HISTORY
GRADE 12
PAPER 2 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
SEPTEMBER 2017

1. SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS 
1.1 The following cognitive levels were used to develop source-based questions: 

1.2 The information below indicates how source-based questions are assessed:

• In the marking of source-based questions, credit needs to be given to any  other valid and relevant viewpoints, arguments, evidence or examples.
• In the allocation of marks, emphasis should be placed on how the requirements  of the question have been addressed. 
• In the marking guideline, the requirements of the question (skills that need to  be addressed) as well as the level of the question are indicated in italics. 

1.3 Assessment procedures for source-based questions 

• Use a tick (✔) for each correct answer. 
• Pay attention to the mark scheme e.g. (2 x 2) which translates to two reasons  and is given two marks each (✔✔✔✔); (1 x 2) which translates to one reason  and is given two marks (✔✔). 
• If a question carries 4 marks then indicate by placing 4 ticks (✔✔✔✔). 

Paragraph question  
Paragraphs are to be assessed globally (holistically). Both the content and  structure of the paragraph must be taken into account when awarding a mark. The  following steps must be used when assessing a response to a paragraph question: • Read the paragraph and place a bullet (.) at each point within the text where  the candidate has used relevant evidence to address the question. 

• Re-read the paragraph to evaluate the extent to which the candidate has been  able to use relevant evidence to write a paragraph.
• At the end of the paragraph indicate the ticks (√) that the candidate has been  awarded for the paragraph; as well as the level (1,2, or 3) as indicated in the  holistic rubric and a brief comment e.g.
  
  Used mostly relevant evidence to write a basic paragraph 
• Count all the ticks for the source-based question and then write the mark on the  bottom margin to the right, e.g. 32/50 
• Ensure that the total mark is transferred accurately to the front/back cover of  the answer script. 

2. ESSAY QUESTIONS 
2.1 The essay questions require candidates to:  

• Be able to structure their argument in a logical and coherent manner. They  need to select, organise and connect the relevant information so that they are  able to present a reasonable sequence of facts or an effective argument to  answer the question posed. It is essential that an essay has an introduction, a  coherent and balanced body of evidence and a conclusion. 

2.2 Marking of essay questions 

• Markers must be aware that the content of the answer will be guided by the  textbooks in use at the particular centre. 
• Candidates may have any other relevant introduction and/or conclusion than  those included in a specific essay marking guideline for a specific essay. • When assessing open-ended source-based questions, learners should be  credited for any other relevant answers. 

2.3 Global assessment of the essay 
The essay will be assessed holistically (globally). This approach requires the  teacher to score the overall product as a whole, without scoring the component  parts separately. This approach encourages the learner to offer an individual  opinion by using selected factual evidence to support an argument. The learner will  not be required to simply regurgitate ' facts' in order to achieve a high mark. This  approach discourages learners from preparing ' model' answers and reproducing  them without taking into account the specific requirements of the question. Holistic  marking of the essay credits learners' opinions supported by evidence. Holistic  assessment, unlike content-based marking, does not penalise language  inadequacies as the emphasis is on the following: 

• The construction of argument 
• The appropriate selection of factual evidence to support such argument
• The learner's interpretation of the question.

2.4 Assessment procedures of the essay 

2.4.1 Keep the synopsis in mind when assessing the essay. 
2.4.2 During the reading of the essay ticks need to be awarded for a relevant  introduction (indicated by a bullet in the marking guideline/memorandum),  each of the main points/aspects that is properly contextualized (also  indicated by bullets in the marking guideline/memorandum) and a relevant  conclusion (indicated by a bullet in the marking guideline/memorandum) e.g.  in an answer where there are 5 main points there will be 7 ticks. 
2.4.3 The following additional symbols can also be used: 

• • Introduction, main aspects and conclusion not properly contextualised ^
  • Wrong statement _________________
  • Irrelevant statement |
                                     |
                                     |
  • Repetition R
  • Analysis A√
  • Interpretation I√ 

2.5 The matrix 
2.5.1 Use of the matrix in the marking of essays  
In the marking of essays, the criteria as provided in the matrix should be used.  When assessing the essay note both the content and presentation. At the point of  intersection of the content and presentation based on the seven competency  levels, a mark should be awarded. 
(a) The first reading of the essay will be to determine to what extent the  main aspects have been covered and to allocate the content level (on  the matrix). 

