HISTORY P2
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2016
MEMORANDUM
NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE
GRADE 12

1. SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS
1.1 The following cognitive levels were used to develop source-based questions:

MARKING MATRIX FOR ESSAY: TOTAL: 50

* Guidelines for allocating a mark for Level 1:

• Question not addressed at all/totally irrelevant content; no attempt to structure the essay = 0
• Question includes basic and generally irrelevant information; no attempt to structure the essay = 1–6
• Question inadequately addressed and vague; little attempt to structure the essay = 7–13
  
  

SECTION A: SOURCE-BASED QUESTIONS
QUESTION 1: WHY DID THE BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS MOVEMENT DECIDE TO INTRODUCE COMMUNITY-BASED PROGRAMMES IN THE 1970s?
1.1
1.1.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1A – L1]

• SASO
• SASM
• NAYO
• BPC (any 3 x 1) (3)

1.1.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2]

• Dr Ramphele was a BC activist and inspired people to follow the philosophy/teachings of BC
• Dr Ramphele was the resident doctor for the Zanempilo Clinic
• She played a role in making black South Africans aware of the philosophy/teachings of BC
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.1.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1A – L2]

• He played an active role in establishing the black community programmes
• He played a role in establishing other Black Consciousness organisations
• Through the philosophy of BC he inspired the youth to challenge the apartheid government
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.2
1.2.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1]

• To encourage the youth to become independent
• To instil dignity
• To uplift the community through various projects
• To ensure black South Africans assist each other (2 x 1) (2)

1.2.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1B – L2]

• Zanempilo was also used as a place where the community could meet to discuss issues that affected them
• Zanempilo was also used as a venue for various celebratory events
• It became a meeting point and a training ground for political activists
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.2.3 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1]

• BC organisations were banned in 1977 (1 x 2) (2)

1.2.4 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1B – L1]

• Empowering women
• Encouraging them to establish vegetable gardens (self-reliance)
• Economic initiatives ( 3 x 1) (3)

1.3 [Comparison of evidence from Sources 1A and 1B – L3]

• Source 1A indicates that Biko wanted to launch projects such as Black Community Programmes while Source 1B confirms that the Zanempilo Health Clinic was established as a community project for the community
• Source 1A indicates that Biko's ideas would later become the theory for the philosophy of BC while Source 1B indicates his ideas which were translated into the aims of BC had encouraged black South Africans to become independent
• Source 1A refers to Zanempilo Clinic that was a BC inspired project outside King William's Town while Source 1B confirms that the Zanempilo Clinic provided primary healthcare to the community outside King William's Town
• Any other relevant comparison (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.4.
1.4.1 [Extract evidence from Source 1C – L1]

• Zanempilo Clinic (1 x 1) (1)

1.4.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1C – L2]

• Zanempilo was used as a meeting venue
• Zanempilo was used as a training facility for political activists
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

1.5
1.5.1 [Extraction of evidence from Source 1D – L1]

• To encourage black South Africans to stand in solidarity
• To encourage black South Africans to become self-reliant
• To free black South Africans from white racism
• To free black South Africans from colonialism
• To free black South Africans from capitalism (any 3 x 1) (3)

1.5.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 1D – L2]

• The apartheid government's police force often harassed black South Africans
• The apartheid government's police force often intimidated black South Africans
• The apartheid government imposed banning orders on black South Africans
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.5.3 [Evaluating the usefulness of evidence from Source 1D – L3]

• The source mentions the reluctance of black South Africans to become involved in community development programmes
• The source mentions it was not easy to eradicate psychological inferiority
• The source provides reasons on how the oppressor divided the oppressed
• The source highlights the difficulties of police harassment, intimidation and banning orders
• The source mentions the fear of being sent to Robben Island
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

1.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis from relevant sources – L3]
Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:

• The philosophy of black Consciousness encouraged black pride and self-confidence (own knowledge)
• The role that the BCM played in establishing community based programmes (Source 1A)
• Community programmes were used to uplift the communities (Source 1B)
• The community programmes were introduced by black South Africans to uplift impoverished Black South Africans (Source 1B)
• The community programmes were an extension of the philosophy of black Consciousness which filtered into communities (Source 1B)
• Community programmes were used to unite people and teach them how to challenge the apartheid government (own knowledge)
• The Zanempilo Clinic was an example of the community programme to uplift black South African communities (Sources 1B and 1C)
• The Zanempilo Clinic was used as a meeting place, training venue and venue for celebrations and for political schooling (Source 1B)
• The community programmes wanted to instil self-reliance in black South Africans (Source 1D)
• The community programmes wanted to rid black South Africans of white racism, capitalism and colonialism (own knowledge)
• Any other relevant response
  
