MEMORANDUM

SECTION A
QUESTION 1: WEATHER AND CLIMATE
1.1
1.1.1 Cumulonimbus (1)
1.1.2 southern
1.1.3 easterly (1)
1.1.4 Clear skies (1)
1.1.5 outside (1) (5 x 1) (5)
1.2
1.2.1 Isotherms (1)
1.2.2 12 ⁰C (1)
1.2.3 rural areas (1)
1.2.4 CBD (1)
1.2.5 A to B (1) (5 x 1) (5)
1.3
1.3.1 Air pressure (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.3.2

• South Atlantic high further north indicating the northward migration of the ITCZ (1)
• South Indian high further from the land (1) Clear skies over the interior (1)
• Kalahari high dominant over the interior (1)
  (Any ONE) (1 x 1)    (1)

1.3.3 Descending air is stronger than the convection stream during winter (2) The inversion layer will be pushed towards/beyond the plateau (2) (2 x 2) (4)
1.3.4

1. West to east/Easterly/eastwards (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. 
   
    (4 x 1) (4)
3. Clockwise movement of air around a low pressure is causing south-westerly winds at D and north-westerly winds at E (2) Onshore winds experienced at D and offshore winds at E (2)     (2 x 2) (4)

1.4
1.4.1 Meeting of warm, moist air and cold, dry air over the interior of South Africa (2) (CONCEPT) (1 x 2) (2)
1.4.2 Summer (1) (1 x 1) (1)
1.4.3

• Anti-clockwise movement of air from pressure system A causes cold, dry air to move towards the interior of South Africa (2)
• Anti-clockwise movement of air from pressure system B causes warm, moist air to move towards the interior of South Africa (2)
• The cold, dry air meets the warm, moist air over the interior forming the moisture front (2)
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4 Negative impact

• Cumulonimbus clouds cause heavy rainfall and flooding will destroy infrastructure (2)
• Heavy rainfall will cause soil erosion, which makes soil infertile and affects crop production (2)
• Productivity decreases due to strong winds (2) Lightning may cause crops to catch fire (2)
• Fields can become waterlogged after torrential/heavy rain, which decreases crop production (2)
• Strong and gusty winds destroy crop plantations and infrastructure (2)

Positive impact

• Rains will fill dams, which increases water availability through irrigation (2)
• Long term effects of floods will make the soil fertile (2) Productivity will increase (2)
  (Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)

[40]

QUESTION 2: GEOMORPHOLOGY
2.1
2.1.1 dendritic (1)
2.1.2 acute angles (1)
2.1.3 Uniform (1)
2.1.4 3 (1)
2.1.5 interfluve (1) (5 x 1) (5)
2.2
2.2.1 Laminar (1)
2.2.2 Turbulent (1)
2.2.3 Laminar (1)
2.2.4 Turbulent (1)
2.2.5 Turbulent (1) (5 x 1) (5)
2.3
2.3.1 High lying area between two drainage basins (1) (CONCEPT) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.2 River A is flowing over softer rock (1) River A is flowing at a lower level (1) (Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.3

• It lowers the watershed (1)
• It causes a gap in the watershed (1) (Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)

2.3.4

• Increase in water volume (2) River is longer (2)
• River has more erosive power (2)
• Starts to erode vertically again (2) (Any TWO) (2 x 2)  (4)

2.3.5 The valley through which it flows is too big (2) Stream has too little water (2) (Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)
2.3.6

1. Elbow of capture (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. Tourist attraction because of the knickpoint waterfall (2)
   Due to falling water, hydro-electricity can be generated (2) (2 x 2) (4)

2.4
2.4.1 Permanent/Perennial (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.4.2

1. Upper level of the groundwater, where soil and rocks are permanently saturated with water (1) (CONCEPT) (1 x 2) (2)
2. In sketch A the water table is higher than in sketch B (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3. Continuous pumping of water from the well, will lower the water table (2)
   The well makes the ground less saturated and decreases flooding/overflow of the river (2)
   (Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)

2.4.3

• More soil erosion will cause more silt deposits in the river, thus decreasing water capacity (2)
• Silting of the river might cause it to become non perennial (2)
• Less infiltration will lower the water table, with a decrease in groundwater flow hence decreasing the volume of water (2)
• Less evapo-transpiration will decrease rainfall, which will affect the volume of water in the long term (2) (4 x 2) (8)