(b) The second reading of the essay will relate to the level (on the matrix)  of presentation. 

(c) Allocate an overall mark with the use of the matrix.

GLOBAL ASSESSMENT OF ESSAYS: TOTAL MARKS: 50

* Guidelines for allocating a mark for Level 1: 

• Question not addressed at all/totally irrelevant content; no attempt to structure the essay = 0 
• Question includes basic and generally irrelevant information; no attempt to structure the essay = 1–6
• Question inadequately addressed and vague; little attempt to structure the essay = 7–13

MEMORANDUM 

SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS 
QUESTION 1: WHAT CONTRIBUTION DID STEPHEN BANTU BIKO MAKE  TO THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE IN SOUTH AFRICA IN THE  1970s? 
1.1 1.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 1A – L1] 

• Welfare work 
• Medical programmes 
• Programmes of self-help (3 × 1) (3) 

1.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1] 

• To uplift the black community (1 × 2) (2) 

1.1.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2] 

•  Black people had to live under white domination all their lives
• Black people lived to make a meagre living
• They were living according to their means and affordability
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

1.1.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2] 

• Black man will not be alienated 
• He will have some dignity
• He will uplift his community 
•  To do things for himself
• To stand up for his rights
  Any other relevant response (Any 1 × 2) (2) 

1.2 1.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1] 

• Humorous about the interrogation sessions
• He had a far closer understanding of his interrogators’ fears
• He had a far closer understanding of his interrogators’ motivations than they will ever know (3 × 1) (3) 

1.2.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1B – L2] 

• Biko was prepared to die for what he believed in but he was not  a man of violence
• Biko was prepared to fight for equality but at the same time he  advocated racial peaceful co-existence
  Any other relevant response (Any 1 × 2) (2) 

1.2.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source – L2] 

• He wanted to deny police involvement into the killing
• It was a closed case
• The state was not responsible for Biko’s death
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4)

1.2.4 [Determining the usefulness of Source 1B – L3] 

• Shows that Biko died while in police custody 
• Shows that Biko was resilient in his efforts to gain equality for  blacks
• Gives insight into how political activists were interrogated and  tortured in prison
• Gives insight into how police tried to cover up their involvement  in the killing of Biko
• Shows that Biko was widely supported by political activists
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4)

1.3 1.3.1 [Definition of historical concepts from Source 1C – L1] 

1. Apartheid
   • Political, economic and social separation of races based  on colour
     Any other relevant response (Any 1 × 2) (2)
2. Oppression 
   • Unfair/unjust treatment of people of different races
     Any other relevant response (Any 1 × 2) (2) 

1.3.2 [Interpretation and evaluation of evidence from Source 1C – L2]

• Biko was dedicated to freedom, justice and equality
• Biko’s bravery became the symbol of the resistance to all blacks  who were suffering under apartheid 
• He was able to fight the evil system of apartheid instead of  being absorbed by the system
• Biko’s ideas helped to shape the new SA 
• Biko would have made a big contribution to the new South  Africa by ensuring that social justice was implemented  effectively
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

1.3.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1C – L1] 

• His clear mindedness about the country and its people 
• His deep knowledge of the country and the people’s real needs (2 × 1) (2) 

1.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1D – L2] 

• Biko’s legacy lives on
• Steve Biko served as an inspiration for most South Africans 
•  Steve Biko’s ideas had a huge impact on South Africa 
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

1.5 [Comparing information in Source 1C and D to identify similarities – L3] Both sources: 

• honour Biko as a national hero 
• show the influence of the Biko on South Africa 
• show that Biko sacrificed his life for the new democratic South Africa Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4)

1.6 [Interpretation, comprehension and synthesis of evidence from sources – L3] Candidates should include some of the following: 

• Engaging in welfare work and programmes of self-help run by Blacks for  Blacks (Source 1A)
• Instill a sense of dignity within the Black man (Source 1A)
• We believed that we teach people leading by example (Source 1A) 
• Steve Biko was a man of peace. He was militant in standing up for his  principles, yes, but his abiding goal was a peaceful reconciliation of all  South Africans (Source 1B)
• Believed in humanity and equal rights for all (Source 1C) 
• Dedicated to fight for the removal of oppression (Source 1C)
• Dedicated to freedom, justice and bravery (Source 1C)
• His clear-mindedness and deep knowledge of the country’s and its  people’s real needs would have contributed to South Africa (Source 1C)
• Inspired black Africans to achieve national freedom (Source 1D)
  Any other relevant response 

