GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 1
GRADE 12 
NSC PAST PAPERS AND MEMOS
FEBRUARY/MARCH 2018

MEMORANDUM 

SECTION A: CLIMATE, WEATHER AND GEOMORPHOLOGY 
QUESTION 1 
1.1
1.1.1 Atlantic Ocean (1) 
1.1.2 Ridge/Wedge (1) 
1.1.3 1021 hPa/mb/between 1020 hPa and 1022 hPa (1) 
1.1.4 South Indian/Mauritius High Pressure/Anticyclone (1) 
1.1.5 Stable (1) 
1.1.6 Clockwise (1) 
1.1.7 25 °C (1) 
1.1.8 Summer (1) (8 x 1) (8)
1.2
1.2.1 A (1) 
1.2.2 F (1) 
1.2.3 C/D (1) 
1.2.4 D (1) 
1.2.5 E/C (1) 
1.2.6 B (1) 
1.2.7 G (1) (7 x 1) (7) 
1.3
1.3.1

• West (1)
• Westerly (1)
• Westwards (1)
• East to West/Southwest (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

1.3.2

• 10°S/south of the equator (1)
• Path of the Tropical Storm is east to southwest (1)
• Dangerous quadrant is in the bottom left/southwestern quadrant of the  system (1)
• Clockwise circulation of ascending air (1)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2)

1.3.3

• The forward movement of the system and wind direction in the system is  moving in the same direction and combines (2)
• The intense winds of the cyclone meets with the force of the entire cyclone  moving forward in this quadrant/semi-circle (2) 
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

1.3.4

• Deflected by the Westerlies (2)
• Anticyclonic circulation in Southern Hemisphere will deflect the cyclone (2)
• Weakening of tropical easterlies (2)
• Changes/differences in sea temperatures (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

1.3.5 EXPECTED WEATHER AND ITS IMPACTS ON COASTAL AREAS Torrential (heavy) rainfall: 

• flooding of coastal areas (2)
• infrastructural damage (2) 
• destruction of crops/livestock (2)
• injury/loss of life (2)
• devastation of coastal communities/economies (2)
• fertile top soil washed away (2)
• create difficulties for ships in docking in harbours (2) 

Gale/hurricane force winds/storm surges: 

• increases damage to roofs (2)
• destroy vegetated areas along coastline regions (2)
• increase the likelihood of storm surges (2) 
• creates a likelihood of power failures and other service disruptions on  coastal regions (2) 

High level of water will make swimming impossible (2) 
Storm conditions: 

• will have an adverse effect on ecosystems (2)
• will have negative effect on tourism (2) 

Positive:  

• Torrential rainfall is a source of water for coastal areas (2)
• Wind clears air pollution/smog
  [ANY FOUR IMPACTS EXPLAINED] (4 x 2) (8)

1.4
1.4.1 Night (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
1.4.2

• Terrestrial radiation which results in the cooling of the surface (2)
• Cold surface of valley slopes is required to cool down the air which develops  a cold, downslope wind at night (2)
• The cool air on the cooled surface gets heavy/dense and rolls down the  slope naturally under gravity (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

1.4.3

• Cool air descends onto the valley floor and forces the warm air that was in  the valley to rise (2)
• Risen warm air rests on top of the cold air (2)
• This results in an increase in temperature with height (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

1.4.4

• The atmosphere in the lower section of the valley cools down below dew  point temperature (2)
• Condensation occurs in the lower section of the valley (2)
• Small, visible droplets form radiation fog in the lower part of the valley (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

1.4.5

• The settlement will be above the radiation fog (2)
• There won't be dampness (2)
• Un-obscured view of the valley (2)
• Situated in the warm thermal belt (2)
• Receives maximum insolation (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

1.5
1.5.1 A wide open area found next to the banks of a river/Large area of flat land  found next to the banks of a river (1) 
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
1.5.2

• Formation of terraces alongside the river (1)
• Formation of valleys within valleys (1)
• A new floodplain has formed (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1) 