[40]

QUESTION 3: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS
3.1
3.1.1 F (1)
3.1.2 C (1)
3.1.3 D (1)
3.1.4 E (1)
3.1.5 A (1) (5 x 1) (5)
3.2
3.2.1 Threshold population (1)
3.2.2 Invasion (1)
3.2.3 Urban hierarchy (1)
3.2.4 Urban sprawl (1)
3.2.5 Urban profile (1) (5 x 1) (5)
3.3
3.3.1 The manner in which farms and houses are arranged (1) (CONCEPT) (1 x 2) (2)
3.3.2 Nucleated (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.3.3

• Flat land made it easier to expand (2)
• Fertile soil allows farmers to stay together with enough land surrounding them to farm (2) (2 x 2) (4)

3.3.4

1. T-shape (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2. Main roads joining in a T-shape (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3. Easy access to most farmland (1)
   Easy access to markets (1)
   (Any ONE) (1 x 1) (1)

3.3.5

• Land is fragmented, therefore hampering initiative and expansion (2)
• Traveling between cultivated lands have extra financial implications (2)
• Profits might be shared between farmers due to communal ownership (2)
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.4
3.4.1 The physical growth of the urban area (2) (CONCEPT) (1 x 2) (2)
3.4.2 An increase in the number of people in urban areas will necessitate the building of more living quarters, the extension of infrastructure and the construction of more industries (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.4.3

• Fertile soil is being removed (2)
• Natural habitats of species are being removed (2)
• Biodiversity and ecosystems are being disturbed (2)
• Increase of the heat island effect due to artificial production of heat (2)
  (Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)

3.4.4

• Infrastructure needs constant maintenance (2)
• Industrial development creates more job opportunities (2)
• Better infrastructure attracts investment with more employment opportunities (2)
• Construction of new buildings creates more job opportunities (2)
• Upskilling of people creates more job opportunities (2)

Not positive

• Unskilled people will struggle to find jobs (2)
• Expansion into the rural urban fringe will leave people living there with no livelihood (2)

(Any FOUR) (4 x 2) (8)
[40]

SECTION B
QUESTION 4: CALCULATIONS AND MAP SKILLS
4.1
4.1.1

• Formula: Gradient = Vertical Interval (V.I.)
                                        Horizontal Equivalent (H.E.)
• Gradient = ( 346,5 – 328,8) m     range (1950 – 2050) m
                     (4(1) cm x 500) m
• Gradient = 17,7(1)   
                    2000(1)
• Gradient = 17,7 
                   2000
• Gradient = 17,7 : 2000 (1)
                    17,7   17,7
• Gradient= 1 : 112,9 OR 1 : 113 (1) (Range: 1 : 110 – 1 : 115,8) (5 x 1)   (5)

4.2
4.2.1 C (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.2.2 D (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.2.3

• 3 cm x 1,3 cm   
  (3 x 100) x (1,3 x 100)
  300(1) m x 130(1) m
  Area: 39 000 m² (1) (3 x 1)      (3)

4.3
4.3.1

• Mediterranean (1)
• Caledon is in the Western Cape (2)
• Latitude 34° S (2) (western part of South Africa)

(Any ONE) (1 + 2) (3)
4.4
4.4.1 B (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.2 Most rivers are seasonal, and they are in contact with the water-table only in the rainy season (2) (1 x 2) (2)
4.5 4.5.1 Dendritic (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2 The rivers flow in the V-shaped valleys (2) The rivers flow over a uniform steep slope (2) (Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)
4.5.3 North Westerly/NNW direction (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.4 Dam wall (Basil Newman Reservoir) is in the northwest (2) Tributaries join the main river downstream in the NW/NNW (2) Generally, contour lines bend towards NW/NNW direction (2)
(Any ONE) (1 x 2) (2)
4.6
4.6.1 D (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.7 4.7.1 Raster (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.7.2 Captured images/objects are represented in pixels (2) (1 x 2) (2)
4.7.3

• The use of vector data on a topographic map makes map interpretation more user friendly (2)
• It is easier to obtain data at a glance/quick referencing (2) It makes it easier for data layering (2)
• Data can be rendered at any scale, as symbols are not drawn to scale (2)
• Zooming in and out does not change the quality of the topographic data representation (2)

(Any TWO) (2 x 2) (4)
[30]

TOTAL: 150