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HISTORY PAPER 2 GRADE 12 ADDENDUM - NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS NOVEMBER 2017
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GRADE 12
ADDENDUM
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
NOVEMBER 2017
QUESTION 1:
WHAT LESSONS CAN SOUTH AFRICANS LEARN FROM BANTU STEPHEN BIKO WHO DIED FORTY YEARS AGO?
SOURCE 1A
The source below focuses on how the philosophy of Black Consciousness emerged in South Africa in the 1960s.
| One of the principal factors explaining the new mood of assertiveness (forcefulness) so evident among black South Africans in many parts of the country was the growth of the philosophy of Black Consciousness. This was one of the most important developments in South Africa in the 1960s. During this decade numerous organisations supported the values of Black Consciousness, for example the South African Students' Movement (SASM) and the Black People's Convention (BPC). Although influenced by American Black Power Movements and writers, like Frantz Fanon, the philosophy of Black Consciousness was an indigenous phenomenon (local movement). It had the following components: The first component was psychological liberation. Because whites preached their own superiority and controlled all political, economic and social institutions, blacks developed feelings of inferiority and sought to emulate (to follow) their masters. Psychological liberation meant enabling blacks to purge (remove) themselves of negative conceptions and replace them with positive self-awareness, such as pride in black culture, history and heritage. The second component of Black Consciousness was the weaning (to gradually withdraw) of blacks from their dependence on whites. The third component of Black Consciousness sought to unite all the black people in South Africa, including Indians and Coloured people. The term 'black' thus encompassed (included) Coloureds, Indians and Africans, since they too were victims of social, political and economic discrimination. Black Consciousness rejected the ethnic institutionalisation of African politics, such as the divide and rule strategy designed to foment (provoke) division. |
SOURCE 1B
The source below outlines how Bantu Stephen Biko was arrested by the police and subsequently murdered on 12 September 1977.
| Bantu Stephen Biko was an influential leader, but the way he died so pitiably (sadly) exposed the poverty of morality (values) at the heart of the state. Biko, who had eluded (avoided) police for a year, was on his way to Cape Town in mid-August to distribute pamphlets 'inciting blacks to cause riots and overthrow the government', police said when he was arrested at a road block outside Grahamstown in terms of Section 6 of the Terrorism Act. This Act allowed for indefinite (continued) detention. The next day he was driven to Port Elizabeth, where he was stripped naked and held in various cells for the next two weeks. Still naked, but placed in leg irons, he was taken to police headquarters on 6 September, where he was interrogated by Gideon Nieuwoudt and four other security police officers. On that day, or soon after, he was rammed (hit) against the wall so hard that he sustained a brain injury that would kill him. (Police said at the inquest that he had banged his head in a scuffle …) Biko did not die immediately, but it was clear to his persecutors that something was very wrong. They called in no fewer than three state doctors who made false diagnoses (assessments) to protect the interrogators. When Biko's condition became grave (serious) and police were urged to take him to hospital, he was dumped, naked and unconscious, in the back of a police van and driven 1 600 km to Pretoria. There, on 12 September 1977, he 'died a miserable, brutal and lonely death on a mat on the stone floor of a prison cell'. |
SOURCE 1C
The photograph below shows an anti-apartheid activist carrying a poster of Bantu Stephen Biko at his funeral on 25 September 1977 in King William's Town.
SOURCE 1D
The extract below outlines the circumstances under which Bantu Stephen Biko was murdered. It was written by Helen Zille while she was a reporter at the Rand Daily Mail.
| The Minister (Jimmy Kruger) implied that Biko had starved himself to death. Everyone knew that the Minister was lying. So did the Minister himself, but his incapacity to grasp the enormity (extent) of the situation and his palpable (intense) disdain (disregard) for the life of a black man were captured in one of the most callous (painful) four-word statements ever made: 'It leaves me cold …' … Allister Sparks (editor of the Rand Daily Mail) was determined that we would get to the truth. 'We knew we had to get to the truth – but how? … On the morning of 29 September, the breakthrough came. … the truth was recorded in the pathologist's report signed by both Dr Gluckman and the chief state pathologist, Professor JD Loubser. In black and white it said: 'Cause of Death: Brain Damage'. … Allister decided to send me (Helen Zille) to Port Elizabeth to contact and interview anyone who might have had contact with Steve Biko in his final days, starting with the doctors. My question to the doctor was simple: Could they confirm that Steve Biko had died of a hunger strike? If not, why did he die? … Dr Colin Hersch, a specialist physician, who had also been called in to determine whether Biko was "shamming" (pretending to be hurt) … I told him I needed to confirm the Minister's statement that Steve Biko had died of a hunger strike. … He would not go further than to confirm to me that Biko was not emaciated (thin) when he died; slightly overweight, in fact. The minute I heard that, it was as good as confirmed that Steve Biko did not die of a hunger strike. I thanked Dr Hersch and left.' |
QUESTION 2:
HOW DID THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) DEAL WITH THE MURDER OF POLITICAL ACTIVISTS, SUCH AS AHMED TIMOL?