1.5.3 Lower Course (1) 
(Accept stage of old age/plain stage) (1 x 1) (1) 

1.5.4

1.                                                                
   • Composed of fertile silt deposits which promotes cultivation of crops (2) 
   • Next to the river channel with easy access to water (2) 
   • Floodplains are generally flat surfaces which promotes easy cultivation/  use of machinery (2) 
     [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)
2.                                                      
   • With rejuvenation, the river cuts down within the existing floodplain,  forming a new floodplain (2) 
   • Each time the floodplain becomes narrower (2) 
   • Leaving less space for cultivation of crops (2) 
   • The older terraces now are too high above water to be used (2) 
   • Old terraces are less fertile as flooding no longer occurs over them (2) 
   • No/less deposition of fertile sediment (2) 
   • Difficult to use machinery (2) 
   • Results in a decrease in yield (2) 
   • Decreased accessibility to the farm (2) 
   • Leads to a decline in income (2) 
     [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)

1.6
1.6.1 It is the lowest level to which a river can erode (1) 
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
1.6.2 The land cannot erode down below sea level (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
1.6.3

• The profile has a smooth and concave shape (2)
• No temporary base levels of erosion evident (2)
• No obstructions along the river course (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

1.6.4

• Due to a change in sea level, the gradient of the river becomes steeper (2)
• The river profile is no longer smooth (2)
• A knickpoint forms where the old sea level and now exposed sea-floor meet   (2)
• Renewed energy starts to erode the new knickpoint upstream (2)
• River profile becomes multi-concave/irregular (2)
• A temporary base level of erosion will develop along the river course (2)
• River becomes undergraded (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

1.6.5  (1 x 2) (2) 
1.6.6

• Erosion dominates in the upper course, removing all the obstacles (like  waterfalls and rapids) in the upper course (2)
• Eroded material is deposited in the lower course (2) 
• The balance that exists between erosion and deposition creates a concave  profile (2) (2 x 2) (4) [75]

QUESTION 2 
2.1
2.1.1 Air pressure decreases towards the centre/Lowest value in centre (1)
2.1.2 Along the west coast of South Africa (1) 
2.1.3 Southwards/South-southeastwards (1) 
2.1.4 Fog (1) 
2.1.5 20°C (1) 
2.1.6 Clockwise (1) 
2.1.7 Berg winds (1) (7 x 1) (7)
2.2
2.2.1 B/sheet flow (1) 
2.2.2 C/leveé (1) 
2.2.3 C/base flow (1) 
2.2.4 B/permanent (1) 
2.2.5 A/trellis (1) 
2.2.6 A/drainage pattern (1) 
2.2.7 C/waterfall (1) 
2.2.8 C/braided (1) (8 x 1) (8)
2.3
2.3.1 Cold front (1) (1 x 1) (1)
2.3.2

1. Cumulonimbus clouds (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
2. Rapid uplift of warm air to great heights and large scale condensation (2)  (1 x 2) (2) 

2.3.3 Too far south of country (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
2.3.4 

[Must show the difference to get TWO marks] (2 x 2) (4)
2.3.5

• The coldest air is ahead of the warm front (2)
• This will cause the cool air behind the cold front to be uplifted (2)
• The cold front is displaced of the surface (2)
• Cool air behind rises over cold air in front (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

2.4
2.4.1

• An increase in temperature with an increase in height/altitude (1)
• Negative lapse rate (1)
  [CONCEPT]
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

2.4.2 Winter (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
2.4.3 

• 1 mark for drawing of the escarpment
• 1 mark for position of inversion layer above the escarpment (2 x 1) (2) 

2.4.4 In Summer 

• Upper atmosphere warmer (2)
• Warmer air is lighter and less dense/surface low pressure (2)
• Warm air rising from the heated earth surface can force the inversion layer  further upwards (2)
• Kalahari High is weak/poorly developed/weak subsidence of cold air (2)

In Winter 

• The Kalahari High is dominant over the interior of South Africa (2)
• Upper atmosphere is colder thus strong subsidence (2)
• Colder air heavier and denser and forces the inversion layer down to below  the escarpment (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.4.5 CLIMATE 

• No moist air will be able to reach the interior (2)
• Limited condensation result in no cloud formation/clear skies (2)
• There will be a lack of rainfall/dry conditions (2)
• Lack of clouds increase terrestrial radiation and frost may occur (2)
• Atmosphere is stable (2)
• Apparent drought conditions will prevail (2) 

ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES 

• Limits crop cultivation due to the lack of rainfall (2)
• Only frost resistant crops can be grown (2)
• Seasonal labourers will have reduced income as there will not be sufficient  work (2)
• Rivers dry up and will influence recreational activities reducing tourism (2)
• Less water will impact on industrial activity (2)
• Limited power supply as generation of hydro-electricity is less and cannot be  fed into the national grid.
  [ANY FOUR. MUST REFER TO CLIMATE AND ECONOMIC] (4 x 2) (8) 

2.5
2.5.1 Drainage density is the total length of streams in a drainage basin divided by  the total area of the drainage basin/The relationship between the length of  streams in a drainage basin and the size of the drainage basin (1) 
[CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
2.5.2

• A has more tributaries (1)
• The total length of the streams at A is longer than that for B (1)
• There are many first order streams in A (1) 
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

2.5.3 2nd order (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
2.5.4 There are more fingertip streams which join, increasing the drainage density  further downstream (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
2.5.5

• A large amount of vegetation will decrease the drainage density as the  water is trapped by the vegetation and cannot flow as surface run-off (2)
• There will be fewer streams as the vegetation retards the flow of water (2)
• As vegetation traps water it promotes infiltration and less surface run-off will  be experienced (2) 
  OR
• A small amount of vegetation will increase the drainage density as the  water is not trapped in the vegetation and will flow as surface run-off (2)
• There will be more streams as the vegetation does not retard the flow of  water (2)
• As vegetation does not trap water, infiltration is reduced and it increases  direct run-off (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

2.5.6

• A decrease in the infiltration of water in urban areas due to the artificial  surfaces (2)
• An increase in surface run-off because of artificial surfaces (2)
• The surface water reaching the new urban area is removed by the storm  water drainage system to areas surrounding the urban area (2)
• Therefore more water is available to create streams in this area which  increases the drainage density (2)
• Natural vegetation has been cleared in urban areas creating more surface  run-off (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

2.6
2.6.1 The main river and its tributaries (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
2.6.2 Separates two tributaries/individual streams in the same drainage basin (1)  (1 x 1) (1) 
2.6.3

• Tributaries join the main river to resemble branches of a tree (2)
• Tributaries join at acute/small angles (2) 
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

2.6.4

• Rocks are uniformly resistant to erosion (2)
  Associated with either massive igneous rocks or horizontal sedimentary  rocks (2) (2 x 2) (4) 

2.6.5 LOWER COURSE 

• River flows over gentle gradient/flat landscape (2)
• The river attains a condition of dynamic equilibrium (2)
• The river starts weaving from side to side over the floodplain (2)
• Vertical erosion is limited and lateral erosion sets in (2)
• The stream velocity is decreased and the river loses its energy (2)
• The carrying capacity of the river decreases and material is deposited (2)
• Deposited material forms irregularities in the stream channel (2)
• These irregularities/deposited material deflects the stream from side to side  (2)
• Once meandering starts it continues as stream follows path of less  resistance (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8)  [75]

SECTION B: RURAL AND URBAN SETTLEMENTS AND SOUTH AFRICAN  ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY 
QUESTION 3 
3.1
3.1.1 Central Business District (CBD) (1) 
3.1.2

• Transition zone (1)
• Zone of decay (1)
  [ANY ONE] 

3.1.3 Residential (1) 
3.1.4 Light industry (1) 
3.1.5 D (1) 
3.1.6

• Rural-Urban Fringe (1)
  Greenbelt (1)
  [ANY ONE] 

3.1.7 A/Central Business District (CBD) (1) (7 x 1) (7)
3.2
3.2.1 primary (1) 
3.2.2 tertiary (1) 
3.2.3 secondary (1) 
3.2.4 quaternary (1) 
3.2.5 Trade tariffs (1) 
3.2.6 Large scale (1) 
3.2.7 maize (1) 
3.2.8 gold (1) (8 x 1) (8) 
3.3
3.3.1 Site refers to the precise position selected for a settlement (1)  Situation refers to how the site is selected in relation to the surrounding  landscape (1) [CONCEPT] (2 x 1) (2) 
3.3.2

• Where water is scarce, farmsteads are located close to the water source/wet  point settlement (2)
• Where water constitutes a threat , the farmstead is located away from the  water source e.g. flood threat/dry point settlement (2)  (2 x 2) (4) 

