AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES PAPER 2
GRADE 12
SENIOR CERTIFICATE EXAMINATIONS
MEMORANDUM
MAY/JUNE 2017

SECTION A
QUESTION 1
1.1
1.1.1 D ✓✓
1.1.2 C ✓✓
1.1.3 B ✓✓
1.1.4 D ✓✓
1.1.5 A ✓✓
1.1.6 C ✓✓
1.1.7 A ✓✓
1.1.8 D ✓✓
1.1.9 D ✓✓
1.1.10 B/C/D ✓✓ (10 x 2) (20)
1.2
1.2.1 E ✓✓
1.2.2 J ✓✓
1.2.3 C ✓✓
1.2.4 D ✓✓
1.2.5 B ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10)
1.3
1.3.1 Fixed price/cost/price fixing/hedging ✓✓
1.3.2 Management ✓✓
1.3.3 Inversion ✓✓
1.3.4 Polygenic ✓✓
1.3.5 Cross breeding/out crossing ✓✓ (5 x 2) (10)
1.4
1.4.1 Market segment ✓
1.4.2 Closing balance ✓
1.4.3 Continuous ✓
1.4.4 Biometrics ✓
1.4.5 Heterosis/hybrid vigour ✓ (5 x 1) (5)
TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING
2.1 Market functions
2.1.1 The letter representing the functions of marketing

1. C ✓(1)
2. B/D ✓(1)
3. D ✓(1)
4. A ✓ (1)

2.1.2 THREE advantages of processing agricultural products

• Prevents spoilage/perishability/increases shelf life/ increases storage period ✓
• The product is available throughout the year ✓
• Improves food safety ✓
• Easy to transport ✓
• Adds/increases value/quality/usefulness of product ✓
• It provides job/business opportunities ✓
• Reduces wastage of excess produce ✓
• It is a way of overcoming over-supply of products ✓
• It allows for easier packing and handling of products ✓
• Higher price of products/higher income/profit ✓ (Any 3)(3)

2.2 Marketing channels
2.2.1 Farm gate marketing ✓ (1)
2.2.2 Stock auction ✓ (1)
2.2.3 Contract market ✓ (1)
2.2.4 Fresh produce market ✓ (1)
2.2.5 Internet marketing ✓ (1)
2.3 Graph on price equilibrium
2.3.1 Identification of curves

• A Demand ✓(1)
• B Supply ✓ (1)

2.3.2 THREE factors affecting demand

• Price of the product ✓
• Quality of products/usefulness of product ✓
• Consumer preferences/fashion/taste of consumers ✓
• Range of products available/substitute/complimentary products ✓
• Season/time/period of production ✓
• Income/status of consumers/buying power of consumers ✓
• Number of consumers ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.3.3 Definition of equilibrium
The price where the supply ✓ is equal to the demand ✓ (2)
2.3.4 Relationship between the price and the quantity demanded
The higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded ✓✓
OR
The lower the price the higher the quantity demanded ✓✓(2)
2.4 The number of potatoes bought at different prices per week
2.4.1 Line graph showing the quantities of potatoes bought at different prices

Criteria/rubric/memorandum

• Correct heading ✓
• X axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Quantity) ✓
• Y axis: Correctly calibrated and labelled (Price) ✓
• Correct units (R and bags) ✓
• Line graph ✓
• Accuracy ✓(6)

2.4.2 The price when most potatoes were bought
R10 ✓ (1)
2.4.3 Reason
400 bags of potatoes were bought when the price was R10/the
highest quantity was bought at R10/lowest price/highest quantity bought at the lowest price ✓ (1)
2.5 THREE problems encountered when drawing up a business plan

• Insufficient research done ✓
• Vague business plan ✓
• Insufficient cash flow allocated ✓
• Unrealistic assumption and projections ✓
• Hiding weaknesses and risks ✓
• Not highlighting potential competition ✓
• Using the incorrect format ✓
• Inconsistent information on supplies ✓ (Any 3) (3)

2.6 THREE elements of the SWOT analysis

• Strengths ✓
• Weaknesses ✓
• Opportunities ✓
• Threats ✓ (Any 3) (3)

[35]

QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS
3.1 The budget of a small-scale farmer for a year
3.1.1 ONE cost item that can be repaid over a period of five years
Loan (tractor) ✓ (1)
3.1.2 Reason for the answer
A tractor is a medium term asset ✓ (1)
3.1.3 Calculation of the highest income generated

• R200 000 + R120 000 ✓
• = R320 000 ✓(2)

3.1.4 TWO problems associated with a medium term asset

• Interest rate on loan ✓
• Depreciation ✓ (2)

3.1.5 The profit of the enterprise

• Profit = income – expenditure ✓
• R320 000 – R252 500 ✓
• Profit = R67 500 ✓ (3)

3.2 Labour legislation
3.2.1 Basic Conditions of Employment Act, 1997 (Act 75 of 1997) ✓ (1)
3.2.2 Skills Development Act, 1998 (Act 97 of 1998) ✓ (1)
3.2.3 Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993) ✓ (1)
3.3 Scenario on labour as a production factor
3.3.1 Identification of the type of labourers
Seasonal labourers ✓ (1)
3.3.2 Distinction between a permanent and a seasonal labourer
Seasonal labourer