SOURCE 2A
The newspaper article below, 'In Cold Blood: The Killing of Ahmed Timol', was written by Ivor Powell and focuses on how the political activist, Ahmed Timol, was murdered.
| On Friday 22 October 1971, Ahmed Timol, together with his friend, the 21-year-old Wits University medical student, Mohammed Salim Essop, were stopped at a police roadblock. It was about 23:00. In the boot of their yellow Anglia, various pieces of incriminating (implicating) evidence were discovered. These included copies of Inkululeku, the 50th anniversary address of the South African Communist Party (SACP) and lists with names and addresses. They were transported to the Newlands Police Station before being taken to John Vorster Square. At about 03:15 the next morning, Lieutenant Colonel Petrus van Wyk arrived from Pretoria and was joined by a team of specialist interrogators, including Captains JZ van Niekerk, Richard Bean and JH Gloy. For Timol an interrogation was about to begin which would last until Wednesday afternoon, when he met his death. In the subsequent inquest, police interrogators insisted they had not laid a hand on Timol. The condition of the detainee's body found in the shrubbery (bushes) outside police headquarters, however, told a very different story. It was covered with bruises, abrasions (cuts), scabs; the left eye was sunk back in its socket and gouged (removed) underneath the lid. The death of Ahmed Timol marked a turning point in the struggle against apartheid. Major General CA Buys, chief of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID) and the man in charge of the investigation into Timol's death, told Rapport's Freek Swart two days after Timol's death, 'Ahmed was sitting calmly on a chair. There were security policemen with him. At one stage two of them went out of the room. Then Timol suddenly jumped up and aimed for the door. A security policeman ran to the door to stop him. But the Indian then dashed for the window and jumped out. Nobody frightened him or touched him. The post mortem will show that,' General Buys concluded … It all happened 25 years ago. Many of the key role players in the drama have died and the rest have long since left the police force. There is very little real prospect that justice will be done via the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and even less, one might venture, via the courts. |
SOURCE 2B
The source below explains the reasons for the establishment of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). It focuses on how political activists, like Ahmed Timol, were murdered.
Related Items
| The TRC was a product of the political compromises wrought (produced) during the negotiations that ended apartheid. The Promotion of National Unity and Reconciliation Act, 1995 (Act 34 of 1995) established the TRC to investigate politically motivated gross human rights violations perpetrated (committed) between 1960 and 1994. The intent was to prevent such atrocities from reoccurring and to unify a divided nation scarred by past conflicts. South Africa's TRC was the first truth commission to offer amnesty to individuals who fully disclosed in public their involvement in politically motivated crimes. In doing so, the democratic government embraced the concept of 'restorative justice' instead of the 'retributive justice'. President Nelson Mandela selected a diverse group of 17 TRC commissioners, naming Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Nobel laureate and anti-apartheid icon, as its chairperson and the deputy chairperson, Alex Borraine. 'Certainly, amnesty cannot be viewed as justice if we think of justice only as retributive and punitive in nature,' said Tutu. 'We believe, however, that there is another kind of justice, a restorative justice which is concerned not so much with punishment, as with correcting imbalances, restoring broken relationships with healing, harmony and reconciliation and to also find out about political killings and disappearance of activists, such as Ahmed Timol.' In this regard 78-year-old Hawa Timol appeared frail and bewildered before the TRC as she relived the horrors of her son's killing in October 1971. |
SOURCE 2C
This source shows Hawa Timol (mother of Ahmed Timol) giving evidence at the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). It was held on 30 April 1996 at the Methodist Church in Johannesburg.
SOURCE 2D
The article below outlines the NPA's intention to reopen the case into the murder of Ahmed Timol. It appeared in News24 on 26 October 2016 and was entitled 'AHMED TIMOL INQUEST REOPENED 2 DAYS BEFORE THE 45TH ANNIVERSARY OF HIS DEATH'.
| On Tuesday the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) informed the Timol Family Trust of its decision to reopen the inquest (investigation). This was as a result of family and political pressure into Ahmed Timol's murder. Timol's nephew, Imtiaz Ahmed Cajee, paid tribute to Timol's mother, Hawa Timol, who appeared before the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in 1996 to plead for her son's case to be reopened. 'My grandmother has since passed away, but she will be smiling in heaven today,' Cajee said. He said intensive investigations left the family convinced that members of the SAP branch were responsible for the death. Information regarding Timol's killing was forwarded to the head of the priority crimes litigation (prosecution) unit of the National Prosecuting Authority. Cajee said reopening the inquest would provide details of what transpired in the last days of his uncle's life. Other important outstanding questions related to Timol's movements in the days leading up to his arrest. 'Was his underground operation compromised by an informer? And, was the police roadblock at which he was arrested staged to appear that the arrest was accidental?' the Timol Family Trust asked. In commemoration of the 45th anniversary of his death, the Ahmed Timol Exhibition will be opened in Ginsberg, King William's Town. The Timol Family Trust said it hoped the inquest would set a precedent (example) for other families to follow. |
QUESTION 3:
HOW WAS SOUTH AFRICA'S POULTRY INDUSTRY AFFECTED BY GLOBALISATION?
