AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
GRADE 12
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
MEMORANDUM
NOVEMBER 2020

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1 MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.1.1 B ✓✓
1.1.2 A ✓✓
1.1.3 B ✓✓
1.1.4 A, B, C ✓✓
1.1.5 B ✓✓
1.1.6 D ✓✓
1.1.7 C ✓✓
1.1.8 A, D ✓✓
1.1.9 B ✓✓
1.1.10 C ✓✓
(10 x 2) (20)

1.2 MATCH COLUMN A AND COLUMN B
1.2.1 G✓✓
1.2.2 E✓✓
1.2.3 K ✓✓
1.2.4 J ✓✓
1.2.5 C✓✓
1.2.6 D✓✓
1.2.7 H✓✓
1.2.8 B✓✓
1.2.9 A✓✓
1.2.10 F ✓✓
(10 x 2) (20)

1.3 AGRICULTURAL TERMS
1.3.1 Budget ✓
1.3.2 Sorting ✓
1.3.3 Basic Conditions of Employment Act  ✓
1.3.4 Surplus / Glut ✓
1.3.5 Current / short term liabilities ✓
(5 x 1) (5)

1.3 UNDERLINED WORDS
1.4.1 Management / Crop rotation/ Sustainability  ✓
1.4.2 Capital  ✓
1.4.3 Stability ✓
1.4.4 Topography ✓
1.4.5 Contract marketing ✓
(5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 50

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: PHYSICAL AND FINANCIAL PLANNING
2.1 Negative influence of strong winds on crop production

• The wind can damage the leaves, flowers, and fruit setting  ✓ this will lead to a reduction in photosynthesis  ✓and thus lower production.  ✓
• More transpiration and evaporation  ✓ plants to stress more  ✓ production will be lower.  ✓
• Plants can also be uprooted  ✓ or be blown over  ✓ this will result in no production ✓
• Plants are smaller ✓, grow abnormally ✓ and low production  ✓
• Pollination negatively affected  ✓ less fruit form ✓ thus lower production  ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.2 Agricultural Acts

2.2.1 Farm workers have the right to work in a safe environment
Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993)  ✓(1)

2.2.2 FOUR protective measures

• Wash their hands after using the chemicals  ✓
• Wear protective clothing like overalls with long sleeves, masks ✓
• Never pour chemicals from hand to hand but on a stable surface  ✓
• Mix chemicals according to instructions of manufacturer  ✓
• Be properly trained to work with chemicals ✓
• Don't bring chemicals close to water, food, fish and animals  ✓ (Any 4) (4)

2.3 Needed capital

(4)
2.4 Types of labour
2.4.1 Seasonal worker ✓ (1)
2.4.2 Permanent/ full-time employee ✓ (1)
2.4.3 Casual / occasional labour/ contracted worker (1)
2.5 Protecting soil fertility and erosion

• Additional organic material reduce erosion ✓
• Better groundcover reduce erosion ✓
• Use zero/minimum tillage for better soil cover ✓
• Correct cultivation-/ irrigation- /grazing practices ✓
• Reduce length of slope to reduce speed of water that contributes to erosion  ✓
• Mulching reduce erosion  ✓ (Any 5) (5)

2.6

(4)
2.7 Resource utilization and grazing management

2.7.1 Evaluate the sizes of the camps

• The farmer must fence veld types with the same potential and palatability of grazing together  ✓
• If the natural veld is more palatable  ✓ the farmer needs a smaller area  ✓ to get the same nutrition for the livestock.  ✓
• If the natural veld is less palatable  ✓ the farmer needs a bigger area  ✓ to get the same nutrition for the livestock  ✓ (Any 2) (2)

2.7.2 THREE advantages of a wagon wheel layout

• The water trough is in the middle of all the camps ✓
• Only one trough to maintain  ✓
• Reduces labour costs ✓
• Reduces time, energy and money spend on maintenance  ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.7.3 Problem of rotational grazing between camps of different size and nutrition
The time  ✓ that the animals spend in a small camp should be shorter and vice versa  ✓ (2)

2.7.4 Reasons for resting camps

• The maximum production of grazing material can then take place  ✓
• Mature climax grasses can form seeds ✓
• Young plants can get the opportunity to establish themselves  ✓
• Further root development can take place
• Plants can recover after grazing  ✓
• Prevent overgrazing  ✓(Any 3) (3)