  

Use the following rubric to assess the paragraph:

(8)
[50]

QUESTION 2: HOW DID THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION (TRC) DEAL WITH THE PROCESS OF REPARATIONS?
2.1
2.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 2A – L1]

• Government was to provide a multifaceted framework for reparations
• Reparations should not be confined to monetary compensation (2 x 1) (2)

2.1.2 [Explanation of a historical concept from Source 2A – L1]

• Compensation for the loss of human life and property
• Payment for damages that a person might have sustained
• Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2)

2.1.3 [Extraction of information from Source 2A – L1]

• A structure be developed in the President's office with a limited secretariat and fixed lifespan
• There should be a national day of remembrance (2 x 1) (2)

2.1.4 [Interpretation and analysis of evidence from Source 2A – L2]
Candidates can indicate YES or NO and support their answer with evidence

YES

• 21 March is now commemorated as Human Rights Day to honour all victims that experienced human rights violations in the past
• Dingane/Day of Vow has been replaced with the Day of National Reconciliation-16 December
• 16 June is commemorated as Youth Day to honour all youth who lost their lives in the fight for a democratic South Africa
• 9 August is commemorated as Women's Day to honour the role of women in the struggle for democracy
• Any other relevant response
  OR
  
  NO
• Candidates need to support their response with relevant evidence (any 2 x 2) (4)

2.2
2.2.1 [Extraction of information from Source 2B – L1]

• The media was interested in the reparations process of the TRC
• The victims accused the government of moving slowly on the process of the TRC
• Both the TRC and government accused each other for not carrying out their respective mandates
• Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2)

2.2.2 [Extraction of information from Source 2B – L1]

• They have been victimised by what happened to them in the past and had to watch perpetrators getting amnesty
  Victims waited for two and a half years for a meagre payment of R3 500 (1 x 1) (1)

2.2.3 [Extraction of information from Source 2B – L1]

• United Nations Human Rights Committee
• Inter-American Court of Human Rights
• European Court of Human Rights (3 x 1) (3)

2.2.4 [Evaluating the usefulness of Source 2B – L3]

• The article gives a new and holistic view about the challenges that the TRC faced
• It looked at all the important players regarding the process of reparation
• It provided an international perspective on the issues of reparation which might be useful to students and scholars
• The article was published within the period in which the government had to act on the recommendations of the TRC
• Information in the source can be corroborated/supported by other publications/authors/commentators
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

2.3 [Comparing perspectives in Sources 2A and 2B – L3]

• Source 2A emphasises a holistic approach to the issue of reparations by the South African government while Source 2B gives views of political and social commentators whose main focus was monetary compensation for the victims
• Source 2A advocated a long term view on the process of reparations while Source 2B focuses on the urgent compensation of victims who suffered human rights violations
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

2.4
2.4.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2]

• The South African government did not prioritise the rights of victims who experienced human rights violations
• Government was not interested in the process of reparations
• The TRC and government differed on how the process of reparations should unfold
• The ANC was not interested in the process of reparation
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2C – L2]

(a)

• The government showed an attitude of being uninterested/looking in the other direction
• Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2)

(b)

• The victims felt neglected/ betrayed / forgotten by the government and are crying out for help
• Any other relevant response (1 x 2) (2)

2.5.1 [Extraction of information from Source 2D – L1]

• Reparations for victims who were traumatised has been the TRC's single biggest failure (1 x 2) (2)
  2.5.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 2D – L2]
• Sooka reacted furiously because she viewed this statement as an insult to people who suffered under apartheid
• The cabinet minister was insensitive to the plight of the victims who suffered from human rights violations
• Sooka thought that some people in government were against reparations for victims who suffered from gross human rights violations
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.3 [Explaining the differences between historical concepts using Source 2D and own knowledge – L2]

• Restorative justice focuses on healing and reconciliation while retributive justice emphasises punishment and vengeance
• Restorative justice can foster unity and repentance (full disclosure) while retributive justice can lead to more divisions in a society and a defensive approach by the perpetrators (may hide incriminating information and thus no full disclosure)
• Any other relevant response (2 x 2) (4)

2.6 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis from relevant sources – L3]
Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:

• The recommendations of the TRC enabled the government to broadly look into the issue of reparations taking into consideration the constitutional mandate (Sources 2A and 2D)
• Victims and families did get monetary reparations but it was insufficient.
• The government carried out programmes/ projects on restoring human dignity and bringing about social cohesion (Source 2A)
• In most cases, victims of human rights violations were prioritised regarding housing allocation and construction of RDP houses (own knowledge)
• Symbolic reparations/exhumations and reburials of the remains of victims (own knowledge)
• Bursaries for children of the military veterans and victims of human rights violations (own knowledge)
• The TRC was powerless to force the government to carry out all of its recommendations (Source 2C). (For example a once- off wealth tax on corporations or to determine the exact amount to be paid to victims)
• Government neglected the human face of reparations (Source 2C)
• Victims had to wait for a considerable time to get monetary reparations (Source 2B)
• The government had not paid a considerable number of victims by 2003 (own knowledge)
• Monetary compensations for victims were insufficient (Source 2B)
• Some victims never received monetary compensation as promisedby the TRC (Sources 2C and 2D)
• In some cases, government conveyed different messages to society thus bringing hopelessness among the victims (Sources 2A, 2C and 2D)
• Any other relevant response

Use the following rubric to allocate marks:

(8)
[50]

QUESTION 3:
WHY WAS SOUTH AFRICA'S MEMBERSHIP TO THE BRICS GROUP REGARDED AS CONTROVERSIAL?
3.1
3.1.1 [Extraction of information from Source 3A – L1]

• South Africa requested membership to the BRICS group
• President Zuma visited the BRICS group on numerous occasions to lobby for membership to BRICS
• President Zuma indicated that South Africa's economy account for about a third of the sub-Saharan Gross Domestic Product which could be a huge benefit to the BRICS group
• The BRICS group will have access to a large market in South Africa and sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) (any 2 x 1) (2)

3.1.2 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3A – L2]

• China is the most populous country in the BRICS group
• China has the second largest economy in the world
• China has the largest economy in the BRICS group
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.1.3 [Extraction of information from Source 3A – L1]

• South Africa has a large number of wealthy consumers
• Has the largest energy production capacity in sub-Saharan Africa
• Is one of the largest producer of precious metals (any 2 x 1) (2)

3.1.4 [Extraction of information from Source 3A – L1]

• Critics felt that emerging economies with faster economic growth than South Africa should have been considered for inclusion in the BRICS group
  (1 x 2) (2)

3.2
3.2.1 [Extraction of information from Source 3B – L1]

• Brazil
• Russia
• India
• China
• South Africa (any 3 x 1) (3)

3.2.2 [Interpretation of evidence from a visual from Source 3B – L2]

• The BRICS group seem happy (singing, dancing, smiling, celebrating)
• The BRICS group is joining arms in celebration of their economic and political relations
• Any other relevant response (any 1 x 2) (2)

3.2.3 [Interpretation of evidence from a visual Source 3B – L2]
The words in the cartoon could refer to:

• The BRICS group desire to counter western dominance of world affairs (unipolar) by establishing a 'new' world order (multi-polar)
• The BRICS group co-operation to foster global security and economic stability (multi-polar) vs western dominance of international markets/economy
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.3
3.3.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3C – L2]

• O'Neill felt that South Africa's influence in Africa is not a good enough reason for its inclusion into the BRICS group
• O'Neill felt that South Africa's influence in the African Union is also diminishing therefore it should be omitted from the BRICS group
• O'Neill stated that Nigeria's economy has overtaken that of South Africa and should be included in the BRICS group
• O'Neill felt that because of South Africa's political and economical demise on the African continent, South Africa has lost its super power status and does not deserve to be included in the BRICS group
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.3.2 [Extraction of information from Source 3C – L1]

• China
• Brazil (2 x 1) (2)

3.3.3 [Extraction of information from Source 3C – L1]

• South Africa has a small population in comparison to the other countries within the BRICS group
• South Africa has the smallest GDP in comparison to the other countries within the BRICS group (2 x 1) (2)

3.4 [Interpretation and analysis of evidence from the Source 3C to draw independent conclusions – L3]
Candidates need to indicate whether they AGREE or DISAGREE and substantiate their answer with relevant evidence.

AGREE

• O'Neill is a world renown economist and his judgment on South Africa's inclusion in the BRICS group should be trusted
• O'Neill mentions salient evidence (South Africa has a small population, low GDP) as to why South Africa should not be included in the BRICS group
• The fact that South Africa's economy is not the largest on the continent is a valid reason to exclude her from the BRICS group
• He notes that South Africa's political influence in Africa is diminishing and therefore should be excluded from the BRICS group
• Any other relevant response
  
  OR

DISAGREE

• O'Neill's reasons with regard to South Africa's membership to the BRICS group is purely based on economic principals and not on what South Africa can contribute to the BRICS group to achieve its economic and political goals
• O'Neill does not refer to how South Africa as a member of BRICS can support them to expand its markets into Southern Africa
• O'Neill does not refer to how South Africa as a member of BRICS can help them to expand its markets to the rest of Africa
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.4
3.4.1 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3D – L2]