SOURCE 3A
The source below focuses on globalisation and its impact on developing countries. It appeared in an article entitled 'The Negative Effects of Globalisation on South Africa' and was published on 14 April 2014.
| Globalisation refers to the process of the integration of economic, political, social and cultural relations among people, companies and governments of different nations and countries. It is a process aimed at improving international movement of goods, services, labour and capital. This process also directly affects the environment, culture, political systems, economic development and prosperity and human physical wellbeing of societies in the world. Globalisation supports internationalism and support between countries, as opposed to nationalism and protectionism, which have negative characteristics. Over the past 30 years the globalisation of the economy led by the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and transnational entities has happened at a very quick pace. The impoverishment of Africa is a consequence of such processes. Decisions by international organisations ensure that the odds are stacked against nations of the South because of power imbalances; rules are made to disadvantage poor nations. Thus, international agreements have unequal outcomes. This has pressured governments of developing countries, such as South Africa, to remove its trade barriers to the cross-border flow of capital and products, such as the poultry industry. |
SOURCE 3B
The source below focuses on the crisis that the South African poultry industry experienced as a result of cheap imports from countries in the European Union. It was written by J Cameron in an article entitled 'Unfair Game? South African Poultry Industry in Crisis'.
| Anti-globalisation sentiment (protest) has begun to push the world towards protectionism and South African poultry producers want to join the bandwagon. They reckon farmers in the European Union (EU) are playing an unfair game by selling poultry pieces below cost. But EU producers deny they are offloading poultry legs, thighs and wings at waste product prices in South Africa. Instead, they say South African producers are not on top of their game and that EU producers are simply more efficient. In fact, they allege that South African poultry producers cheat consumers by injecting birds with water or brine to increase their weight. Thousands of jobs are at stake, with some senior figures warning that South Africa might not even have a poultry industry within a year. South Africa's government has already imposed tariffs on poultry from some countries to give local producers the upper hand in the fight for the domestic market share. It seems likely it will heed the call by producers again. After all, with rampant (widespread) unemployment, the country needs every job it can get and elections are looming. In the meantime, South African poultry producers should spend more time contemplating (considering) how they can be more competitive and less time passing the buck and pushing for artificial business advantage in order to ensure long-term sustainability … 'We definitely have distress,' South African Trade Minister, Rob Davies, said in an interview. 'We will not have an industry to raise the competitiveness if imports continue to flood the market.' |
SOURCE 3C
The cartoon by B Reynolds below, portrays the competition between local producers (South African) and cheap imports (international poultry producers). The Minister of Trade and Industry, Rob Davies, is depicted as the match referee. The cartoon appeared in the Business Day on 26 January 2017.
SOURCE 3D
The article below focuses on how the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) attempted to help the South African poultry industry.
| This follows the Food and Allied Workers' Union (FAWU) plea to government to tighten regulations governing imported poultry. The Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) said on Monday the South African government had been working with the local poultry producers to address the challenges in the industry as a result of poultry imported from European Union (EU) countries, such as Britain. The DTI was responding to the plea made by the Food and Allied Workers' Union (FAWU) for government to tighten regulations governing imported poultry in a bid to save jobs in the South African poultry industry. At least three major South African poultry producers have announced steps to begin retrenching more than 3 500 workers combined in order to remain a going concern, as they struggle under heavy competition from cheap imported poultry. The DTI said government, through it and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), had initiated measures to protect local poultry producers against unfair competition. 'Over the last three years, upon application by the industry through the International Trade and Administration Commission (ITAC), a number of actions were taken by the government to address the challenges in the industry,' the DTI said in a statement. 'The actions vary from an increase in tariffs covering a number of poultry products in line with South Africa's international commitments, imposing trade remedies where evidence indicates dumping of poultry in the South Africa market or where there is a surge in imports.' |
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Visual sources and other historical evidence were taken from the following:
Berman, JK. 2001. Soweto Black Revolt, White Reaction (Ravan Press, Johannesburg)
Morris, M. 2012. Apartheid: An Illustrated History (Jonathan Ball Publishers, Jeppestown)
http://aese.psu.edu/students/research/ced-urj/news/2014/broken-promises-globalization-and-bp-oil
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/2253092.stm
http://overcomingapartheid.msu.edu/unit.php?id=65-24E-3&page=1
http://sabctrc.saha.org.za/hearing.php?id=55646&t=timol&tab=hearings
http://www.mcspotlight.org/campaigns/translations/trans_uk.html.
http://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/ahmed-timol-inquest-reopened-2-days-before-45th-anniversary-of-his-death-20161026
Sunday Times Inside Magazine, 9 June 1996
www.nydailynews.com/opinion/bramhall-cartoons-august-2d3-gallery-
Zille, H. 2016. Not Without a Fight: The Autobiography (Goodreads, South Africa)