2.8 Soil properties

2.8.1 Soil colour

• Red / yellow soils have good drainage  ✓and crops will grow well if sufficient water is available  ✓
• Dark / brown soils are rich in organic matter ✓ and have a natural 'fertility' making them good for crop production  ✓
• Grey soils are waterlogged soils  ✓ and not good for crop production  ✓
  (Any 2 x 2) (4)

2.8.2 Soil texture

• Sandy soils have a fast infiltration ✓ rate but does not hold water  ✓– soil will produce well if enough rainfall present  ✓
• Sandy soils are less fertile than clay soils and more fertilisers ✓ need to be added to sandy soils than to clay soils  ✓ to obtain good production  ✓
• Clay soils have a slow infiltration ✓ and hold water better  ✓– good for production  ✓
• Clay soils are also more fertile ✓ because of nutrients retained ✓ – good for production  ✓ (Any 2 x 3) (6)

2.9 Soil pollution

2.9.1 Soil degradation

• A too high concentration of pesticides will kill soil organisms (bacteria/ earthworms)  ✓
• Infertility of soil leads to bare areas and no vegetation  ✓
• Contribute to loss of ecosystems  ✓(Any 2)

2.9.2 Water pollution

• A too high concentration of pesticides from the polluted soil drain  ✓ into the ground water and cause pollution of the ground water  ✓
• Pesticides drift can pollute water sources  ✓ (Any 2)

2.10 Use of animal traction on the farm

• Ploughing  ✓
• Pulling a cart to deliver lick/transport material etc. ✓
• Gathering and counting livestock/checking fences  ✓
• Transporting people  ✓ (Any 2) (2)

[50]

QUESTION 3: ENTREPRENEURSHIP, RECORDING, MARKETING, BUSINESS PLANNING AND ORGANISED AGRICULTURE
3.1 FOUR aspects a farmer should consider in conducting a market survey

• Location of the market /demographic of the market  ✓
• The products that consumers need  ✓
• The price consumers are willing to pay for the product  ✓
• Expectations of the consumers on the product you are producing ✓
• Competitors producing the same product ✓ (Any 4) (4)

3.2 Agricultural businesses

3.2.1 Primary agricultural sector

• Vegetables  ✓
• Dairy  ✓ (2)

3.2.2 Secondary agricultural sector

• Agritourism ✓
• Abattoirs ✓(2)

3.2.3 Tertiary agricultural sector

• Feed companies ✓
• Irrigation supplier  ✓ (2)

3.3 Comparison of free and cooperative marketing

3.3.1 Less bargaining power  ✓ (1)

3.3.2 High marketing costs  ✓(1)

3.3.3 Less protection  ✓ (1)

3.3.4 High bargaining power  ✓(1)

3.3.5 Low marketing costs per unit  ✓(1)

3.3.6 More protection  ✓(1)

3.4.Need for finance in the process of selling produce

• For transport costs ✓
• For storage costs ✓
• For labour costs ✓ (Any 2) (2)

3.5 Price determination

• Cost  ✓– it determines the minimum price that one can sell produce to make a profit. ✓
• Demand ✓ – the higher the demand for a specific product, the higher the price will be and vice versa.  ✓
• Competition ✓ – competitive products will have an influence on the price. ✓ (6)

3.6 Supply and demand
It is best to supply the market with your product when demand ✓ for the product is high ✓ and the supply ✓ from other producers is low ✓ in order to collect the highest possible market price. (4)

3.7 Crop production budget

3.7.1  Definition of a budget plan
It is a plan of the future income and expenses of a business ✓ ✓ (2)

3.7.2 Crop production budget: Missing values

• R80,00 ✓
• R85,00 ✓
• R1 600,00 ✓
• R10 012,00 ✓
• R22 500,00 ✓ (5)

3.7.3 Calculate the profit or loss

• Profit/ loss= total income minus total expenses (Formula) ✓
• Profit/ loss=R22 500–R10 012 ✓(CA-marking)
• Profit/loss = R12 488 ✓ (profit) because the expenses are less than the income.  ✓ (Unit must be indicated) (4)

3.7.4 Basic elements of a budget

• Estimated income for a certain period ✓
• Estimated cost/expenditure to obtain it ✓ (2)

