MEMORANDUM

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 C
1.1.2 A
1.1.3 B
1.1.4 D
1.1.5 A
1.1.6 C
1.1.7 D
1.1.8 C
1.1.9 C
1.1.10 B (10 x 2) (20)
1.2
1.2.1 D
1.2.2 E
1.2.3 A
1.2.4 C
1.2.5 F (5 x 2) (10)
1.3
1.3.1 Codominance
1.3.2 Atavism
1.3.3 Cash flow
1.3.4 Price fixing
1.3.5 Budget (5 x 2) (10)
1.4
1.4.1 Variation
1.4.2 Selling
1.4.3 Seasonal
1.4.4 Balance sheet
1.4.5 Capital (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
2.1
2.1.1 Condition that exists on the market at R5

• Market equilibrium (1)

2.1.2 Law of supply from the table

• The higher the price the higher the quantity supplied (2)

2.1.3 TWO factors that could have affected the demand of peaches

• Changes in consumer preferences
• Number of consumers on the market
• Festive seasons
• Complementary products
• Availability of substitutes (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.1.4 Line graph showing the demand of peaches

(6)
2.2
2.2.1 Caption for the diagram

• Marketing chain / Agri-business chain (1)

2.2.2 Labels for A and B

• A – Supply chain
• B – Demand chain (2)

2.2.3 THREE marketing functions in the diagram

• Transport
• Storage
• Processing (3)

2.2.4 TWO ways of streamlining the agri-business chain

• Improving road infrastructure
• Improving access to market information
• Marketing collectively
• Processing products close to where they are produced
• Using cold storage and refrigerated trucks
• Grading and standardisation of products (Any 2 x 1) (2)

2.3
2.3.1 Exporters and importers (1)
2.3.2 Brokers (1)
2.3.3 Consumers (1)
2.3.4 Food processing companies (1)
2.3.5 Retailers (1)
2.4
2.4.1 The marketing channel illustrated

• Stock sales (1)

2.4.2 Marketing system associated with the marketing channel

• Free marketing (1)

2.4.3 Motivation for use of the channel above by the farmers

• Payment is guaranteed
• Seller has access to a wider market than the local one (2)

2.4.4 TWO other marketing channels available to the farmers

• Internet marketing
• Direct marketing
• Farm gate marketing
• Fresh produce marketing (Any 2 x 1)   (2)

2.5
2.5.1 Definition of a business plan

• It is a document that describes a business you want to start and states what its goals and objectives are. (2)

2.5.2 TWO important aspects of a business plan

• Secure funding
• To guide daily operations
• To determine financial needs
• To test the feasibility of a business idea
• To allow the entrepreneur to foresee problems
• To reposition/analyse the business
• To gain knowledge about marketing opportunities and competitors
• To ensure effective business management
• Mapping out the objectives/goals of the enterprise
• Provides information on the internal/external business environment
• Provision of time frames (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

2.5.3 ONE example of an entrepreneurial success factor

• Leadership
• Risk-taking
• Perseverance
• Motivation
• Market driven (Any 1 x 1)   (1)

[35]

QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1
3.1.1 Definition of land

• An area of ground used for farming and agricultural production. (2)

3.1.2 Identification of economic functions of land shown in diagrams A and B.

• A – Land provides physical space needed for production processes.
• B – Land provides physical space where the farmer produces products.   (2)

3.1.3 TWO economic characteristics of land as a production factor

• Land is limited.
• Urban development affects land availability.
• The value of land appreciates over time.
• Land is indestructible.
• The production capacity of land varies widely.
• Land is subject to the law of diminishing returns.   
  (Any 2 x 1)    (2)

3.1.4 TWO measures a farmer can take to improve the productivity of land B

• Consolidation of uneconomic farming units
• Use of scientific farming methods
• Water management
• Use of farming methods that are suited to the area
  (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

3.2
3.2.1 Problem associated with labour described in the passage

• HIV/AIDS (1)

3.2.2 TWO measures farmers can take to address the problem identified in QUESTION 3.2.1.

• Awareness campaigns
• Providing access to condoms
• Ensuring access to treatment (STI’s) and anti-retroviral drugs through government programmes.
• Nutritional schemes
• Avoid multiple partners
• Support groups (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

3.2.3 TWO other problems associated with labour

• High cost of labour
• Limited education
• Availability of labour
• Strikes
• Abuse of alcohol and drugs
  (Any 2 x 1)   (2)