3.3.3 Topography/Relief/Type of slope (2)

• The gradient of the slopes will determine the type of farming being practiced  on the site (2)
• Flat areas/floodplains are easy to cultivate/use machinery (2)
• There is less soil erosion on flat land (2) 

Soils (2) 

• The type of soil will determine the type of crops to be grown on the site of  the farm (2)
• Fertile soil needed to ensure high production (2)

Micro-climate/Aspect (2) 

• Slopes in the shadow zone are avoided due to lack of sunshine (2)
• North facing slopes are preferred in the southern hemisphere because they  receive more sunshine which is good for crop cultivation (2) 

Fuel (2) 

• Proximity to trees to burn as fuel (2) 

Pasturage (2) 

• Close to natural grazing for animals (2)
  [ANY ONE – DO NOT ACCEPT WATER] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.3.4

• Access to markets to sell products (2)
• Access to shops to purchase resources (2)
• Access to banks and services (2)
• To save travel time and cost of fuel (2)
• Perishable goods produced on farms need to be closer to the market (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.4
3.4.1 The trend shows a decrease/decline in the number of rural people (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
3.4.2 35,20 % (1) (1 x 1) (1)
3.4.3 34% - 35% (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
3.4.4

• Rural depopulation (2)
• Family units are broken (2)
• Rural areas will not be sustainable for growth and development (2)
• A lack of investment in rural development projects (2)
• Quality of life will decrease/Standard of living declines (2)
• Basic services such as shops and schools close (2)
• Production decreases as there are fewer people (2)
• Ghost towns emerge/abandoned houses (2)
• Young people are likely to move to urban areas (2)
• Ageing population (2)
• Economy declines (2)
• Cycle of poverty continues (2)
• Less safe to live in (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.4.5

• Encourage investment in rural development farming projects (2)
• Establishment of agricultural schools and colleges (2) 
• Improve skills and provide training for farmers/empower farmers (2)
• More research to improve food production (2)
• Access to water wise irrigation schemes (2)
• Water transfer schemes in order to ensure farming even in arid areas (2)
• Improved farming equipment (2)
• Give people land to practice farming (2)
• Provide grants/low interest loans to farmers (2)
• Access to insurance against crop losses (2)
• Access to hybrid/genetically modified seeds (2)
• Plant drought resistant crops (2)
• Moving away from monoculture to planting a variety of crops (2)
• Storing surpluses for times of shortages (2)
• Protect farmers to reduce farm killings (2)
• Implement all rural development policies (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) 

3.5
3.5.1

• Primary: citrus (1) apples and pears (1) grapes (1) tobacco (1)
• Secondary: refined petroleum (1) wine (1) iron and steel (1)  engine parts (1) fruit juice (1) dried fruit and nuts (1)
  [ANY ONE OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY] (2 x 1) (2)

3.5.2 Grapes (2) (1 x 2) (2)
3.5.3 R20,6 Billion (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
3.5.4

• Fruit is the main raw material used in the food processing industry (2)
• Climate suitable for grape growing (for the making of wine) (2)
• Variety of fruit is suitable to be grown in this area (2)
• Large labour force available as fruit farming requires manual labour (2)
• There is a lack of minerals thus the Western Cape relies on fruit as a raw  material (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.5.5

• Harbour facilities and harbour infrastructure to export to global markets (2)
• A highly efficient container shipping facility is accessible to the harbour (2)
• Refrigerated containers for transporting fruit overseas (2)
• Cape Town International Airport which provides links to major economies in  the west (2)
• Top quality products produced for export (2)
• Increase demand for these products in Northern Hemisphere countries  during the South African growing season (2)
• Most industries are established and mechanised (2)
• Road and rail links improve transportation links to the rest of South Africa (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

3.6
3.6.1 Farming on a small piece of land (commercial or subsistence) (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
3.6.2

• Small patch of land (1)
• Manual labour (1)
• Traditional farming methods (1)
• No mechanisation evident (2)
• Variety of crops/mixed farming (1)
• Lack of infrastructure (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

