AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES P2
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2016
MEMORANDUM

MARKS: 150

SECTION A

QUESTION 1

1.1 
1.1.1 B √√
1.1.2 C √√
1.1.3 A √√
1.1.4 C √√
1.1.5 B √√
1.1.6 C √√
1.1.7 A √√
1.1.8 D √√
1.1.9 D √√
1.1.10 C  √√ (10 x 2) (20)

1.2
1.2.1 D √√
1.2.2 C √√
1.2.3 E √√
1.2.4 A √√
1.2.5 G √√ (5 x 2) (10)

1.3
1.3.1 Budget √√
1.3.2 Equilibrium price √√
1.3.3 Capital √√
1.3.4 Biometrics √√
1.3.5 Epistasis √√ (5 x 2) (10)

1.4
1.4.1 Marketing √
1.4.2 Technical √
1.4.3 Net Farm Income √
1.4.4 Skilled √
1.4.5 Breeding value √  (5 x 1) (5)

TOTAL SECTION A: 45

SECTION B
QUESTION 2: AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

2.1 The illustration representing marketing strategy

2.1.1 Marketing strategies

1. A - Product √ 
2. B - Price √ 
3. C - Place √ 
4. D - Promotion √  (4)

2.1.2 TWO factors to consider when planning a product

• Quality √
• Design √
• Branding √
• Packaging √
• Size √
• Warranty √ (Any 2) (2)

2.1.3 TWO ways to implement the strategy

• Advertising √
• In-store promotion √
• Direct mailing √
• Trade fairs and exhibition √
• Sponsorship √
• Personal selling √ (Any 2) (2)

2.1.4 TWO aspects to consider when deciding on pricing

• Cost √
• Demand √
• Competition √ (Any 2) (2)

2.2 Marketing system

2.2.1 Identification of the marketing system

Co-operative marketing system √ (1)

2.2.2 THREE advantages of co-operative marketing

• Farmers (producers) will have a better chance to negotiate a good price for their produce √
• They will have an access to professional expertise √
• They can afford better infrastructure as a group than as individuals √
• They can buy fertiliser or packaging material cheaper √
• They can develop a brand for their produce which makes them more visible to the potential buyers √
• They can access funding from the government as a cooperative √ (Any 3) (3)

2.2.3 TWO principles of co-operative marketing

• Voluntary membership √
• Democratic member control √
• Member's economic participation √
• Autonomy and independency √ (Any 2) (2)

2.3 Quantities of product 1 and 2 supplied

2.3.1 Formulation of hypothesis

Producers may not increase the supply of agricultural product √
even when the price has increased in a short period of time √

OR

If the price of an agricultural product increases,√
the supply may not increase within a short period of time √ (2)

2.3.2 Calculation of price elasticity of supply for product 1 and 2

• Product 1 = ^13%/_20% √
  = 0,65 √ (2)
• Product 2 = ^39%/_20%
  = 1,95 √ (2)

2.3.3 Interpretation of price elasticity of supply for the two products

• Supply for product 1 is inelastic √
• Supply for product 2 is elastic √ (2)

2.3.4 TWO factors affecting supply of the products

• Price √ 
• Possibilities of increasing the supply of goods/time √ 
• Technology √ 
• Production costs √ 
• Expectations of the future price √ 
• Environmental conditions √ 
• Subsidies √ (Any 2) (2)

2.4 SWOT analysis

2.4.1 Use of SWOT analysis to identify the following

(a) TWO strengths

• Availability of land √ 
• Services by an extension officer √ 
• Human resource √  (Any 2) (2)

(b) ONE weakness

• Lack of capital √ 
• Lack of skills √  (Any 1) (1)

(c) ONE opportunity

• Identified market √ 
• Services of the extension officer √  (Any 1) (1)

(d) TWO threats

• Unreliable weather √ 
• Competition from another project/Flourishing project in a nearby village √ 
• Lack of funds √ 
• Lack of skills √  (Any 2) (2)

2.4.2 THREE actions to correct threats

• Application of scientific methods/ use of modern technology √ 
• Establishment of sound market chain √ 
• Consider processing and value adding √ 
• Source interest free funding and subsidies √ 
• Consider training; internships and voluntary hands on experience √  (Any 3) (3)

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QUESTION 3: PRODUCTION FACTORS

3.1 Land as a production factor

3.1.1 TWO characteristics of land

• Land is subject to the law of diminishing return √ 
• Land is durable (2)

3.1.2 Explanation of the law of diminishing return

• More units of fertiliser √ 
• Did not result to proportional further increase the yield √  (2)

3.1.3 TWO functions of land from the case study

• It enables the production of food √ 
• It provides physical space for industry √  (2)

3.1.4 TWO ways to increase productivity of land

• Changing cropping systems/intercropping/adaptation to scientific methods √ 
• Restoring land potential/halting erosion √ 
• Consolidate small uneconomic land units √ 
• Improving water management/provision √  (Any 2) (2)