• South Africa can act as a gateway for the BRICS group by playing a leading role in setting the agenda for development in Africa
• South Africa can act as a voice of Africa through BRICS
• South Africa can harness more support for Africa, because of its inclusion in the BRICS group (financial, development, international
  affairs)
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.4.2 [Extraction of information from Source 3D – L1]

• China (1 x 1) (1)

3.4.3 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3D – L3]
To a great extent

• Trade between Africa and the BRICS group (China) has grown from 4.6% in 1993 to 19% in 2009
• Trade between Africa and the BRICS group has resulted in a trade surplus for Africa
• Trade between Africa and the BRICS group is expected to reach $400 billion by 2030
• Any other relevant response (any 2 x 2) (4)

3.4.4 [Interpretation of evidence from Source 3D – L2]

• BRICS nations could support the African Union with financially to embark on its peace initiatives to resolve crises in many African countries
• The BRICS nations could support co-operation between the UN and the African Union to reduce/quell conflict in Africa (any 1 x 2) (2)

3.5 [Interpretation, evaluation and synthesis from relevant sources – L3]
Candidates could include the following aspects in their response:
The paragraph should include the following:

• South Africa's membership to the BRICS group was met with mixed reactions (Source 3A)
• Some critics felt that emerging economies with faster economic growth than South Africa should have been included in the BRICS group (Source 3A)
• South Africa is the smallest nation in the BRICS group and this would have had an economic and political impact on the BRICS group (Source 3B)
• South Africa was overtaken by Nigeria as the economic powerhouse on the African continent which brings into question its membership to BRICS (Source 3C)
• South Africa's influence in the African Union is diminishing which brings its superpower status into question (Source 3C)
• South Africa is not in the top 20 economies of the world (Source 3C)
• South Africa has a very small GDP which drags the BRICS group of countries down (Source 3C)
• South Africa's economic growth rate is slow and therefore does not qualify to be a member of the BRICS group (Source 3C)
• South Africa shows no sign of becoming one of the top largest economies in the world (own knowledge)
• Any other relevant response

Use the following ruBRICS to assess the paragraph

(8)
[50]

SECTION B: ESSAY QUESTIONS
QUESTION 4:
CIVIL RESISTANCE, 1970s TO 1980s: SOUTH AFRICA
[Plan, construct and discuss an argument based on evidence using analytical and interpretative skills]
SYNOPSIS
Candidates need to substantiate their line of argument with relevant evidence. They should focus on the strategies that PW Botha used to modify and reform apartheid and how this led to increased internal resistance. This was a turning point in South Africa's history during the 1980s. They need to discuss the nature of the resistance that different anti-Apartheid organisations embarked upon and how this was sustained throughout the 1980s.
MAIN ASPECTS
Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates need to substantiate their line of argument.

ELABORATION

• Botha introduces the tri-cameral parliament in 1983 to bring about change
• The UDF was launched in response to the tri-cameral parliament
• The UDF embarked on the 'Don't Vote Campaign' (Coloureds and Indians were discouraged from voting in elections for the tri-cameral parliament); 'Million Signature' Campaign (A petition against Apartheid)Internal resistance against the apartheid regime intensified through protests e.g. the outbreak of violence in the Vaal Triangle
• The Vaal Civics Association organised rent boycotts (Police arrested the civic leaders; Vaal townships erupted in violence; councillors were killed; schools boycotted)
• The government declared successive states of emergencies in 1985 and 1986 to stop opposition to apartheid but this tactic was unsuccessful.
• The role of Trade Unions (The formation of COSATU was a turning point in the struggle for freedom and democracy; the African Food Canning Workers Union called for the first national strike)
• These strikes were aimed at improving the working conditions of workers which included political rights
• Education struggles launched by the Education Crisis Committee, COSAS and NUSAS launched the Education Charter Campaign demand better education
• The role of the End Conscription Campaign (White males resisted conscription into the army; many white soldiers felt it was wrong to suppress township revolts)
• The End Conscription Campaign launched the 'Troops out of Townships'; Young white males refused to be drafted into the army
• The role of Black Sash (they opposed Apartheid, gave humanitarian aid to victims of Apartheid)
• Consumer boycotts played a vital role in the fight against the Apartheid regime (This affected the economy; declining economy impacted negatively on the white South African capitalists)
• Role of the Mass Democratic Movement (MDM was a broad resistance movement against Apartheid)
• By the end of 1989 South Africa became ungovernable and the apartheid government was forced into negotiations with the liberation movements
• Any other relevant response
• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion. [50]
  