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark: 

(8) 

[50]

QUESTION 2: DID THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC)  BRING ABOUT PEACE AND RECONCILATION IN SOUTH  AFRICA? 
2.1 2.1.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2A – L1] 

• Archbishop Desmond Tutu
• Alex Boraine (2 × 1) (2) 

2.1.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2A – L1] 

•  Examine human rights abuses on all sides between 1960 and  1994
• Hear testimony from victims and perpetrators
• Grant perpetrators amnesty from prosecution/civil action where  there was full disclosure and political motivation was clearly  presented
• Suggest how victims could be compensated (Any 2 × 1) (2) 

2.1.3 [Explanation of concepts from Source 2A – L1] 

• Official pardon for people who had been convicted of political  offences during apartheid era
  Any other relevant response (Any 1 × 2) (2) 

2.1.4 [Assessing usefulness of Source 2A – L3] 
Useful 

• TRC’s aim was to overcome the past through confession and  forgiveness
• South Africans could be reconciled to each other to build a new  nation
• The new constitution supported the idea of national unity based  on reconciliation and the reconstruction of society
  Any other relevant response 

Not useful 

• Perpetrators felt the TRC was biased and favoured one group of  people over the other
• Some perpetrators did not want to face the TRC and ask for  forgiveness
• They felt they could live as individuals rather than unite as South  Africans
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

2.2 2.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1] 

• Numerous atrocities (killings) of the past have not been properly  investigated
• There was an over-emphasis on the role of the former security  forces 
• The assassination of about 400 top IFP leaders has not been  thoroughly probed
• There has not been an in-depth analysis of what many would  call ‘black-on-black’ violence (Any 2 × 1) (2)

2.2.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1] 

• We must now live in the spirit of the Constitution
• We must have Ubuntu instead of vengeance
• We should have reparation instead of retaliation 
• Prosecutions must be even handed
• Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 1) (2) 

2.2.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2B – L1] 

• We are an emerging democracy, accustomed to justice
• If crimes were committed in the past by whomever and no  application for amnesty was made, then justice must prevail (Any 1 × 1) (1) 

2.2.4 [Interpretation of information from Source 2B – L2] 

• De Klerk not in favour of the TRC/Ramaphosa in favour of the  TRC
• De Klerk viewed the TRC as a witch-hunt/Ramaphosa saw the  TRC as a tool that promotes reconciliation
• De Klerk saw the TRC as a ANC method to prosecute former  NP officials/Ramaphosa emphasised TRC as a nation building  exercise
• De Klerk suggested that the TRC was in favour of blanket  amnesty/Ramaphosa stated that amnesty is open to anyone  who committed political crimes during the apartheid rule
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

2.3 2.3.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2C – L1] 

• He was an informer (1 × 1) (1) 

2.3.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2] 

• She wanted to know how her son died 
• She wanted to know why were they calling her son an informer
• She wanted to know who did this to her son 
• She wanted perpetrators to come forward
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

2.3.3 [Interpretation of information from Source 2B – L2] 
Yes: 

• In 1997 the TRC reached a verdict that Madikizela-Mandela was  guilty and had played a role in the killing of Stompie Sepei
• The crime was committed by her bodyguards of the Mandela  United Football Club
• Jerry Richardson, one of Winnie Mandela’s bodyguards, was  convicted of the murder
• Winnie Mandela was convicted of kidnapping and being an  accessory to the assault of Stompie
• Her six-year jail sentence was reduced to a fine and a two-year  suspended sentence on appeal
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4)

2.4 2.4.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 2D – L1] 

• Cebekulu
• Felati (2 × 1) (2) 

2.4.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2D – L2] 

•  They believed that Winnie Mandela was innocent
• Stompie was a traitor to the liberation struggle 
• Stompie was a casualty of war because he betrayed his own  people by collaborating with the white government
• Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

2.4.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2D – L2] 