• Employed only for harvesting/specific time/peak period of the year/season ✓

Permanent labourer

• Permanently employed throughout the year ✓ (2)

3.4 THREE challenges of labour as a production factor

• Shortages/scarcity of labour ✓
• High cost of labour ✓
• Lack of skills/training ✓
• Competition from other industries/economic migrants ✓
• Poor labour management/working conditions ✓
• Social problems/HIV and AIDS ✓
• Industrial action/strikes ✓ (Any 3)(3)

3.5 Calculation of the wage of the labourer working on a public holiday

• R150 x 2/R150 + R150 ✓
• = R300 ✓ (2)

3.6 Management principles
3.6.1 Association of the statement with the management principles

• A Control/supervision ✓
• B Organization/coordination ✓
• C Planning ✓(3)

3.6.2 THREE business managerial skills of a manager to perform duties at C

• Conceptual ✓
• Analytical ✓
• Planning ✓
• Problem solving ✓
• Application skills
• Financial management skills ✓
• Implementation ✓
• Decision making ✓ (Any 3) (3)

3.7 Scenario on the increasing of land productivity
3.7.1 Consolidation/consolidating uneconomic units/mechanisation ✓ (1)
3.7.2 Scientific methods/improve soil fertility/crop rotation/inter cropping ✓ (1)
3.7.3 Restoring land potential ✓ (1)
3.7.4 Improving water management ✓ (1)
3.8 Explanation with an example the law of diminishing return

• As the quantity of an input is increased, the yield (output) will increase ✓
• until a specific point, thereafter it will increase at a decreasing rate ✓
• Example (fertilizer application and maize yield) ✓ (3)

3.9 TWO functions of land as a production factor

• Source of minerals ✓
• Used as a collateral ✓
• Provides physical space for production ✓
• Provides raw materials ✓
• Food production ✓ (Any 2)(2)

[35]

QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS
4.1 Crossing of yellow and white flowers
4.1.1 Provision of the labels (a) - (e)

• Yy ✓
• Yellow ✓
• Yy ✓
• 3:1 (Yellow to white) ✓
• 1:2:1 ✓ (5)

4.1.2 Type of dominance
Complete dominance ✓ (1)
4.1.3 Justification

• Yellow colour (Y) is dominant over white colour (y) ✓
• No intermediate/new colour in the offspring ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.2 TWO crosses in F1 generation
4.2.1 Indication of the type of crossing
Monohybrid ✓ (1)
4.2.2 Reason
Crossing involving only one characteristic/trait ✓ (1)
4.2.3 Prediction of the genotype of parents in the first crossing

• Parent 1 Bb ✓
• Parent 2 bb ✓

OR

• Bb ✓ x bb ✓ (2)

4.2.4 Punnet square determining the genotypic percentage of the offspring in the second crossing

Genotypic percentage of the offspring is 100% ✓
Marking guidelines
Complete Punnet square with gametes and offspring ✓
Correct gametes ✓
Correct offspring ✓
Correct percentage ✓ (4)
4.2.5 Calculation of the phenotypic percentage of the offspring in the second crossing
Phenotypic % = 4  x 100 ✓
                          4
= 100% black ✓ (2)
4.3 Scenario on Genetic Modification
4.3.1 Identification of the advantage of GM seed over the traditional seed

• Yield doubled during the first harvest ✓
• Spraying against bollworm is reduced/less costs ✓ (Any 1) (1)

4.3.2 TWO possible techniques used to modify the cotton seed

• Bacterial carriers/Agrobacterium tumefaciens ✓
• Gene gun/ biolistic ✓
• Electroporation ✓
• Micro - injection ✓
• Lipofection ✓
• Viral carriers ✓
• Gene silencing✓
• Gene slicing ✓
• Gene recombination ✓
• Calcium-phosphate precipitation✓ (Any 2) (2)

4.3.3 TWO economic benefits of using genetically modified seed to the farmer

• Reduced cost for pesticides ✓
• Higher yield/ more income ✓ (2)

4.3.4 TWO impacts of using the GM cotton seed

1. Environment
   
   • Less spraying leads to reduced pollution of environment ✓
   • Leads to herbicide resistant crops/super weeds ✓
   • Beneficial insects/pests are killed when feeding on insect resistant crops ✓
   • Biodiversity is reduced ✓ (Any 2)(2)
2. Economic
   
   • Seeds are expensive/farmers have to buy new seed yearly/ famers may not retain seeds for breeding purposes ✓
   • High input costs as farmers must pay a technology fee ✓ (2)

4.4 Breeding systems
4.4.1 Cross breeding/upgrading ✓ (1)
4.4.2 Inbreeding ✓ (1)
4.4.3 Upgrading ✓ (1)
4.4.4 Species crossing ✓ (1)
4.5 Breeding Value (BV)
4.5.1 Calculation of the weaning weight of the progeny in kilograms
16 + 6 = 22 ✓
22 ✓
 2
= 11 kg ✓
OR
(16 ÷ 2) + (6 ÷ 2)✓
8+ 3 ✓
= 11 kg ✓ (3)
4.5.2 Interpretation of the figure
The offspring of these parents will be 11 kg heavier ✓ than the average of the herd ✓ (2)
[35]

TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL : 150