn to the informal sector (2)
• Clutter formal business areas/causing litter (2)
• Associated with noise pollution in formal business areas (2)
• Discourages people supporting formal businesses (2)
• They spoil the aesthetics of the area discouraging further formal investment (2)
• Encourages crime in these formal business areas (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

4.6
4.6.1 South Western Cape (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.2

• Industrial region 4 has access to the sea/harbour (2)
• Region 1 in landlocked in the interior (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.3

• The natural bay seaport (harbour) promotes bulk transport that the motor industry requires (2)
• The harbour facilitates the easier export of motor vehicles to overseas markets (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.4

• They have been taught Fourth-industrial revolution skills e.g. robotics which will increase efficiency in the workplace (2)
• They are exposed to modern/cutting edge technological skills (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2)

4.6.5

• Wide variety of raw materials to support industrial development (2)
• Access to water supply from rivers/wetter eastern half (2)
• Enough flat land for the development of industries (2)
• Good energy supply from nearby coalfields (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.6.6

• There would be an overconcentration of people and activities (2)
• This would lead to unemployment as there would not be enough jobs (2)
• There would be widespread poverty (2)
• A shortage of housing would result in the development of informal settlements (2)
• Crime and other social ills (examples) would increase (2)
• Road rage would be the result of traffic congestion (2)
• Disruption in services like water and electricity due to the overconcentration of people (2)
• Violent protests over poor service delivery (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

[75]
GRAND TOTAL: 225