•  Informants disclosed the operations of the freedom struggle  organisations
• Informers disclosed the names of the leaders of the liberation  struggle
• Informers disclosed the hideouts/places that struggle leaders  were hiding at 
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

2.5 [Comparison of sources 2C and 2D to identify similarities – L3]

• Both sources show that he was an informer 
• Both sources show that Winnie Mandela was involved in the killing of  Stompie
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4)

2.6 [Interpretation, comprehension and synthesis of evidence from sources – L3] Candidates should include some of the following: 
Yes 

• To foster post-apartheid reconciliation (Source 2A)
• To build a culture of human rights (Source 2A)
• To prevent further human rights abuses (Source 2A)
• Offered perpetrators the chance to reveal the truth regarding political  killings (Source 2A)
• Amnesty given to perpetrators (Source 2A)
• The TRC eradicated the hatred between black and white South Africans  (Source 2B)
• F.W. De Klerk wanted the TRC to be unbiased (Source 2B)
• Ramaphosa reaffirmed that the TRC was not a witch hunt but was  committed to justice (Source 2B) 
• Offered victims to find closure (Source 2C) 
• Victims given a chance to tell their side of the story (Source 2C) ∙ TRC was a healing process (Source 2D) 

No 

• Many perpetrators refused to testify
• Leading figures in the NP did not testify
• ANC perceived the TRC as an attempt to criminalise the liberation  struggle
• Atrocities of the IFP were not investigated
• NP perceived the TRC as a witch-hunt
  Any other relevant response 

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark: 

(8) 

[50]

QUESTION 3: WHAT WAS THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON THE  ECONOMIES OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES AFTER 1989? 
3.1 3.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 3A – L1] 

• Climate change 
• Globalisation (2 × 1) (2) 

3.1.2 [Extraction of information from Source 3A – L1] 

•  The combination of global and national economic changes (1 × 2) (2) 

3.1.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3A – L2] 
Climate change 

• Climate change is a long-term continuous change to average  weather conditions e.g. more frequent and severe extreme  storms
  Any other relevant response 

Climate variability 

• It is the way climate fluctuates yearly above or below a long term average
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

3.2 3.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3B – L1] 

• Poverty
• Hunger (2 × 1) (2) 

3.2.2 [Interpretation of information from Source 3B – L2] 

• Hard work by digging the ground/planting the crops/feeding the  animals (lady on the left - agriculture)
• Reap the benefits by selling the crops/animals for money (lady  on the right - social protection)
  Any other relevant response (Any 1 × 2) (2) 

3.2.3 [Reliability of evidence from Source 3B – L3] 
NOT RELIABLE  

• It focuses only on agriculture and social work
• Speaks of farmers as subsistence farmers (farming for  themselves)
• Does not show the impact of weather on agriculture
• Does not show the impact of globalisation on African farmers
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

3.2.4 [Interpretation of information from Source 3B – L2] 

• It can alleviate credit constraints 
•  Poor small famers can engage in small scale scientific farming  methods that would increase production and profit
• Productive farming could increase demand and therefore create  jobs
  Any other relevant response (Any 1 × 2) (2)

3.3 3.3.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3C – L1] 

• Trade 
• Aid (2 × 1) (2) 

3.3.2 [Interpretation of differences of information from Source 3C– L2]
Domschu 

• Low income countries could not easily integrate into global  economy because of their chosen policies
• Many countries experienced high levels of poverty 
• All countries should participate in the world economy
• Financial help should be given to poor countries
  Any other relevant response 

Kalytta 

• Positive effect
• Global market for companies to trade their products
• Communication between countries allows for better  understanding and broader vision
• European businesses could be outsourced to Asia as labour is  cheaper
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

3.3.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3C – L2] 

• Low cost labour in Asian countries compared to other countries
• High rate of profit for the companies 
• Europeans felt the pressure because they could not compete  with cheap labour
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

3.4 [Comparison of Sources 3B and 3C to identify similarities – L3]

• Both sources indicate that even the poorest countries could benefit from  globalisation 
• Both sources state that all countries should be included in the world  economy even with the financial help of the international community
• Both sources show that globalisation could reduce poverty 
• Both sources state that countries could sell their products anywhere if  they participate in the world economy
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4)

3.5 3.5.1 [Extraction of information from Source 3D – L1] 