3.2.4 TWO strategies that can be used by farmers to improve labour productivity

• Motivating labourers
• Having the right type and number of labourers
• Upskilling/training the workforce
• Provision of adequate living conditions (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

3.3
3.3.1 Identification of budget

• Enterprise budget (1)

3.3.2 An example of a variable cost

• Seed
• Fertiliser and lime
• Machinery fuel
• Labour costs
• Harvesting (Any 1 x 1)   (1)

3.3.3 Justification of answer to QUESTION 3.3.2

• The cost above increases with the level of production. (2)

3.3.4 Calculation of profit/loss

• Profit = Income – Expenses
  OR
  = R2 100 – (R100+R700+R100+ R600+R450+R100+ R300+R200+R100)
  = R2 100 – R2 650
  = - R550 OR Loss of R550       (3)

3.3.5 Deduction of enterprise viability

• The enterprise is not viable due to the loss (2)

3.4
3.4.1 Identification of farm record

• Farm inventory (1)

3.4.2 Importance of an inventory list

• Allows the farm to track available assets for insurance purposes or to determine if equipment may need to be repaired
• To track equipment loss to natural disasters or theft (Any 1 x 1)   (1)

3.4.3 Type of capital in the document

• Movable capital (1)

3.4.4 Problem associated with capital that is unique to movable capital

• Depreciation (1)

3.4.5 TWO methods used to create capital

• Savings
• Production
• Credit/grants (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

3.5
3.5.1 Internal and external forces affecting the company in the passage above.

• Internal force – skilled workforce / aging equipment
• External force – increased competition  (2)

3.5.2 Type of risk faced by the company

• Market and price risk (1)

3.5.3 Explanation of how the internal and external forces lead to the risk mentioned in QUESTION 3.5.2.

• Increased competition and aging equipment will result in the company’s products being more expensive than that of the competitors resulting in low sales.  (2)

[35]

QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
4.1
4.1.1 Punnet square

Rubric
Punnet square with gametes and offspring genotypes
Correct male gametes
Correct female gametes
Correct offspring genotype          (4)
4.1.2 Genotypic ratio

• 3 Rr : 1 rr (1)

4.1.3 Probability of spherical seeds being produced

• ¾ x 100
  75 %   (3)

4.1.4 Type of dominance and reason

• Complete dominance Only one characteristic was expressed in heterozygote offspring (2)

4.1.5 Deduction whether seed shape is qualitative or quantitative

• Qualitative (1)

4.1.6 Motivation for answer to QUESTION 4.1.5.

• The characteristic is controlled by a gene pair. (1)

4.2
4.2.1 Identification of mutation type

• Chromosomal mutation (1)

4.2.2 Identification of mutation types

• B – Duplication
• C – Inversion
• D – Translocation        (3)

4.2.3 Importance of variation

• It is the basis for selection
• It is used to improve crop varieties and livestock breeds (2)

4.2.4 An example of a physical mutation agent

• Radiation/Gamma rays/X-rays/alpha particles (1) 

4.3
4.3.1 Identification of animal C

• Mule (1)

4.3.2 Identification of breeding system

• Species crossing (1)

4.3.3 Motivation of answer to QUESTION 4.3.1 above

• Involves mating of animals of different species (2)

4.3.4 TWO benefits of animal C over animal A

• Animal C is more disease and pest resistant than animal A Animal C is more hardy/resistant to extreme environmental conditions than animal A (2)

4.3.5 TWO disadvantages of breeding method depicted above

• It is of little practical importance since only few animal species can interbreed
• Products of species crossing are infertile (2)

4.4
4.4.1 Identification of plant improvement method

• Genetic engineering/Genetic modification (1)

4.4.2 ONE advantage of this technology that is mentioned in the passage

• Improve crop productivity/food security (1)

4.4.3 TWO advantages of genetic engineering over traditional plant improvement methods

• They are faster
• They are more precise
• They are not limited to individuals of the same species
  (Any 2 x 1)   (2)

4.4.4 TWO current applications of GM technology in plants

• Development of disease resistant plants
• Development of herbicide resistant plants
• Longer shelf life
• Improved nutritional content (Any 2 x 1)   (2)

4.4.5 TWO potential human health risks of GMO

• Allergies
• Unknown effects on human life
• Food safety concerns (Any 2 x 1)  (2)

[35]

TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150