3.6.3 Small piece of land farmed intensively (2) (1 x 2) (2) 
3.6.4

• The land being farmed is very small (2)
• There are many farmers working on a small piece of land (2)
• Profit/low yields must be shared by all (2)
• Products only sold to local market (2)
• Some produce will be used to sustain themselves and their families (2)
• Use of traditional farming methods therefore farmers produce less (2)
• The products are usually of low quality due to lack of fertilisers and the  impact of pests (2)
• The farmers have no access to formal markets to sell their products (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

3.6.5 PROBLEMS EXPERIENCED BY SMALL SCALE FARMERS

• Limited to manual labour (2)
• Limited to use of simple farm equipment (2)
• Limited knowledge of scientific farming methods (2)
• Water crops by hand/watering can (2)
• Overuse of land decreases soil fertility (2)
• Exposure to weather elements (2)
• Physical health of the workers suffer (2)
• Possible theft of produce (2)
• Birds insects are attracted to this plot (2)
• Yield decreases over time (2)
• Limited/No access to funds to buy seeds/fertiliser and supplies (2)
• No insurance against crop losses (2)
• Natural disasters like flooding and drought ruin farmer (2)
• The soil is infertile (2)
• Less land for farming causing less productivity (2) 
• Don’t get enough profit/Small profit margin (2)
• Competition with commercial farmers for market (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) [75]

QUESTION 4 
4.1
4.1.1 E/unifunctional (1) 
4.1.2 G/isolated farmstead (1) 
4.1.3 F/dispersed (1) 
4.1.4 C/linear (1) 
4.1.5 A/central place (1) 
4.1.6 H/gap town (1) 
4.1.7 D/cross roads settlement (1) (7 x 1) (7)
4.2
4.2.1 agglomeration (1) 
4.2.2 Food Security (1) 
4.2.3 Gross Domestic Product (1) 
4.2.4 IDZs (1) 
4.2.5 Sugar cane (1) 
4.2.6 Socio-economic injustice (1) 
4.2.7 trade (1) 
4.2.8 Industrial decentralisation (1) (8 x 1) (8) 
4.3
4.3.1 A process of redressing the injustices of displacement and forced removal  that took place during Apartheid (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1) 
4.3.2

• The beneficiaries have seen little or no improvements to their livelihoods (1)
• Redistributed land is not used productively (1)
• South Africa’s land reform efforts lack a focus on struggling farmers (1)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 1) (1)

4.3.3

• To promote economic growth of those who were disadvantaged (2)
• To create self-sufficient farmers (2)
• To redress injustices/imbalances from the past (2)
• The legacy of Apartheid predominated over the unfair distribution of land and land reform sets out to correct this injustice (2)
• National reconciliation (2)
• To improve food production in the previously marginalised sectors of the  population (2).
• Land reform will help people to have access to land (2)
• To alleviate poverty as most communities during Apartheid lived on  communal land (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.3.4 POST-SETTLEMENT SUPPORT FOR LAND REFORM PROCESSES

• Revising land reform policies (2)
• Measures to ensure redistributed land is used productively (2)
• Inclusion of local communities to establish needs through consultation (2)
• Establishing educational centres in these settlements for up skilling the  communities (2)
• Training and development in modern farming methods/mentorship to new  farmers (2)
• Monitoring and evaluation of processes must be reliable (2)
• Monitoring and evaluation of allocation of resources must be reliable (2)
• Relook at the policies of buying land (2)
• Subsidise small scale farming communities to encourage the buying and  selling of their produce (2)
• Create market areas for trading (2)
  [ANY FOUR] (4 x 2) (8) 

4.4
4.4.1 Injustice means something which is unfair, which violates a person's human  rights (1) [CONCEPT] (1 x 1) (1)
4.4.2 Social OR Environmental Injustice (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.4.3

• Poor are located near to the factory (2)
• Influenced by pollutants (2)
• Close to the effluent being released (2)
• Close to the waste dump (2)
• The poor get the by-products of the rich' (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 1) (2) 

4.4.4 The waste products (effluent/waste dump) of the rich are generally dumped  in areas where the poor are found (2) (1 x 2) (2)
4.4.5 Health 

• The air pollution would cause health problems such as asthma/ respiratory/lung diseases (2)
• Exposure to toxic substances (2)
• Higher medical bills for the poor (2)
• Bad smells and diseases from the waste dump (2)
• Rat infestations (2)
• Waterborne diseases (2) 