• Cities were reduced to garbage-dumps where all industrial  waste is accumulated
• Pollution levels went sky-high (Any 1 × 2) (2) 

3.5.2 [Extraction of evidence from Source 3D – L1] 

• McDonalds
• KFC (2 × 1) (2) 

3.5.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3D – L2] 

• Restaurants and eateries prepare and sell any meat products  without considering the local people’s religious beliefs
• They are only interested in making money
• In India the cow (beef) is considered a sacred animal and  therefore cannot be eaten
  Any other relevant response (Any 2 × 2) (4) 

3.5.4 [Extraction of information from Source 3D – L2] 

• Corporate greed
• Corrupt government (2 × 1) (2)

3.6 [Interpretation, comprehension and synthesis of evidence from sources – L3]
Candidates should include some of the following: 

•  Climate change had an impact on food systems and agricultural  production (Source 3A)
• Developing countries were less vulnerable to climate change as a result  of globalisation
• Globalisation exposed farmers to new and unfamiliar conditions  (Source 3A)
• Government support had a direct effect on poor farmers (Source  3A and 3B) 
• Globalisation could reduce poverty and create jobs (Source 3B and 3C)
• Globalisation could assist developing countries with trade and aid  (Source 3C)
• Low income countries cannot integrate into the global economy because  of their policies (Source 3C)
• Kalytta viewed globalisation having a positive effect (Source 3C)
• Communication allowed for better understanding and broader vision  (Source 3C)
• Globalisation led to migration of labour to Asia 
• Cities in developing countries become the dumping ground of junk food  outlets
• The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer (Source 3D)
  Any other relevant response 

Use the following rubric to allocate a mark: 

(8) 

[50]

SECTION B: ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS 
QUESTION 4: CIVIL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH AFRICA: 1970s TO 1980s 
[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical  and interpretative skills] 

SYNOPSIS 
Candidates need to state whether they agree with the statement or not and explain the  reasons for their stance. 

MAIN ASPECTS 
Candidates should include the following aspects in their essays: 
INTRODUCTION: Candidates should agree or disagree and explain why 

ELABORATION 

• The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM) in Britain aimed to end apartheid through  boycotts and isolating South Africa from the international community 
• They held demonstrations outside: the South African Embassy in Britain and against  companies who did business with South Africa
• The result of this action: Barclays Bank sold their holdings in South Africa
• They held a concert in Wembley to demand the release of Mandela
• (AAM) initiated sport, cultural, academic and economic boycotts that isolated South  Africa internationally
• Sport Boycott: 
  •  AAM prevented South Africa from participating in international competitions:
  • The Gleneagles Agreement called on Commonwealth countries to cut all sporting  ties with South Africa 
  •  South Africa was expelled from the International Olympics 
• Cultural Boycotts: 
  • British and American musicians refused to perform in South Africa
• Academic Boycotts:
  • South African academics were barred from attending international academic  conferences
• Consumer Boycotts: 
  • The general public were urged to boycott South African products
• Disinvestment - Chase Manhattan Bank cut its links with SA
• The European Economic Community banned new investments in South Africa in  1985
• In 1986 America banned all new loans and investments in SA
• Large companies like General Electric, Pepsi Cola, IBM General Motors and Mobil  closed their operations in South Africa 
• Sanctions: 
• The USA refused to buy South African agricultural products, iron and steel
• The USA banned direct air travel between the countries
• International trade unions called on the Anti-Apartheid movements to boycott South  African goods and to support sanction and disinvestment initiatives
• The Frontline states allowed ANC to establish bases and military training camps in  their countries
• From here the ANC was able to step up MK raids and intensify the armed struggle
• By the late 1980s the South African economy was on the verge of collapse
• Sanctions and disinvestment led to increased unemployment and poverty
• This led to increased internal resistance
• All this made it very difficult for the NP to survive in power 
• It was external pressures that eventually led to the downfall of Apartheid Any other relevant answer 

CONCLUSION:Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion Use the matrix on page 6 to assess this essay. [50]

QUESTION 5: THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY IN SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING  TO TERMS WITH THE PAST 
[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical  and interpretative skills] 

SYNOPSIS 
Candidates need to demonstrate how the release of Nelson Mandela in 1990 was a  turning point South Africa’s history. 