  

QUESTION 5:
THE COMING OF DEMOCRACY TO SOUTH AFRICA AND COMING TO TERMS WITH THE PAST
[Plan, construct and discuss an argument based on evidence using analytical and interpretative skills]
SYNOPSIS
Candidates need to indicate to what extent the process of negotiations paved the way for South Africa's first democratic elections in 1994. They need to demonstrate how the various organisations mainly the ANC and NP showed determination to bring about change through a negotiated settlement.
MAIN ASPECTS
Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates need to take a stance and show to what extent the process of negotiations paved the way for South Africa's first democratic elections.

ELABORATION

• De Klerk comes to power in 1989 – background
• De Klerk's 2 February 1990 speech in parliament – a turning point for South Africa
• The unbanning of political and civic organisations such as the ANC and SACP
• De Klerk's decision to release Mandela from prison in 11 February 1990 which paved the way for negotiations
• Groote Schuur Minute - 2 May 1990 (ANC and NP met to talk)
• Pretoria Minute - 6 August 1990 (ANC agreed to suspend the armed struggle)
• CODESA 1 (19 political parties excluding AZAPO,CP and PAC)
• Declaration of Intent signed which hoped for a united South Africa, independent judiciary, constitution, multi-party democracy
• Violence erupted in some parts of the country such as the Rand and Natal
• White's only referendum (March 1992) to test the support for negotiations
• CODESA 2 (2 May 1992) collapsed. Parties failed to agree on a new constitution-making body and interim government
• NP wanted minority veto while ANC wanted an interim government for no longer than 18 months and simple majority rule
• Boipatong massacre and its consequences (17 June 1992)
• Bisho massacre derailed the process of negotiations (7 September 1992)
• Record of Understanding signed on 26 September 1992 between Roelf Meyer (NP) and Cyril Ramaphosa (ANC)
• Assassination of Chris Hani (10 April 1993) and its impact on South Africa
• Multi-party Negotiating Forum met at World Trade Centre to reach consensus on the process of negotiation
• Right-wing (AWB) attack on World Trade Centre and its consequences
• 'Sunset clause' introduced by Joe Slovo broke the negotiations deadlock
• Election date set for 27 April 1994
• ANC won elections and Mandela became the first black South African President
• Any other relevant response
• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion [50]
  
  

QUESTION 6:
THE END OF THE COLD WAR AND A NEW WORLD ORDER
[Plan, construct and discuss an argument based on evidence using analytical and interpretative skills]
SYNOPSIS
Candidates should critically discuss how the collapse of the Berlin Wall was responsible for political changes in South Africa after 1989. They should argue whether the collapse paved the way for negotiations between the National Party and the African National Congress. They need to take a line of argument and support their response with relevant evidence.
MAIN ASPECTS
Candidates should include the following aspects in their response:

• Introduction: Candidates should state how the collapse of the Soviet Union influenced change in South Africa. They should support their line of argument with relevant evidence.

ELABORATION
Candidates should include the following points in their answer.

• Role of Gorbachev and his policy of Perestroika and Glasnost
• By the end of 1989 the Soviet Union was disintegrating
• The communist regimes in Eastern Europe were collapsing
• The Berlin Wall had fallen in 1989
• Changes in the world contributed to the end of apartheid (communism was no longer a threat)
• The collapse of the USSR deprived the ANC of its main economic and military support
• Socialism was no longer a serious option for the ANC
• The National Party claimed to be protecting South Africans from a communist onslaught became unrealistic
• Western powers supported the move that South Africa resolve its problems peacefully and democratically
• It became evident the National Party government could not maintain white supremacy rule in South Africa indefinitely
• Influential National Party members started to realise that apartheid was not the answer to the needs of white capital
• There was no doubt that the continued repression of black people would not ensure political stability
• The government started to believe that reform was needed to include the development of a strong black middle class which would act as a 'bulwark against revolution'
• The security forces and state of emergency had not stopped township revolts
• By the late 1980 South Africa's economy was in a state of depression
• PW Botha suffered a stroke and was succeeded by FW De Klerk
• FW De Klerk started to accept that the struggle against apartheid was not a conspiracy directed from Moscow
• This enabled De Klerk to engage in discussions with the liberation organisations
• On 2 February 1990 De Klerk announced 'a new and just constitutional dispensation'
• Any other relevant response
• Conclusion: Candidates should tie up their argument with a relevant conclusion. [50]

TOTAL: 150