Environment 

• Exposed to air pollution (2)
• Acid rain (2)
• Noise pollution from the factories (2)
• Unsightly surroundings (2)
• Polluted water from effluent being pumped into the rivers (2)
• [ANY TWO – ONE for health and ONE for the environment] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.4.6

• Strict legislation ensuring those committing environmental injustices are  penalised (2)
• Establish well managed dump sites and landfills in all communities to  channel the flow of refuse and reduce the amount of pollution (2)
• Recycling of by-products (2)
• Rehabilitate rivers (2)
• More policing and careful monitoring on environmental management  practices and quality of the environment (2)
• Impose fines on polluters and illegal dumping (2)
• Proper zoning (relocation of the poor) to avoid waste disposal in or near  settlements/buffering (2)
• Bylaws need to be policed and enforced (2)
• Educate people about environmental injustices (2)
• Implement awareness programmes (2)
• Build tall chimneys/stacks (2)
• Increase green areas (2)
  [ANY THREE] (3 x 2) (6)

4.5
4.5.1 Extracting raw materials out of the ground(1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.5.2 Gold (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.5.3

• Rich mineral deposits in South Africa (2)
• Variety of minerals in South Africa (2)
• Favourable geothermal gradients (2)
• Most minerals are mined through opencast process reducing risks (2)
• Most minerals are located close to the surface (2)
• The quality of the minerals is of a high standard (2)
• Natural harbours well-located for exports (2)
• Abundant water resources (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.5.4

• Ensure a better economic climate for promoting labour peace (2)
• Improve conditions for labour broking (2)
• Create more collective bargaining councils to improve incentives and  working conditions of miners (2)
• Improve salary adjustments to come in line with CPI (2)
• Improve medical aid assistance to labour (2)
• Improve housing allowance (2)
• Workers to have shares in the company/provide incentives (2)
• Commit to improve safety measures (2)
  [ANY ONE] (1 x 2) (2) 

4.5.5 ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MINING TO: 
Infrastructure 

• Mining encourages the growth and development of transportation networks  e.g. road and rail (2)
• Improvement of water infrastructure (2)
• Mining requires higher and efficient energy usage and therefore improves  electricity grid supply (2)
• Power utilities for mining are created in more remote rural areas and  ensures growth of marginalised communities (2)
• Information and communication networks e.g. cell phone networks/ internet/connectivity are improved (2)
• Telecommunication networks are improved (2) 

Industrial Development 

• Related industries and industrial development from mining grow as mining  communities develop around the mine (2)
• Opportunities to add value exist in most minerals found in SA e.g. the mining  of iron ore has developed smelting industries (2)
• More employment opportunities for growth and development exist in  factories that supply mining equipment to mines (2)
  [ANY FOUR. MUST INCLUDE BOTH INFRASTRUCTURE AND  INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT] (4 x 2) (8) 

4.6
4.6.1 Finance/Real estate/Business (1) (1 x 1) (1)
4.6.2 Tertiary (1) (1 x 1) (1) 
4.6.3

• Unprocessed goods have a lower value (2)
• Secondary (2)and tertiary sectors (2)are growing at a faster rate
• A greater demand for processed goods as for raw materials (2)
• Safety concerns reduce production on farms (2)
• Natural disasters reduce production (2)
• High production cost (2)
• Land reform uncertainties reduce yields (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4)

4.6.4

• Provides opportunities for employment of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled  labour force (2)
• Processed goods have a higher profit margin/increased revenue (2)
• We don't need to import so many goods/Encourage import substitution (2)
• Higher contribution to the GDP (2)
• Stimulates infrastructure development (2)
• More stable source of income, compared to the primary sector (2)
• To earn more foreign exchange (2)
• To attract more foreign investment (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) 

4.6.5

• Poor maintenance of infrastructure which results in the wastage of water (2)
• Inefficient management and corruption within these services (2)
• Illegal electricity connections (2)
• High levels of subsidising the poor (for water and electricity) yields low  profits in these sectors (2)
• Persistent and high levels of non-payment for services (2)
• Load shedding (2)
• Scarcity of water in a drought-riddled country (2)
• Water restrictions (2)
• Inefficient revenue collection for services provided (2)
  [ANY TWO] (2 x 2) (4) [75] 

GRAND TOTAL: 225