3.8 List of farming enterprise records

(5)
3.9 Balance sheet
3.9.1 Increase in asset

• Land and building: ✓Fixed assets will grow in value over time with normal maintenance ✓
• Livestock:  ✓There could be in increase in livestock numbers ✓
• Cash  ✓Selling more products/obtain higher prices for products ✓
  (Any 1 x 2) (2)

3.9.2 Increase in liability
Accounts payable ✓ (1)

3.9.3 Reason for lower value
Depreciation ✓ (wear and tear/old) (1)
[50]

QUESTION 4: HARVESTING, PROCESSING, MANAGEMENT AND AGRITOURISM
4.1 Farm Management
4.1.1 Reasons for planning

• Change in resource patterns ✓ – how resources are available and the balance between these resources requires new planning ✓
• Change in technological and biological relations ✓– new technology used required new planning ✓
• Change in prices ✓ – higher input costs require new planning regarding products produced ✓
• Risks and uncertainties ✓– Review is a continual process, some aspects are beyond the farmers control and requires review.  ✓ (Any 3 x 2) (6)

4.1.2 Steps in the planning process

• Formulate objectives and goals.  ✓
• Collect information. ✓
• Analyse information. ✓
• Develop alternatives ✓
• Choose between alternatives. ✓
• Implementation and evaluation ✓. (6)

4.2 Reasons for employer/employee contract

• It is a legal requirement ✓
• Establish legal agreement ✓
• Protects the right of both parties ✓
• Formally defines terms of employment ✓
• It can be referred to if a dispute arises ✓
• Defines what is expected (job description) ✓
• Contains the basic conditions of employment ✓ (Any 5) (5)

4.3 Storage of agricultural products

4.3.1  Temperature
Must be cool /suitable temperature  ✓

4.3.2Ventilation
Must be sufficient air circulation/enough oxygen/low carbon dioxide levels ✓

4.4 Food processing
4.4.1 Aim of processing food

• To bring high quality food / Prevent spoiling or decay/longer shelf-life ✓ ✓
• Value adding / Higher prices ✓ ✓ (2)

4.4.2 Discuss THREE disadvantages of processing

• Difficult to acquire capital to start new venture  ✓
• New products compete with established products  ✓
• Lack of expertise by the farmer in a competitive market  ✓
• Change in physical appearances and taste  ✓ (Any 3) (3)

4.4.3 THREE requirements of Ideal packaging material

• Light weight ✓
• Transparent ✓
• Easily opened and closed ✓
• Non-toxic ✓
• Hygienic  ✓
• Adjustable with food  ✓
• Protection of the product  ✓
• Tamperproof ✓
• Easy to print or labelling ✓
• Resistant to mechanical and thermal damage  ✓
• Environmentally friendly  ✓
• Cost effective ✓
• Easily disposable  ✓ (Any 3) (3)

4.4.4 Types of packaging material

• Rigid  ✓
• Semi-rigid  ✓
• Flexible ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.5 Food safety

4.5.1 Food handling strategies

• Regular monitoring and surveillance by health authority  ✓
• Management of food handling process  ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.5.2 Principles of health in food handling

• Education and training  ✓
• Reporting of illness/health interviews  ✓
• Management commitment  ✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.6 Value adding methods

4.6.1 Meat – graded, ✓cuts, ✓ dried  ✓ and packed ✓ (4)

4.6.2 Wool – sheared, ✓ graded, ✓ packed ✓(3)

4.6.3 Grains – graded, ✓ milled, ✓ packed, ✓ baked ✓ (4)

4.7 Agritourism

4.7.1 Reasons behind the positive increase in the agritourism

• People are looking for new experiences/adventure/recreation/ uncomplicated life/less technology.  ✓
• It is local therefore people can spend more money because travelling costs are reduced.  ✓
• Parents want children to experience the country life/get educated in farm life.  ✓
• Farmers diversify - reducing risks  ✓
• increase income  ✓
• optimize use of resources  ✓
• Farmers can enjoy sharing farm lifestyle with other people/meet interesting people/socialize more.  ✓ (Any 4) (4)

4.7.2 Agritourism contributes to the economic objectives of the country

• Jobs are created /increase employment  ✓
• Training is provided and people are empowered.  ✓
• Communities benefit from the development/living conditions are improved/ transport services/vegetable gardens/ entrepreneurial possibilities  ✓
• Conservation of resources takes place  ✓
• Increasing revenue of the area and/or country  ✓ (Any 3) (3)

[50]
TOTAL SECTION B: 150
GRAND TOTAL: 200