MAIN ASPECTS 
Candidates should include the following aspects in their essays: 

INTRODUCTION: Candidates need to indicate how the process of negotiations  paved the way for the establishment of a democratic South Africa  in 1994 

ELABORATION 

• De Klerk comes to power in 1989 – brief background (De Klerk’s speech)
• The unbanning of political & civic organisations such as the ANC and SACP
• De Klerk’s decision to release Mandela from prison on 11 February 1990 which paved  the way for negotiations 
• Violence that erupted in Sebokeng – April 1990 
• Groote Schuur Minute – 2 May 1990 (ANC and NP met, ANC delegation led by Nelson  Mandela, NP delegation led by F.W. De Klerk) 
• Pretoria Minute –August 1990 (ANC agreed to suspend the armed struggle)
• Third force violence in Natal between Inkatha, the ANC and the apartheid government
• CODESA 1 (19 political parties minus AZAPO, CP and PAC/300 delegates)
• Violence erupts in some parts of the country i.e. Transvaal and Natal
• White’ s only referendum and its impact (March 1992) 
• CODESA 2 (2 May 1992) collapsed. Parties failed to agree on a new constitution making body and interim government 
• NP wanted minority veto while ANC wanted an interim government for no longer than  18 months and simple majority rule
• Boipatong massacre and its consequences (17 June 1992)
• Bisho massacre nearly derailed the process of negotiations (7 September 1992)
• Record of Understanding signed on 26 September 1992 between Roelf Meyer (NP)  and Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC) 
•  Assassination of Chris Hani (10 April 1993) and its impact on South Africa
• Right-wing (AWB) attack on World Trade Centre and its consequences
• Multiparty negotiating Forum 
• Sunset Clause introduced by Joe Slovo broke the negotiations deadlock
• Shell House massacre and its consequences – March 1994
• Election date – 27 April 1994 announced
• ANC won elections and Mandela first black South African President Any other relevant response 

CONCLUSION: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion Use the matrix on page 6 to assess this essay. [50]

QUESTION 6: THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER: 1989  TO THE PRESENT 
[Plan and construct an original argument based on relevant evidence using analytical  and interpretative skills] 

SYNOPSIS 
Candidates should critically discuss the impact that the collapse of the Soviet Union had  on South Africa’s political landscape. 

MAIN ASPECTS 
Candidates should include the following aspects in their essays: 

INTRODUCTION: Candidates need to indicate how the collapse of the Soviet  Union in 1989 contributed to the political transformation that  occurred in South Africa and substantiate their line of argument 

ELABORATION 

• Economic conditions in Russia in the late 1980s
• Gorbachev’s policies of Glasnost and Perestroika
• Gorbachev ends the nuclear arms race with the USA 
• Gorbachev ends the war in Afghanistan 
• USSR relinquishes her dominance over Eastern Europe
• The fall of the Berlin Wall 
• Changes in the world contributed to the end of apartheid
• The collapse of the USSR deprived the ANC of its main source of support
• The ANC could not depend on the USSR to support it economically or with weapons  anymore
• Gorbachev was also in favour of a peaceful transition of power in South Africa
• The National Party’s claim that it was acting as a ‘bulwark’ against communist  expansion in southern Africa became unrealistic
• The National Party’s claim that it was protecting South Africa from a communist take over was naïve
• Western world powers supported the move that South Africa resolved its problems  peacefully and democratically
• It became clear that the National Party could no longer maintain white supremacy rule  in South Africa anymore 
• Influential National Party members started to realise that apartheid was not the  answer to the needs of white capitalist development
• The Battle of Cuito Cuanavale and the independence of Namibia
• There was no doubt that the continued repression of black South Africans would not  ensure political stability
• P.W. Botha suffered a stroke and was succeeded by F.W. De Klerk ∙ F.W. De Klerk started to accept that the black South Africans struggle against  apartheid was not a conspiracy directed from Moscow 
• This enabled De Klerk to engage in discussions with the liberation organisations
• On 2 February 1990 De Klerk announced ‘a new and just constitutional dispensation’
• This signalled the end of apartheid rule
  Any other relevant answer 

CONCLUSION: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion Use the matrix on page 6 to assess this essay. [50]

TOTAL: 150