3.2 Capital as a production factor

3.2.1 Explanation of the assistance of using a cash flow budget

• It shows the flow of cash into and out of the farming operation √ 
• To determine the profit and loss √  (2)

3.2.2 Monthly income

• Sale of eggs = R8 000 per week x 4 = R32 000 √ 
• Sale of broilers = R12 500 per week x 4 = R50 000 √ 
  = R32 000 + R50 000 = R82 000 √  (3)

3.2.3 Decision to continue with the business

• Farmer must continue with the business √ (1)

3.2.4 Reason

• Income is more than the expenditure √ 
• The business is run at a profit. (Profit is R43 000) √ (2)

3.2.5 TWO forms of capital

• Floating/working capital √ 
• Movable capital √  (2)

3.3 Ability levels of farmers and farm workers

3.3.1 TWO skills of farm manager based on graph

• Planning √ 
• Entrepreneurial √  (2)

3.3.2 One important skill needed by the farm worker

Technical skill √  (1)

3.3.3 Justification of skill needed by the farm worker

• Worker needs to perform practical activities √ 
• using hands √  (2)

3.3.4 TWO management skills important to the farmer other than the skills in the graph

• Financial √ 
• Communication and interpersonal √ 
• Problem-solving √ 
• Decision-making √  (Any 2) (2)

3.3.5 TWO management principles

• Planning √ 
• Motivation √ 
• Control √ 
• Implementation √ 
• Control √  (Any 2) (2)

3.4 Labour Legislation

3.4.1 21 days leave of absence farm employees entitled to

Annual leave √  (1)

3.4.2 4 months leave of absence female employees entitled to

Maternity leave √  (1)

3.4.3 Leave of absence for flu

Sick leave √  (1)

3.5 Labour

3.5.1
Calculation of worker payment during public holiday

• R111.72 x 2 = R223.44 √  OR R111.72 x 2 x 3 √  =
  R670.32 √ 
• R223.44 x 3 = R670.32 √   (2)

3.5.2 Deduction of a labour practice

Unfair labour practice √  (1)

3.5.3 Justification of answer in QUESTION 3.5.2

• Worker underpaid/worker received R270.32 less √ 
• Public holidays are double paid according to Public Holiday Act/ allowance on public holidays is double the allowance of normal working days √  (2)

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QUESTION 4: BASIC AGRICULTURAL GENETICS

4.1 Growth rates between cattle breeds

4.1.1 Type of breeding system

Cross breeding √  (1)

4.1.2 Parents that produced calves with highest average daily gain

Hereford bulls and Brahman cows √ (1)

4.1.3 TWO reasons for better performance of these calves

• Offspring have hybrid vigour/heterosis √ 
• Are better adapted to poor veld conditions/more hardy √ 
• Have a better feed conversion rate √  (Any 2) (2)

4.1.4 Criteria/rubric/marking guidelines

• Correct heading √ 
•  X axis - correctly calibrated and labelled (number crossing) √ 
• Y axis - correctly calibrated and labelled (ADG) √ 
• Correct units (g/day) √ 
• Accuracy √ 
• Bar graph √  (6)

4.2 Inheritance

4.2.1 Type of inheritance controlling milk yield

Polygenic inheritance √  (1)

4.2.2 Milk yield of a Jersey cow with genotype AAbb

AA = 20+ 20 = 40 litres √ 
AAbb = 200 + 40 litres √ 
= 240 litres √  (3)

4.2.3 Phenotypic and genotypic ratio of F1-generation

AABB x aabb
AB x ab √ 
Genotype : 4 AaBb √ 
Phenotype : all producing 240 litres √  (3)

4.3 Inheritance

4.3.1 The phenomenon in QUESTION 4.3

Atavism √ (1)

4.3.2 Reason

• A recessive gene for red which was switched off and not expressed √ 
• In the phenotype in the past is now switched on and expressed √  (2)

4.3.3 Alternative term for atavism

Throwback √ (1)

4.4 Selection and breeding

4.4.1 Differentiation between selection and heritability 

Selection

• is choosing of individuals for breeding purposes √ 
• due to superior characteristics √  (2)

Heritability

• is the degree to which the characteristics are determined √ 
• by genetic factors √  (2)

4.4.2 TWO advantages of a species crossing

• They are hardy animals √ 
• They are drought animals √ 
• They are highly durable √  (Any 2) (2)

4.4.3 TWO related breeding systems

• Line breeding √ 
• Inbreeding √  (2)

4.4.4 Importance of using EBV

• It indicates the heritability of a particular characteristic √ 
• to predict the success of a breeding programme √  (2)

4.5 Effects of mutagenic agents

4.5.1 Gamma and X-rays

Damages DNA molecule and causes it to break √ (1)

4.5.2 Metals

Change the chemical structure of a DNA molecule √ (1)

4.5.3 Alkaloids

They prevent chromosome segregation √ (1)

4.5.4 Viruses

They insert their own DNA √  (1)
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TOTAL SECTION B: 105
GRAND TOTAL: 150